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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Lampsilini | Toxolasma

species Toxolasma texasiense (Lea, 1857): synonymy
     15 specimens + 2 Genbank vouchers

Unio parvus Conrad, 1836
‘Barnes’ of Authors.
Conrad, 1836. Monogr. Fam. Unionidae 1(2): 20, pl. 9, fig. 1.
Sowerby, 1866. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 35, sp. 186.
(misidentified reference to Unio parvus Barnes, 1823)

Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis [sic]Simpson (1900)
Unio (s.s.) parvusCall (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensisSimpson (1914)

Unio bairdianus Lea, 1857
Lea, 1857. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 9: 102.
Lea, 1860. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 4 [O. 8]: 361 [43], pl. 61, fig. 186.
Type(s): LECTOTYPE USNM_85303 (by Cummings et al., 2025: 438), Devils R., Texas.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis [sic]Simpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensisSimpson (1914)
Carunculina parva-texasensisFrierson (1927)
Carunculina parva texasensisHaas (1969)
Carunculina parvaBurch (1975)
Toxolasma texasensis [sic]Vidrine (1993)
Toxolasma texasensisParmalee & Bogan (1998)
Toxolasma parvusR.I. Johnson (1999)
Toxolasma texasienseMolluscaBase (2024), Cummings et al. (2025)

Unio texasiensis Lea, 1857
Lea, 1857. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 9: 84.
Lea, 1860. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 4 [O. 8]: 359, pl. 61, fig. 184 [as ‘texasensis’].
Type(s): LECTOTYPE [AS HOLOTYPE] USNM_85302 (by R.I. Johnson, 1974: 145), DeWitt Cr., Texas.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis [sic]Simpson (1900)
Eurynia (Carunculina) texasensis [sic]Ortmann (1912)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensisSimpson (1914)
Carunculina texasensis [sic]Ortmann (1915), Utterback (1916), Gordon et al. (1979)
Carunculina parva-texasensisFrierson (1927)
Carunculina parva texasensisHaas (1969)
Carunculina parva texasensis [sic]Haas (1969)
Carunculina parvaBurch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Toxolasma texasensisTurgeon et al. (1988), Howells et al. (1996), Parmalee & Bogan (1998)
Toxolasma texasensis [sic]Cummings & Mayer (1992), Williams et al. (1993), Vidrine (1993), Haag (2012), Marshall et al. (2018)
Toxolasma texasiensisCummings & Mayer (1997), Turgeon et al. (1998), Cicerello & Schuster (2003), Jones et al. (2005), Campbell et al. (2005), Zanatta & Murphy (2006), Graf & Cummings (2007), Tiemann et al. (2007), Cummings & Graf (2010), ITIS (2012), Chase et al. (2018), Bieler (2021)
Toxolasma parvusR.I. Johnson (1999)
Toxolasma texasense [sic]Bogan (2010), McMurray et al. (2012)
Toxolasma texasienseWilliams et al. (2017), Graf & Cummings (2021), FMCS (2021), Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), FMCS (2025), Cummings et al. (2025), Campbell & Lydeard (2026)

Unio texasensis Lea, 1860
‘Lea’ of Authors.
Lea, 1860. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 4 [O. 8]: 359.
Lea, 1870. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 59.
B.H. Wright, 1888. Check List N. Amer. Unionidae etc.: [5].
Pilsbry & Rhoads, 1896. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 48: 505.
Simpson, 1900. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 22: 563.
Ortmann, 1915. Nautilus 28(12): 141.
Utterback, 1916. Amer. Midl. Nat. 4(9): 398.
Gordon et al., 1979. Bull. AMU (1979): 35, Table 3.
Cummings & Mayer, 1992. Freshw. Mussels Midwest (5): 134.
Vidrine, 1993. Histr. Distr. Freshw. Mussels LA: 169.
R.I. Johnson, 1999. Occ. Pap. Moll. 6(77): 34.
Bogan, 2010. FADA: [web].
ITIS, 2012. ITIS: [web].
Haag, 2012. N. Amer. Freshw. Mussels: 70 [as ‘Toxolasma texasensis’].
McMurray et al., 2012. Mo. Freshw. Mussels: 57 [as ‘Toxolasma texasense’].
Marshall et al., 2018. Amer. Malac. Bull. 36(1): 44.
(error for Unio texasiensis Lea, 1857)

Toxolasma texasiensisBieler (2021)
Toxolasma texasienseMolluscaBase (2024), Cummings et al. (2025)

Unio bealei Lea, 1862
Lea, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 14: 169.
Lea, 1862. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 5 [O. 9]: 204 [26], pl. 30, fig. 273.
Type(s): LECTOTYPE [AS HOLOTYPE] USNM_85305 (by R.I. Johnson, 1974: 19), Leon Co., Texas.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis [sic]Simpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensisSimpson (1914)
Carunculina texasensis [sic]Utterback (1916)
Carunculina parva-texasensisFrierson (1927)
Carunculina parva texasensisHaas (1969)
Carunculina parvaBurch (1975)
Toxolasma texasensis [sic]Vidrine (1993)
Toxolasma texasensisParmalee & Bogan (1998)
Toxolasma parvusR.I. Johnson (1999)
Toxolasma texasienseMolluscaBase (2024), Cummings et al. (2025)

Lampsilis mearnsi Simpson, 1900
Simpson, 1900. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 52: 75, pl. 1, fig. 4.
Simpson, 1900. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 22: 564.
Simpson, 1914. Descr. Cat. Naiades: 150.
Type(s): LECTOTYPE [AS HOLOTYPE] USNM_151549 (by R.I. Johnson, 1975: 14), Elm Cr., 27 mi from Ft. Clark, Texas.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) mearnsiSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Lampsilis mearnsiSimpson (1900)
Carunculina parva-mearnsiFrierson (1927)
Carunculina parva parvaHaas (1969)
Carunculina parvaBurch (1975)
Toxolasma mearnsiTurgeon et al. (1988), Williams et al. (1993), Turgeon et al. (1998), Lee (2006), Graf & Cummings (2007), Cummings & Graf (2010), ITIS (2012)
Toxolasma parvusVidrine (1993), R.I. Johnson (1999)
Toxolasma texasensisHowells et al. (1996)
Toxolasma texasienseWilliams et al. (2017), Graf & Cummings (2021), MolluscaBase (2024), Cummings et al. (2025)

Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis var. compressus Simpson, 1900
Simpson, 1900. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 22: 564.
Simpson, 1914. Descr. Cat. Naiades: 150.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio texasiensis Lea, 1857)
Type(s): LECTOTYPE USNM_152059 (by R.I. Johnson, 1975: 11), Ft. Clark, Texas.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis [sic] var. compressusSimpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis var. compressaSimpson (1914)
Carunculina parva-compressaFrierson (1927)
Carunculina parva parvaHaas (1969)
Toxolasma parvusVidrine (1993), R.I. Johnson (1999)
Toxolasma texasensisParmalee & Bogan (1998)
Toxolasma texasienseMolluscaBase (2024), Cummings et al. (2025)

Unio texasianus Sowerby, 1866
‘Lea’ Sowerby, 1866. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 40, sp. 218.
(error for Unio texasiensis Lea, 1857)

Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis [sic]Simpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensisSimpson (1914)
Toxolasma texasensisParmalee & Bogan (1998)

Unio bealii Singley, 1893
‘Lea’ Singley, 1893. Geol. Surv. Texas (1892): 321.
R.I. Johnson, 1999. Occ. Pap. Moll. 6(77): 35 [as ‘Unio beali’].
(error for Unio bealei Lea, 1862)

Taxonomic History (since 1900)

Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis [sic]Simpson (1900)
Unio (s.s.) parvusCall (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mearnsiSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Lampsilis mearnsiSimpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis [sic] var. compressusSimpson (1900)
Eurynia (Carunculina) texasensis [sic]Ortmann (1912)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensisSimpson (1914)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) texasensis var. compressaSimpson (1914)
Carunculina texasensis [sic]Ortmann (1915), Utterback (1916), Gordon et al. (1979)
Carunculina parva-texasensisFrierson (1927)
Carunculina parva-mearnsiFrierson (1927)
Carunculina parva-compressaFrierson (1927)
Carunculina parva texasensisHaas (1969)
Carunculina parva texasensis [sic]Haas (1969)
Carunculina parva parvaHaas (1969)
Carunculina parvaBurch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Toxolasma texasensisTurgeon et al. (1988), Howells et al. (1996), Parmalee & Bogan (1998)
Toxolasma mearnsiTurgeon et al. (1988), Williams et al. (1993), Turgeon et al. (1998), Lee (2006), Graf & Cummings (2007), Cummings & Graf (2010), ITIS (2012)
Toxolasma texasensis [sic]Cummings & Mayer (1992), Vidrine (1993), Williams et al. (1993), Haag (2012), Marshall et al. (2018)
Toxolasma parvusVidrine (1993), R.I. Johnson (1999)
Toxolasma texasiensisCummings & Mayer (1997), Turgeon et al. (1998), Cicerello & Schuster (2003), Jones et al. (2005), Campbell et al. (2005), Zanatta & Murphy (2006), Graf & Cummings (2007), Tiemann et al. (2007), Cummings & Graf (2010), ITIS (2012), Chase et al. (2018), Bieler (2021)
Toxolasma texasense [sic]Bogan (2010), McMurray et al. (2012)
Toxolasma texasienseWilliams et al. (2017), Graf & Cummings (2021), FMCS (2021), Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), Cummings et al. (2025), FMCS (2025), Campbell & Lydeard (2026)

 
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