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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

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Bivalvia |

species : synonymy
     1366 specimens

Tellina fragilis Linnaeus, 1758
Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. 1: ??.

Tellina radiata Linnaeus, 1758
Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. 1: ??.

Cardium crassum Gmelin, 1791
Gmelin, 1791. Syst. Nat. 1(6): 3254.

Laevicardium crassumWoRMS (2011)

Solen gibbus Spengler, 1794
Spengler, 1794. unknown publication: ??.

Tagelus gibbusRumi et al. (2008)

Mytilus recurvus Rafinesque, 1820
Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 320.

Cyclas laevigata Deshayes, 1830
Deshayes, 1830. Enc. Méth. 2 (Deuxième partie): 36.
(homonym of Cyclas laevigata Schumacher, 1817)

Cyclas cornea intumescens Menke, 1830
Menke, 1830. Syn. Method. Moll.: 111.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Tellina cornea Linnaeus, 1758)

Cyprina scutellaria Deshayes, 1830
Deshayes, 1830. Enc. Méth. 2 (Deuxième partie): 46.

Cyrena crassa Deshayes, 1830
Deshayes, 1830. Enc. Méth. 2 (Deuxième partie): 47.

Cyrena faujasii Deshayes, 1830
Deshayes, 1830. Enc. Méth. 2 (Deuxième partie): 51.

Cyrena geslini Deshayes, 1830
Deshayes, 1830. Enc. Méth. 2 (Deuxième partie): 52.

Cyrena gravesii Deshayes, 1830
Deshayes, 1830. Enc. Méth. 2 (Deuxième partie): 48.

Cyrena semistriata Deshayes, 1830
Deshayes, 1830. Enc. Méth. 2 (Deuxième partie): 52.

Unio carbonarius Goldfuss, 1837
Goldfuss, 1837. Petrefacta Germaniae 2: 145, pl. 131, fig. 19.
(homonym of Unio carbonarius Lea, 1838)

Unio deccanensis Malcolmson, 1840
J. Sowerby in Malcolmson, 1840. Trans. Geol. Soc. London 5: pl. 47, figs. 4-10.

Lamellidens deccanensisBolotov et al. (2022)

Unio tumida Malcolmson, 1840
Sowerby in Malcolmson, 1840. Trans. Geol. Soc. London 5: pl. 47, figs. 11-12.
(homonym of Unio tumidus Retzius, 1788; renamed Unio malcolmsoni Hislop, 1860)

Parreysia malcolmsoniBolotov et al. (2022)

Monodacna catillus Eichwald, 1841
Eichwald, 1841. Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 7: 277, pl. 1, figs. 1-2.

Cyclas caliculata [sic] var. major Dupuy, 1843
Dupuy, 1843. Essai Moll. Terr. Fluv. du Gers: 91.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Cyclas calyculata Draparnaud, 1806)

Cyrena solida Dunker, 1843
Dunker, 1843. Programm der höheren Gewerbschule in Cassel. Schulcursus von Michaelis 1843 bis Ostern 1844: 23.

Unio tumidus var. B cuneatus Scholtz, 1843
Scholtz, 1843. Land- und Wassermoll. Schlesiens: 125.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio tumidus Retzius, 1788; homonym of Unio cuneatus Barnes, 1823)

Unio tumidus var. G decurvatus Scholtz, 1843
Rossmässler, 1838. Icon. Land- und Süssw.-Moll. 2 (1-2): pl. 40, fig. 542 [as ‘Unio tumidus’].
Scholtz, 1843. Land- und Wassermoll. Schlesiens: 125.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio tumidus Retzius, 1788; homonym of Unio decurvatus Rossmässler, 1835)

Cyclas rykoltii Normand, 1844
Normand, 1844. Nouv. Espèc. Cyclades Valenc.: 7, figs. 5-6.

Mytilus americanus d’Orbigny, 1846
d’Orbigny, 1846. Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale 5(3): 648.

Cardium nuciforme d’Orbigny, 1850
d’Orbigny, 1850. unknown publication: 163.

Pera amnica Leach, 1852
Leach, 1852. Syn. Moll. Gr. Brit.: 292.
(homonym of Tellina amnica Müller, 1774)

Pisidium nucleolus Prime, 1852
‘Moricand, MS’ Prime, 1852. Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6(3): 368. [nomen nudum]

Sphaerium pisidioides Gray, 1856
Gray, 1856. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 18: 25.

Unio carteri Hislop, 1860
Hislop, 1860. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London 16: 175, pl. 7, fig. 28.

Lamellidens carteriBolotov et al. (2022)

Unio hunteri Hislop, 1860
Hislop, 1860. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London 16: 174, pl. 6, 25.

Indonaia hunteriBolotov et al. (2022)

Unio imbricatus Hislop, 1860
Hislop, 1860. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London 16: 175, pl. 7, figs, 27a-c.

Parreysia imbricatusBolotov et al. (2022)

Unio malcolmsoni Hislop, 1860
Hislop, 1860. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London 16: 174.
(new name for Unio tumida Malcolmson, 1840)

Parreysia malcolmsoniBolotov et al. (2022)

Unio mamillatus Hislop, 1860
Hislop, 1860. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London 16: 175, pl. 7, fig. 26.

Parreysia mamillatusBolotov et al. (2022)

Cyrena acuta Ludwig, 1861
Ludwig, 1861. Palaeontogr. 8(6): 197, pl. 72, figs. 15-16.

Unio lepidus Ludwig, 1861
Ludwig, 1861. Palaeontogr. 10: 25, pl. 3, fig. 14.
(homonym of Unio lepidus Gould, 1856)

Solen fonesii Dunker, 1862
Dunker, 1862. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1861 (3): ??.

Solen (s.s.) fonesiiHuber (2010)
Solen fonesiiWoRMS (2011)

Anodonta forchthammeri Mørch, 1864
Mørch, 1864. Syn. Moll. Daniae: 83.

Anodonta lingbyana Mørch, 1864
Mørch, 1864. Syn. Moll. Daniae: 84.

Pisidium minimum Malzine, 1867
Malzine, 1867. Essai faun. malac. Belg.: 30, pl. 3, figs. 10-11.
(homonym of Cyclas minima Studer, 1820)

Unio ryckholtii var. cuneatus Malzine, 1867
Malzine, 1867. Essai faun. malac. Belg.: 33, pl. 3, figs. 14-15.
(homonym of Unio cuneatus Barnes, 1823; intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio ryckholtii Malzine, 1867)

Calyculina rykoltii var. danica Westerlund, 1873
Clessin in Westerlund, 1873. Fauna Moll. Terr. Fluv. Suec. Norv. Dan. (2): 522.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Cyclas rykoltii Normand, 1844)

Pisidium pileus Clessin, 1873
Clessin, 1873. Corrspbl. d. zool.-mineral. Ver. Regensburg: 160.
Clessin, 1877. Conch. Cab. 9(3): 47, pl. 5, figs. 18-20.

Pisidium nucleum Benoit, 1875
Benoit, 1875. Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital. 1: 1673.

Calyculina rykoltii var. angulata Clessin, 1877
Clessin, 1877. Deutsche Excurs. Moll. Fauna: 497, fig. 322.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Cyclas rykoltii Normand, 1844)

Pisidium ovatum Clessin, 1877
Clessin, 1877. Conch. Cab. 9(3): 72, pl. 8, figs. 22-24.
Clessin, 1877. Deutsche Excurs. Moll. Fauna: 517, fig. 334.

Sphaerium fragile Clessin, 1877
Clessin, 1877. Conch. Cab. 9(3): 95, pl. 11, figs. 18-26.

Sphaerium moenana Kobelt, 1881
Kobelt, 1881. Cat. Binnenconch.: 166.

Sphaerium alpecanum Servain, 1882
‘Bourguignat’ Servain, 1882. Hist. Moll. Acéph. Francfort: 18.

Sphaerium gallicum Servain, 1882
‘Bourguignat, 1870’ Servain, 1882. Hist. Moll. Acéph. Francfort: 10, 16.

Sphaerium letourneuxi Servain, 1882
‘Bourguignat’ Servain, 1882. Hist. Moll. Acéph. Francfort: 15.

Sphaerium servaini Servain, 1882
‘Bourguignat’ Servain, 1882. Hist. Moll. Acéph. Francfort: 17.

Cyrena viridescens Tapparone Canefri, 1883
Tapparone Canefri, 1883. Ann. Mus. Storia Nat. Genova 19: 285, pl. 10, fig. 24.

Cyrena viridescensSchepman (1919)

Carbonicola indeterminata Amalitzky, 1892
Amalitzky, 1892. Palaeontogr. 39(4-6): 150, pl. 19, fig. 16.

Carbonicola recta Amalitzky, 1892
Amalitzky, 1892. Palaeontogr. 39(4-6): 150, pl. 19, figs. 18-19.

Carbonicola striata Amalitzky, 1892
Amalitzky, 1892. Palaeontogr. 39(4-6): 148, pl. 19, figs. 20-21.

Carbonicola substegocephalum Amalitzky, 1892
Amalitzky, 1892. Palaeontogr. 39(4-6): 149, pl. 19, figs. 8, 14.

Oligodon kingi Amalitzky, 1892
Amalitzky, 1892. Palaeontogr. 39(4-6): 181, pl. 22, figs. 4-5, 14, 21.

Palaeomutela solenoides Amalitzky, 1892
Amalitzky, 1892. Palaeontogr. 39(4-6): 164, pl. 21, figs. 45-48.

Palaeomutela subparallela Amalitzky, 1892
Amalitzky, 1892. Palaeontogr. 39(4-6): 164, pl. 21, figs. 39-44.

Palaeomutela trapezoidalis Amalitzky, 1892
Amalitzky, 1892. Palaeontogr. 39(4-6): 165, pl. 21, figs. 36-38.

Cyrena kochi Schepman, 1919
Schepman, 1919. Nova Guinea, Zool. 13: 184, pl. 6, fig. 7.

Cyrena kochiSchepman (1919)

Cyrena subtriangula Schepman, 1919
Schepman, 1919. Nova Guinea, Zool. 13: 185, pl. 7, fig. 1.

Cyrena subtriangulaSchepman (1919)

Lamellidens vredenburgi Prashad, 1921
Prashad, 1921. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 51: 368, pl. 12, figs. 1-2.

Lamellidens vredenburgiBolotov et al. (2022)

Anatina (Ceromya) boulei Patte, 1922
Patte, 1922. unknown publication: 63, pl. 2, fig. 6.

Yunnanophorus bouleiFang et al. (2009)

Indonaia pascoei Prashad, 1928
Prashad, 1928. unknown publication: 311, pl. 25, figs. 4-5.

Indonaia pascoeiBolotov et al. (2022)

Psilunio tuberosus Odhner, 1930
Odhner, 1930. unknown publication: 12, pl. 2, figs. 14-18.

Tuberonaia tuberosusFang et al. (2009)

Anodonta suavis Yokoyama, 1932
Yokoyama, 1932. Jour. Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo 3(6): 244, pt. 6, pl. 4, fig. 1.

Margaritifera perdahurica Yokoyama, 1932
Yokoyama, 1932. Jour. Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo 3(6): 244, pt. 6, pl. 4, fig. 2.

Margaritifera perdahuricaVikhrev et al. (2019)

Nodularia subjapanensis Yokoyama, 1932
Yokoyama, 1932. Jour. Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo 3(6): 242, pt. 6, pl. 4, fig. 3.

Unio obrutschewi Martinson, 1956
Martinson, 1956. unknown publication: 50, pl. 7, fig. 64.

Ningxiaconcha obrutschewiFang et al. (2009)

Cuneopsis giganteus Mongin, 1963
Mongin, 1963. Bull. Soc. Géol. France 5: 62-63.

Schneider et al. (2013)

Micranodonta regii Kuiper, 1965
Kuiper, 1965. Arch. Moll. 94(1-2): 47, figs. 1-4.

Daget (1998)

Pseudelliptio longus Zhu, 1976
Zhu, 1976. Paleo. Atlas N. China: 23, pl. 1, figs. 5-7c.

Pseudelliptio longusFang et al. (2009)

Undulatula sichuanensis Gu, 1976
Gu in Gu, 1976. Lamell. Foss. China: 326, pl. 90, figs. 5-12.

Undulatula sichuanensisFang et al. (2009)

Undulatula tangulaensis Gu, 1976
Gu, 1976. Lamell. Foss. China: 326, pl 91, figs. 1, 6-8.

Sichuanoconcha tangulaensisFang et al. (2009)

Acuneopsis luochengensis Cai & Liu, 1978
Liu & Zhu in Cai & Liu, 1978. unknown publication: 372, pl. 119, fig. 1.

Acuneopsis luochengensisFang et al. (2009)

Luochengella luochengensis Cai & Liu, 1978
Liu & Zhu in Cai & Liu, 1978. unknown publication: 371, pl 118, figs. 4-5.

Luochengella luochengensisFang et al. (2009)

Sichuanoconcha amica Liu, 1984
Liu, 1984. unknown publication: 564, pl. 16, fig. 1.

Sichuanoconcha amicaFang et al. (2009)

Yunnanophorus zetoides Guo, 1985
Guo, 1985. unknown publication: 188, pl. 28, figs. 1-2.

Yunnanophorus zetoidesFang et al. (2009)

Periodunio yunnanensis Guo, 1988
Guo, 1988. Yunnan Geol. 7: 124, pl. 3, fig. 3.

Periodunio yunnanensisFang et al. (2009)

Linshuiella tetragonalis Ma, 1999
Ma, 1999. unknown publication: 226, pl. 8, figs. 7-13.

Linshuiella tetragonalisFang et al. (2009)

Anodonta labiata of Authors, unknown year
Seefauna of Authors.

Corbula alabamiensis of Authors, unknown year
Lea 1833 of Authors.

Sphaerium deshayesianum of Authors, unknown year
Bourg. Am. Mal. of Authors.

Sphaerium corneum var. firmum of Authors, unknown year
Clessin in Westerl. Fauna Moll. Suec. of Authors.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Tellina cornea Linnaeus, 1758)

Unio nicolaianus of Authors, unknown year
Brus. of Authors.

Unio pauli of Authors, unknown year
Neum. of Authors.

Unio ptychodes of Authors, unknown year
Brus. of Authors.

Unio slavonicus of Authors, unknown year
Hörnes of Authors.

Unio urii of Authors, unknown year
‘Flem.’ of Authors.

Mya fragilis Humphrey, 1797
Humphrey, 1797. Mus. Col.: 59.

Pisum gallicum Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811
Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811. Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin 5: 57.

Cyclas lacustris Pfeiffer, 1821
Pfeiffer, 1821. Naturgesch. Dtsch. Land-Süßw. Moll. 1: 122, pl. 5, figs. 6-7.
(misidentified reference to Tellina lacustris Müller, 1774)

Capsa ringens Deshayes, 1830
Deshayes, 1830. Enc. Méth. 2 (Première partie): 193.

Cyclas calyculata Stein, 1850
Stein, 1850. Schneck. und Muscel. Berlins: 109, pl. 3, fig. 12.
(misidentified reference to Cyclas calyculata Draparnaud, 1806)

Pisidium striolatum Baudon, 1857
Baudon, 1857. Mém. Soc. Acad. Archéol. Sci. Arts Dépt. Oise 3: 37.

Pisidium amnicum var. elongatum Martens, 1866
Martens, 1866. Malak. Blatt. 13: 102.
(misidentified reference to Pisidium amnicum var. elongata Baudon, 1857)

Pisidium (Fluminina) amnicum var. elongatumPallary (1909)
Daget (1998)

Unio cuneolus Colbeau, 1868
‘Pffr.’ Colbeau, 1868. Ann. Soc. Malac. Belgique 3: 106. [nomen nudum]

Pisidium demissum Clessin, 1874
Clessin, 1874. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. 13: 149. [nomen nudum]
Clessin, 1877. Conch. Cab. 9(3): 71, pl, 8, figs. 19-21.

Pisidium occupatum Clessin, 1874
Clessin, 1874. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. 13: 149. [nomen nudum]

Pisidium profundum Clessin, 1874
Clessin, 1874. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. 13: 149. [nomen nudum]

Cyclas ugiugali Benoit, 1875
‘Biv. fl.’ Benoit, 1875. Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital. 1: ??. [nomen nudum]

Pisidium ovale Benoit, 1875
‘Petit’ Benoit, 1875. Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital. 1: 163. [nomen nudum]

Sphaerium dickinii Clessin, 1877
Clessin, 1877. Deutsche Excurs. Moll. Fauna: 490, fig. 317.
Clessin, 1877. Conch. Cab. 9(3): 96, pl. 12, figs. 18-20.

Sphaerium dupplicatum Clessin, 1877
Clessin, 1877. Conch. Cab. 9(3): 86, pl. 11, figs. 4-6.

Sphaerium oblongum Clessin, 1877
Clessin, 1877. Conch. Cab. 9(3): 83, pl. 9, figs. 25-27.
Clessin, 1877. Deutsche Excurs. Moll. Fauna: 484.

Sphaerium sandbergeri Clessin, 1877
Clessin, 1877. Deutsche Excurs. Moll. Fauna: 483, fig. 311.
Clessin, 1877. Conch. Cab. 9(3): 89, pl. 12, fig. 13-15.

Anodonta antiqua of Authors, unknown year

Anodonta arenacea of Authors, unknown year

Anodonta gardanensis of Authors, unknown year

Anodonta lavateri of Authors, unknown year

Anodonta lettica of Authors, unknown year

Cyclas obovata of Authors, unknown year

Cyrena brongniarti of Authors, unknown year

Unio cretaceus of Authors, unknown year

Unio eseri of Authors, unknown year

Unio stachei of Authors, unknown year

Unio toulouzani of Authors, unknown year

Unio wetzleri of Authors, unknown year

Taxonomic History (since 1900)

Pisidium (Fluminina) amnicum var. elongatumPallary (1909)
Cyrena viridescensSchepman (1919)
Cyrena kochiSchepman (1919)
Cyrena subtriangulaSchepman (1919)
Daget (1998), Schneider et al. (2013)
Tagelus gibbusRumi et al. (2008)
Yunnanophorus bouleiFang et al. (2009)
Tuberonaia tuberosusFang et al. (2009)
Ningxiaconcha obrutschewiFang et al. (2009)
Pseudelliptio longusFang et al. (2009)
Undulatula sichuanensisFang et al. (2009)
Sichuanoconcha tangulaensisFang et al. (2009)
Acuneopsis luochengensisFang et al. (2009)
Luochengella luochengensisFang et al. (2009)
Sichuanoconcha amicaFang et al. (2009)
Yunnanophorus zetoidesFang et al. (2009)
Periodunio yunnanensisFang et al. (2009)
Linshuiella tetragonalisFang et al. (2009)
Solen (s.s.) fonesiiHuber (2010)
Laevicardium crassumWoRMS (2011)
Solen fonesiiWoRMS (2011)
Margaritifera perdahuricaVikhrev et al. (2019)
Lamellidens deccanensisBolotov et al. (2022)
Parreysia malcolmsoniBolotov et al. (2022)
Lamellidens carteriBolotov et al. (2022)
Indonaia hunteriBolotov et al. (2022)
Parreysia imbricatusBolotov et al. (2022)
Parreysia mamillatusBolotov et al. (2022)
Lamellidens vredenburgiBolotov et al. (2022)
Indonaia pascoeiBolotov et al. (2022)

 
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