The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)
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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Lampsilini genus Toxolasma Rafinesque, 1831: cladomics
10 Recent valid species (10 total species) Cladomics Summarynumber of species = 10 (10 total)
analyzed in 73 cladograms in 51 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis =
10 (mean = 1.33, median = 1) Basic Monophylynumber of cladograms that test basic monophyly
(i.e., more than 1 included species) = 8
maximum number of included terminals = 10, (mean =
4 median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly
= 0.88
Pairwise Cladogram ClusteringThe graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.
Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14 ** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ** iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 10 | 91 | 107 | 15 | 620 | 83 | 26 | 0 | +----------------------------------------------------------------- Paetulunio
|
| +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
| |
| | +----- Toxolasma_lividum__2 **
| | +--------+
| +--------------------------------------------+ | | +-- Toxolasma_cylindrellus **
| | | | +--+
| | | | +-- Toxolasma_lividum__1 **
| | | |
--+ | +--+ +-------- Toxolasma_texasiense__2 **
| | | +--+
| | | | | +----- Toxolasma_glans **
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Toxolasma_paulum **
| | +--+ +--+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_texasiense__1 **
| | |
| | | +-------- Toxolasma__4 **
| | +--+
+--+ | +----- Toxolasma_granulatum **
| +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma__2 **
| +--+
| +-- Toxolasma__3 **
|
| +----- Toxolasma_pullus **
| +-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_germanum **
| | +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma__1 **
| |
| | +-- Obliquaria
| | +-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Plectomerus
+--+ |
| | +-------- Potamilus_inflatus
| | +--------+
| | | | +----- Potamilus_ohiensis
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus
| | | +--+
| | +-----------------------------------+ +-- Potamilus_streckersoni
| | | |
+--+ | | +----- Potamilus_fragilis__2
| | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Potamilus_leptodon
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Potamilus_fragilis__1
| | |
| | | +----------- Potamilus_metnecktayi
| | | |
| | +--+ +-------- Potamilus_alatus__3
| | | |
| | +--+ +----- Potamilus_alatus__2
+--+ | |
| +--+----- Potamilus_purpuratus__2
| |
| | +-- Potamilus_alatus__1
| +--+
| +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__1
|
| +-- Villosa_villosa
| +-----------------------------------------------+
| | +-- Atlanticoncha
| |
| | +-- Cambarunio_nebulosus
| | +--------------------------------------------+
+--+ | +-- Ligumia
| |
| | +-------- Leaunio_umbrans
| | +-----------------------------------+
| | | | +----- Cambarunio_taeniatus
+--+ | +--+
| | | +-- Cambarunio_iris
| | +--+
| | +-- Cambarunio_simus
| |
| | +----------------------------------------- Hamiota
| | |
+--+ | +----------------------- Pachynaias
| | |
| | +--------------+ +-------------------- Sagittunio
| | | | |
| | | | | +----- Ellipsaria
| | | +--+ +-----------+
| | | | | | +-- Potamilus_capax
| | | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Truncilla
+--+ | +--+
| | | +----- Medionidus_acutissimus
| | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Lemiox
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Medionidus_penicillatus
| | |
| | | +----------- Ptychobranchus
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__2
| | | +-----+
+--+ | | +-- Dromus
| +--+
| | +----- Cyprogenia_stegaria__2
| +--+
| | +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__1
| +--+
| +-- Cyprogenia_stegaria__1
|
| +-- Villosa_delumbis
| +--------------------------------+
| | +-- Villosa_vibex
| |
| | +-------------- Obovaria_olivaria
| | |
| | +-----------------+ +-- Venustaconcha
| | | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Epioblasma
| | | +--+
| | | | +-------- Obovaria_retusa
+--+ | +--+
| | | +----- Obovaria_choctawensis
| | +--+
| | | +-- Obovaria_unicolor
| | +--+
| | +-- Obovaria_subrotunda
| |
| | +-- Mesonaias
| | +-----------------------+
| | | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
| | |
+--+ +--+ +-- Lampsilis_splendida
| | | +--------------------+
| | | | +-- Lampsilis_bracteata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Lampsilis_fasciola
| | | +-----------------+
| | | | +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
| | +--+
| | | +----------------- Lampsilis_ornata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-------------- Lampsilis_ovata__2
| | | |
| | +--+ +----------- Lampsilis_dolabraeformis
| | | |
| | | | +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2
| | +--+ +--+
| | | | | +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1
+--+ | | +--+
| +--+ +-- Lampsilis_satura
| |
| | +----- Lampsilis_cariosa__2
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ovata__1
| +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cariosa__1
|
| +----------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__2
| +--------------+
| | | +-------- Lampsilis_abrupta
| | +--+
| | | +----- Lampsilis_higginsii__2
| | +--+
| | | +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__1
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_higginsii__1
|
| +----- Medionidus_conradicus
| +-----------------+
| | | +-- Leaunio_lienosus
| | +--+
| | +-- Leaunio_vanuxemensis
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_floridensis
| +-----------------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_teres
| |
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__1
+--+ |
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__2
| +--------------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_powellii__1
| | |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_powellii__2
|
| +-------------- Lampsilis_sietmani
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_straminea__2
| +--------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_virescens
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_hydiana__2
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_hydiana__1
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_straminea__1
Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 34 | 8 | 7 | 110 | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
+--------+ +-- Toxolasma_glans **
| | +--+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_lividum **
| +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma_paulum **
--+ +--+
| +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **
|
| +-------------- Venustaconcha
| |
+--+ +-- Lemiox
| +--------+
| | +-- Lampsilis
+--+
| +-------- Potamilus
+--+
| +----- Cambarunio
+--+
| +-- Ellipsaria
+--+
+-- Truncilla
Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 34 | 9 | 7 | 114 | +-------- Toxolasma_paulum__2 **
|
+--------+ +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
| | +--+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_paulum__1 **
| +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma_glans **
--+ +--+
| +-- Toxolasma_lividum **
|
| +-------------- Ellipsaria
| |
+--+ +----------- Truncilla
| |
+--+ +-- Lemiox
| +-----+
| | +-- Potamilus
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis
+--+
| +-- Cambarunio
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 54 | 45 | 22 | 111 | +----- Paetulunio
|
+--------------------------------+ +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
| | |
| +--+-- Toxolasma_lividum **
| |
| +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **
|
| +----- Obliquaria
--+ +-----------------------------+
| | | +-- Glebula
| | +--+
| | +-- Cyrtonaias
| |
| | +----- Ptychobranchus
| | +--+
+--+ | | +-- Dromus
| | +--+
| +-----------------------+ +-- Cyprogenia
| | |
| | | +----- Medionidus_conradicus
| | +--+
| | | +-- Medionidus_acutissimus
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lemiox
|
| +----------------------------- Sagittunio
| |
| +----------------------------- Potamilus
| |
| | +-- Truncilla
+--+ +-----------------------+
| | +-- Ellipsaria
| |
| | +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
| | +-----+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_fasciola
+--+ +--------------+
| | | +----- Lampsilis_ornata
| | +--+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_ovata
| | +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_cardium
+--+
| +-- Ligumia
| +--+
| | +-- Cambarunio
| +--------------+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_teres
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Hamiota
|
| +----------------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-------------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
| |
+--+ +----------- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
| |
+--+ +-------- Obovaria_olivaria
| |
| +-------- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-------- Epioblasma
|
| +----- Obovaria_unicolor
+--+
| +-- Obovaria_subrotunda
+--+
+-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 53 | 45 | 22 | 112 | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--------------------------------+
| +-- Glebula
|
--+ +-------------------------------- Paetulunio
| |
| | +-------- Obliquaria
| | +--------------------+
+--+ | | +----- Toxolasma_texasiense **
| | +--+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
| | +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma_lividum **
+--+
| +-------------------------- Sagittunio
| |
| | +----------- Potamilus
| | |
| | +-----------+ +-- Medionidus_conradicus
| | | | +-----+
+--+ | | | +-- Ptychobranchus
| | +--+
| | | +----- Medionidus_acutissimus
| | | |
| | +--+----- Lemiox
| | |
| | | +-- Dromus
+--+ +--+
| +-- Cyprogenia
|
| +----- Lampsilis_teres
| +--------------+
| | | +-- Truncilla
| | +--+
| | +-- Ellipsaria
| |
+--+ +----------------- Leaunio
| |
| | +----------- Hamiota
| | |
| | +--+ +-- Lampsilis_fasciola
+--+ | | +-----+
| | | | +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
| | +--+
| | | +----- Lampsilis_ornata
| | +--+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_ovata
+--+ +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cardium
|
| +----- Venustaconcha
| +-----+
| | | +-- Obovaria
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Epioblasma
|
| +-------- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
| +----- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
+--+
| +-- Cambarunio
+--+
+-- Ligumia
Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 112 | +----- Toxolasma_paulum **
--+
| +-- Toxolasma_glans **
+--+
+-- Toxolasma_parvum **
Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100 | 41 | 22 | -- | +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
+-- Toxolasma_texasiense **
Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100 | 41 | 22 | -- | +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
+-----+
| +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **
+--------------------+
| | +----- Obliquaria
| +--+
| | +-- Cyrtonaias
| +--+
| +-- Glebula
|
| +-------------- Potamilus
| |
| | +-------- Medionidus_acutissimus
--+ | +--+
| +-----------+ | | +----- Lemiox
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Dromus
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Cyprogenia
| | |
| | | +-- Sagittunio
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Medionidus_conradicus
+--+ +-----+
| | +-- Ptychobranchus
| +--+
| +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
|
| +-- Ellipsaria
| +--------------------+
| | +-- Truncilla
| |
| | +-------------------- Villosa
+--+ |
| | +-- Obovaria_olivaria
| | +--------+
| | | +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
| | +-----+
+--+ | | +-------- Epioblasma
| | +--+
| | | +----- Obovaria_unicolor
| | +--+
| | | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
| | +--+
| | +-- Obovaria_subrotunda
+--+
| +-------- Hamiota
| |
| +-----+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Lampsilis_ovata
| | +--+
| | | +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
+--+ +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_ornata
|
| +-- Ligumia
| +--------+
| | +-- Cambarunio
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_teres
+--+
| +----- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Leaunio
Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 8 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_powellii
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 36 | 5 | 3 | -- | +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 26 | 6 | -- | +----------------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **
|
--+ +-------------------------------- Potamilus
| |
| | +-- Ellipsaria
+--+ +--------------------------+
| | +-- Truncilla
| |
| | +-------------------------- Leaunio
+--+ |
| | +-------------------- Lampsilis_bracteata
| | |
| | +--+ +----------------- Lampsilis_fasciola
| | | | |
+--+ | +--+ +-------------- Lampsilis_ornata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Lampsilis_ovata
| | | +--------+
| | | | +-- Lampsilis_cariosa
| | +--+
| | | +-------- Lampsilis_cardium__3
+--+ +--+
| | +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_satura
| +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1
|
| +-- Lampsilis_higginsii
| +--------------+
| | +-- Ortmanniana
+-----+
| +-------------- Lampsilis_teres
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_radiata
| +--------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_bergmanni
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_hydiana
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_virescens
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_straminea
Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 37 | 3 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Potamilus
Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 5 | 5 | -- | +----------- Ortmanniana
--+
| +-------- Glebula
+--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Ligumia
+--+
+-- Toxolasma_lividum **
Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 8 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_powellii
Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 5 | 5 | -- | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--------+
| +-- Glebula
--+
| +-------- Toxolasma_lividum **
+--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Ligumia
+--+
+-- Ortmanniana
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 67 | 7 | 3 | -- | +-------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +----------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_ornata
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_cardium
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_powellii
Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 37 | 15 | 9 | -- | Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 14 | 10 | -- | Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 31 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 43 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 8 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_ornata
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_cardium
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_powellii
Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 3 | -- | Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 47 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 39 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 7 | 3 | -- | +-------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +----------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_powellii
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 5 | 5 | -- | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--------+
| +-- Glebula
--+
| +-------- Toxolasma_lividum **
+--+
| +----- Ortmanniana
+--+
| +-- Ligumia
+--+
+-- Potamilus
Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 40 | 25 | 6 | -- | +----------------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **
|
--+ +-------------------------------- Ellipsaria
| |
+--+ +----------------------------- Truncilla
| |
| | +-------------------------- Potamilus
+--+ |
| | +----------------------- Leaunio
| | |
+--+ | +----------------- Lampsilis_bracteata
| | |
| | +--+ +-- Lampsilis_ornata
| | | | +-----------+
+--+ | | | +-- Lampsilis_fasciola
| | +--+
| | | +----------- Lampsilis_ovata
| | +--+
| | | +-------- Lampsilis_cardium__3
| | +--+
+--+ | +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_satura
| +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1
|
| +-------------- Lampsilis_teres
| |
| | +-- Lampsilis_higginsii
+-----+ +--------+
| | +-- Ortmanniana
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_radiata
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_hydiana
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_virescens
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_straminea
Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 12 | 10 | -- | +-------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **
|
--+ +----------------------- Obliquaria
| |
| | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--+ +-----------------+
| | +-- Glebula
| |
+--+ +-- Ptychobranchus
| +--------------+
| | +-- Lemiox
| |
+--+ +-- Venustaconcha
| +-----------+
| | +-- Obovaria
+--+
| +----------- Hamiota
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_ovata
+--+
| +----- Ortmanniana
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_straminea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_hydiana
Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 43 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 86 | 9 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_powellii
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 38 | 5 | 3 | -- | +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 | 5 | 5 | -- | Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 5 | 5 | -- | +----------- Ortmanniana
--+
| +-------- Glebula
+--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Ligumia
+--+
+-- Toxolasma_lividum **
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 200 | 13 | 11 | -- | Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 10 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
| | +----- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+ +--+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cariosa
|
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_powellii
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 198 | 13 | 11 | -- | Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 40 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Potamilus
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 55 | 6 | 4 | -- | +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-------- Potamilus
+--+
| +----- Leaunio
+--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 47 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 10 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
| | +----- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+ +--+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cariosa
|
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_powellii
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 10 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
| | +----- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+ +--+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cariosa
|
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_powellii
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 5 | 5 | -- | Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 139 | 11 | 5 | -- | +-------------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +----------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +-------------- Leaunio
| |
| | +----- Ortmanniana
+--+ +-----+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_hydiana
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
|
| +-------- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cardium
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_cariosa
Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 12 | 10 | -- | +-------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **
|
--+ +----------------------- Obliquaria
| |
| | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--+ +-----------------+
| | +-- Glebula
| |
+--+ +-- Ptychobranchus
| +--------------+
| | +-- Lemiox
| |
+--+ +-- Venustaconcha
| +-----------+
| | +-- Obovaria
+--+
| +----------- Hamiota
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_ovata
+--+
| +----- Ortmanniana
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_straminea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_hydiana
Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 8 | 3 | -- | Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 8 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_ornata
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_cardium
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_powellii
Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 40 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Venustaconcha
+--+
+-- Potamilus
Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 84 | 8 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_powellii
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 | 5 | 2 | -- | +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_powellii
Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 34 | 15 | 9 | -- | +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
| +-------- Obliquaria
--+ |
| | +----- Obovaria
| | |
| | +----- Lampsilis_cardium
+--+ |
| +----- Potamilus
| |
| | +-- Epioblasma
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
| +-- Ortmanniana
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_higginsii
|
| +-- Ligumia
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_teres
|
| +-- Ellipsaria
+--+
+-- Truncilla
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 14 | 10 | -- | +-------------- Potamilus_alatus
|
+-------------- Potamilus_capax
|
+-------------- Glebula
|
| +-- Toxolasma_lividum **
+-----------+
--+ +-- Paetulunio
|
| +-- Dromus
+-----------+
| +-- Lemiox
|
| +-- Lampsilis_ovata
| +--------+
| | +-- Obliquaria
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_virescens
| |
+--+ +-- Epioblasma
| +--+
| | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
+--+
| +-- Obovaria_olivaria
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 5 | 4 | -- | +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-------- Potamilus
+--+
| +----- Leaunio
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 32 | 25 | 17 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_lividum **
|
| +-------------- Potamilus
| |
| | +-- Ellipsaria
| +-----------+
--+ | +-- Truncilla
| |
| | +----- Medionidus
| +--------+
| | | +-- Lemiox
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Dromus
|
| +----------- Cambarunio
| |
| +----------- Leaunio
| |
| +----------- Villosa
| |
| | +-- Sagittunio
| +--------+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_ovata
|
| +----- Venustaconcha
+-----+
| | +-- Epioblasma
| +--+
| +-- Obovaria
|
| +-------- Lampsilis_teres
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_hydiana
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_straminea
Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 200 | 13 | 11 | -- | Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 10 | 4 | -- | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **
|
--+ +-------------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +----------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-------- Venustaconcha
| |
| | +-- Lampsilis_powellii
+--+-----+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
|
| +----- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cardium
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_cariosa
Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 4 | 4 | -- | +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +-------- Potamilus
+--+
| +----- Leaunio
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 45 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 32 | 10 | 7 | -- | Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 40 | 35 | 19 | -- | Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma_lividum **
--+
| +----- Obliquaria
+--+
| +-- Glebula
+--+
+-- Cyrtonaias
|
