Bivalvia | Unionida | Etherioidea

family IRIDINIDAE Swainson, 1840: cladomics

2 subfamilies

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 39 (52 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: subfamily) = 2
analyzed in 75 cladograms in 42 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 7 (mean = 2.04, median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 1.35, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 40
maximum number of included terminals = 7, (mean = 2.95 median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 1.65, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.48

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 25
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subfamily) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 7 (mean = 3.44, median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 2, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.16

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Iridinidae cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Iridinidae cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 20 19 2 625 14 2 0 
  +----------------------------- Iridininae **             
  |                                                     
--+  +-------------------------- Aspathariinae **          
  |  |                                                  
  +--+  +----------------------- Etheria                
     |  |                                               
     +--+  +-------------------- Anodontites_trapesialis
        |  |                                            
        +--+  +----------------- Mulleria               
           |  |                                         
           +--+  +-------------- Lamproscapha           
              |  |                                      
              +--+           +-- Monocondylaea          
                 |  +--------+                          
                 |  |        +-- Tamsiella              
                 +--+                                   
                    |  +-------- Mycetopodinae          
                    |  |                                
                    +--+     +-- Anodontites_guanarensis
                       |  +--+                          
                       |  |  +-- Fossula                
                       +--+                             
                          |  +-- Anodontites_trigona    
                          +--+                          
                             +-- Anodontites_elongata

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 10 8 2 195 5 2 19 
           +-- Anodontites     
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Iridininae **      
  |                            
--+        +-- Etheriidae      
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Aspathariinae **   
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Mycetopodinae   
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamproscapha

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 10 8 2 193 5 2 19 
           +-- Anodontites     
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Iridininae **      
  |                            
--+        +-- Etheriidae      
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Aspathariinae **   
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Mycetopodinae   
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamproscapha

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 10 6 2 195 5 2 19 
  +-------- Etheriidae      
  |                         
  +-------- Aspathariinae **   
  |                         
--+     +-- Anodontites     
  +-----+                   
  |     +-- Iridininae **      
  |                         
  |  +----- Mycetopodinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
     +--+                   
        +-- Lamproscapha

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 42 6 2 17 
  +-------------- Pseudomulleria
--+                             
  |  +----------- Mulleria      
  +--+                          
     |  +-------- Etheria       
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Mycetopodidae 
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Iridininae **    
           +--+                 
              +-- Aspathariinae **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 43 6 2 17 
  +-------- Etheriidae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Aspathariinae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridininae **

Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 24 0 0 17 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Aspathariinae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 2 43 6 2 17 
        +-- Chambardia **   
        |                
  +-----+-- Aspatharia **   
  |     |                
--+     +-- Iridininae **   
  |                      
  |  +----- Etheria      
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mulleria     
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 42 6 2 17 
  +-------- Etheriidae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridininae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Aspathariinae **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 12 3 2 19 
  +-------- Aspathariinae **
--+                      
  |  +----- Etheriidae   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridininae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 25 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 9 7 2 33 6 2 14 
  +----------- Iridininae **   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Etheria      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Aspathariinae **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Mulleria     
        +--+                
           +-- Mycetopodidae

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 26 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 31 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 12 3 2 19 
  +-------- Aspathariinae **
--+                      
  |  +----- Etheriidae   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridininae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 65 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 77 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 31 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 65 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 65 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 25 3 2 15 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 5 3 2 33 2 1 18 
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Iridininae **   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 5 3 2 33 2 1 18 
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Iridininae **   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 7 0 2 39 5 1 18 
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Iridininae **   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 120 3 2 -- 
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 28 2 2 -- 
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 7 0 2 139 5 1 16 
  +----- Iridininae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 136 2 2 -- 
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                
     +-- Etheriidae

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 136 2 2 -- 
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 24 3 2 -- 
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 32 6 2 -- 
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Etheria      
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mulleria     
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 89 3 2 -- 
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 7 0 2 39 5 1 16 
  +----- Iridininae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 28 2 2 -- 
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 89 3 2 -- 
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 0 0 -- 
-- Mutela_rostrata **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 0 0 -- 
-- Mutela_dubia **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 68 1 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 91 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 95 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 41 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 2 2 -- 
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                
     +-- Etheriidae

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 1 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 56 2 2 -- 
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Mutela_rostrata **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 1 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Mutela_rostrata **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 95 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 1 1 -- 
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 91 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 0 0 -- 
-- Mutela_rostrata **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 48 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 87 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Elderkin et al., 2016 [Publ 3693], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 55 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 56 2 2 -- 
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 2 2 -- 
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 1 1 -- 
  +-- Etheriidae   
--+                
  +-- Aspathariinae **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 39 2 2 -- 
  +----- Etheriidae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Etheriidae   
--+                
  +-- Aspathariinae **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 4 2 -- 
  +----- Iridininae **   
  |                   
--+  +-- Anodontitinae
  |  |                
  +--+-- Mycetopodinae
     |                
     +-- Etheriidae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 85 1 1 -- 
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **