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Thu 3 September 2025 |
The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)
FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!
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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Lampsilini | Toxolasma species Toxolasma lividum Rafinesque, 1831: synonymy
1 specimen + 2 Genbank vouchers Toxolasma lividus Rafinesque, 1831
Rafinesque, 1831. Continuation: 2.
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 72.
— Simpson (1914), F.C. Baker (1928), Burch (1975)
Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Lee (2006), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bogan (2010), ... Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), Freeman et al. (2025), FMCS (2025), Campbell & Lydeard (2026)
Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Toxelasma lividum — Thiele (1934)
Toxolasma livida — Morrison (1969)
Toxolasma lividus — Turgeon et al. (1988), Cummings & Mayer (1992), Williams et al. (1993), Cummings & Mayer (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), ... ITIS (2012), Haag (2012), Mitchell et al. (2016), Chase et al. (2018), Patterson et al. (2021) | |
Unio moestus Lea, 1841
 Lea, 1841. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 2: 82 [as ‘mœstus’].
 Lea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’].
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_85320, French Broad R., E Tenn.
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœsta — Simpson (1914)
Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021)
Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina moesta — Ortmann (1924), Ortmann (1925)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Carunculina parva — Burch (1975)
Toxolasma lividus — Parmalee & Bogan (1998) | |
Unio castus var. mirus de Gregorio, 1914
de Gregorio, 1914. Il Nat. Siciliano 2: 57.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio castus Lea, 1860)
Unio castus var. mirus — de Gregorio (1914)
Toxolasma lividum — MolluscaBase (2024) | |
Unio maestus Lea, 1842
‘Lea’ of Authors.
Lea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’].
Lea, 1852. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 31 [as ‘mæstus’].
B.H. Wright, 1888. Check List N. Amer. Unionidae etc.: [3] [as ‘mæstus’].
(error for Unio moestus Lea, 1841)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927)
Toxolasma lividum — Watters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021), MolluscaBase (2024) | |
Carunculina glans moaesta R.I. Johnson, 1980
R.I. Johnson, 1980. Bull. MCZ 149(2): 94.
(error for Unio moestus Lea, 1841) | |
Toxolasma lividus grans Kongim et al., 2015
Kongim et al., 2015. ZooKeys 514: 103.
(error for Unio glans Lea, 1831) | |
Taxonomic History (since 1900)Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900)
— Simpson (1914), F.C. Baker (1928), Burch (1975)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœsta — Simpson (1914)
Unio castus var. mirus — de Gregorio (1914)
Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Lee (2006), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bogan (2010), ... Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), Freeman et al. (2025), FMCS (2025), Campbell & Lydeard (2026)
Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina moesta — Ortmann (1924), Ortmann (1925)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Toxelasma lividum — Thiele (1934)
Toxolasma livida — Morrison (1969)
Carunculina parva — Burch (1975)
Toxolasma lividus — Turgeon et al. (1988), Cummings & Mayer (1992), Williams et al. (1993), Cummings & Mayer (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), ... ITIS (2012), Haag (2012), Mitchell et al. (2016), Chase et al. (2018), Patterson et al. (2021)
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