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The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)
FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!
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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Margaritiferidae | Margaritiferinae | Margaritifera species Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758): synonymy 22 specimens + 391 Genbank vouchers Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758
Lister, 1678. Hist. Anim. Anglic.: [app.] 15, pl. 1, fig. 1. [pre-linnaean] Lister, 1685. Conch.: pl. 149, fig. 4. [pre-linnaean] Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. 1: 671, sp. 20. Linnaeus, 1767. Syst. Nat. 1(2): 1112, sp. 29. Type(s): LECTOTYPE LS_29, “Habitat in totius orbis arctici cataractis.”.
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Kobelt (1904), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1910), Ortmann (1912), ... Haas (1924), Frierson (1927), Germain (1931), Zhadin (1938), Zhadin (1965) Margaritana (s.s.) margaritifera — Thiele (1934) Margaritifera margaritifera — Mandahl-Barth (1938), Modell (1942), Kira (1959), Heard & Guckert (1970), Burch (1975), ... Wang et al. (2025), Chen et al. (2025), Dai et al. (2026), Moorkens et al. (2026), Campbell & Lydeard (2026) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940), Bogatov (2022) Unio margaritifera — Kira (1954) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969), Falkner et al. (2001), Falkner et al. (2002) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera — Haas (1969), Bolotov et al. (2016) Margaritiferidae — Krebs et al. (2003) | |
Margaritana fluviatilis Schumacher, 1817 Schumacher, 1815. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forhandl. Kjobehhaven 1813-1815: 7. [nomen nudum] Schumacher, 1817. Essai. Nouv. Syst.: 124, pl. 10, fig. 4.
Margaritifera margaritifera — Habe (1977), Ziuganov et al. (1994), Watters et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Unio elongata Lamarck, 1819
Pennant, 1777. British Zool. 4: pl. 43, fig. 18. Lamarck, 1819. Hist. Natur. Anim. sans Vert. 6: 70, sp. 2. Type(s): POSSIBLE SYNTYPE MNHN_MPL_0028, Habite dans les rivières de l’Angleterre, et probablement du nord de l’Europe [Lives in the rivers of England and Northern Europe probably].
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Preston (1912), Simpson (1914), Germain (1931) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Graf (2007), Araujo et al. (2009), Watters et al. (2009), Kantor et al. (2010), Fauna Europaea (2012), Bolotov et al. (2013), Vinarski & Kantor (2016), Moorkens et al. (2026) Margaritifera elongata — Bogatov et al. (2003), Starobogatov et al. (2004), Kantor & Sysoev (2005) Margaritifera margaritifera elongata — Bogatov (2022) | |
Alasmodonta arcuata Barnes, 1823 Barnes, 1823. Amer. J. Sci. 6 (1-2): 277, pl. 12, figs. 20a-d.
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Hannibal (1912), Preston (1912), Simpson (1914), Frierson (1927) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Strayer & Jirka (1997), Araujo et al. (2009), Watters et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016), Moorkens et al. (2026) | |
Unio sinuata C. Pfeiffer, 1825 C. Pfeiffer, 1825. Naturgesch. Dtsch. Land-Süßw. Moll. 2: ??. (misidentified reference to Unio sinuata Lamarck, 1819)
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Preston (1912), Simpson (1914) | |
Unio roissyi Michaud, 1831 Michaud, 1831. Compl. Hist. Nat. Moll., Draparnaud: 112, pl. 16, figs. 27-28.
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Preston (1912), Simpson (1914), Germain (1931) Margaritana roissyi — Rochebrune (1903) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Araujo et al. (2009), Watters et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016), Moorkens et al. (2026) | |
Unio margaritifer var. minor Rossmässler, 1835 Rossmässler, 1835. Icon. Land- und Süssw.-Moll. 1 (2): 21, pl. 9, fig. 129. (intro'd as intra-sp. of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758)
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Preston (1912), Simpson (1914), Germain (1931) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera margaritifera — Watters et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Unio brunneus Bonhomme, 1840 Bonhomme, 1840. Mém. Aveyron 2: 460.
— Simpson (1914) Margaritana margaritifera — Germain (1931) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera brunnea — Falkner et al. (2001), Falkner et al. (2002) Margaritifera margaritifera — Araujo et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016), Lopes-Lima et al. (2017) | |
Alasmodon margaritiferus var. arcuata Brown, 1844 Brown, 1844. Ill. Rec. Conch. Gr. Brit. & Ireland: 84, pl. 30*, fig. 3. Brown, 1845. Ill. Land & Fr. Water Conch. Gr. Brit. & Ireland: 115, pl. 23, fig. 3. (intro'd as intra-sp. of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758; homonym of Alasmodonta arcuata Barnes, 1823)
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914) | |
Alasmodon margaritiferus var. olivacea Brown, 1844 Brown, 1844. Ill. Rec. Conch. Gr. Brit. & Ireland: 84, pl. 30*, fig. 1. Brown, 1845. Ill. Land & Fr. Water Conch. Gr. Brit. & Ireland: 115, pl. 23, fig. 1. (intro'd as intra-sp. of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758)
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914) | |
Unio tristis Morelet, 1845
Morelet, 1845. Moll. Terr. Fluv. Portugal: 107, pl. 31, fig. 2. Type(s): HOLOTYPE BMNH_93-2-4-1961, la Tamega, pres a Amarante, Portugal.
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Preston (1912), Simpson (1914) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Araujo et al. (2009), Watters et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Unio raveneliana Chenu, 1859 ‘Lea’ Chenu, 1859. Manuel Conchyl. 2: 144, fig. 714. (misidentified reference to Unio ravenelianus Lea, 1834)
Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Preston (1912), Simpson (1914) | |
Margaritana borealis Westerlund, 1871 Westerlund, 1871. Nova Reg. Soc. Scient. 8: 168.
Margaritifera borealis — Bogatov et al. (2003), Starobogatov et al. (2004), Kantor & Sysoev (2005) Margaritifera margaritifera — Graf (2007), Kantor et al. (2010), Bolotov et al. (2013), Vinarski & Kantor (2016) Margaritifera margaritifera borealis — Bogatov (2022) | |
Margaritana freytagi Kobelt, 1886
Kobelt, 1886. Jb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 39: 98, pl. 8, figs. 1-4. Kobelt, 1886. Icon. Land- und Süssw.-Moll. 2: 45, pl. 55, figs. 291-294. Type(s): LECTOTYPE SMF_4984, Nister b. Hachenburg.
— Simpson (1914) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Araujo et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Margaritana michaudi Locard, 1889
Michaud, 1831. Compl. Hist. Nat. Moll., Draparnaud: 113, pl. 16, fig. 29 [as ‘Unio elongata’]. Locard, 1889. Contr. Faune Malacol. Franc. 13: 123 [17], 180 [74]. Locard, 1893. Coqu. Eau Douce Saumâtre France: 150. Type(s): PARALECTOTYPE MNHN_22368, Vire [Calvados].
Margaritana margaritifera — Germain (1931) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Araujo et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Margaritana pyrenaica Locard, 1889
Bourguignat in Locard, 1889. Contr. Faune Malacol. Franc. 13: 123 [17], 181 [75]. ‘Bourguignat’ Locard, 1893. Coqu. Eau Douce Saumâtre France: 150. Type(s): SYNTYPE MNHN_22478, Carcenac (Aveyron).
Margaritana margaritifera — Germain (1931) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Araujo et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Margaritana margaritifera forma jetschini Westerlund, 1890 Westerlund, 1890. Fauna Paläarct. Binnenconch. 2(7): 185. [infra-subsp.] (intro'd as intra-sp. of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758)
— Simpson (1914) | |
Margaritana alleni Locard, 1899 Castro in Locard, 1899. Conchyliol. Portug.: 212.
— Simpson (1914) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Araujo et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Margaritana margaritifera parvula Haas, 1908
Haas, 1908. Beitr. Kenntn. Mittleleurop. Najadeen, Beilage zu... 1908 (1): 15. (intro'd as intra-sp. of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758) Type(s): LECTOTYPE SMF_4982, Ulfenbach bei Affolterbach.
Margaritana margaritifera parvula — Haas (1924) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera parvula — Falkner et al. (2001) Margaritifera margaritifera — Vinarski & Kantor (2016), Lopes-Lima et al. (2017), Moorkens et al. (2026) | |
Margaritana margaritifera var. siluriana Bloomer, 1927 Bloomer, 1927. Proc. Malac. Soc. London 17: 211. (intro'd as intra-sp. of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758)
Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Vinarski & Kantor (2016), Moorkens et al. (2026) | |
Margaritana durrovensis Phillips, 1928
Phillips, 1928. Proc. Malac. Soc. London 18: 71, pls. 3-5. Bloomer, 1928. Proc. Malac. Soc. London 18: 74, text fig. Type(s): SYNTYPES BMNH_1928-10-23-1-2, River Nore, Durrow, Queen’s Co., Ireland.
Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994), Araujo et al. (2009), Vinarski & Kantor (2016), Lopes-Lima et al. (2017), Moorkens et al. (2026) Margaritifera margaritifera durrovensis — IUCN (1996), Machordom et al. (2003), Walker et al. (2006) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera durrovensis — Falkner et al. (2001) | |
Mya margaritifera Da Costa, 1778 Da Costa, 1778. British Conch.: 225, pl. 15, fig. 3. (reference to Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Unio elongata Michaud, 1831 Michaud, 1831. Compl. Hist. Nat. Moll., Draparnaud: 113, pl. 16, fig. 29. (reference to Unio elongata Lamarck, 1819)
Unio (sec. Lymnium) batavus — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914) Margaritana margaritifera — Germain (1931) | |
Unio margaritifera Rossmässler, 1835 Rossmässler, 1835. Icon. Land- und Süssw.-Moll. 1 (1): pl. 4, fig. 74. [in part] (reference to Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Unio rivalis Lea, 1836 ‘Zeig.’ Lea, 1836. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 46. ‘Zeig.’ Lea, 1838. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 28. (intro'd as syn of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Unio roisii Lea, 1852 ‘Mich.’ Lea, 1852. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 40. (error for Unio roissyi Michaud, 1831) | |
Unio reyniesii Lea, 1870 ‘Mich.’ Lea, 1870. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 64. (error for Unio roissyi Michaud, 1831) | |
Margaritana margaritifera var. compressa Westerlund, 1873 Westerlund, 1873. Fauna Moll. Terr. Fluv. Suec. Norv. Dan. (2): 578. (intro'd as intra-sp. of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758)
Margaritifera margaritifera — Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Margaritana margaritifera var. ventricosa Westerlund, 1873 Westerlund, 1873. Fauna Moll. Terr. Fluv. Suec. Norv. Dan. (2): 578. (intro'd as intra-sp. of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758)
Margaritifera margaritifera — Vinarski & Kantor (2016) | |
Margaritana durrovensis Bloomer, 1928 Bloomer, 1928. Proc. Malac. Soc. London 18: 74, text fig. (reference to Margaritana durrovensis Phillips, 1928)
Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969) Margaritifera margaritifera — Fauna Europaea (2012) | |
Margaritana durrowensis Haas, 1940 ‘Phillips’ Haas, 1940. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 120. (error for Margaritana durrovensis Phillips, 1928) | |
Margaritana tenerus Ziuganov et al., 1994 Ziuganov et al., 1994. Freshw. Pearl Muss. & Fish: 59. (intro'd as syn of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758)
Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994) | |
Margaritana vulgaris Ziuganov et al., 1994 Ziuganov et al., 1994. Freshw. Pearl Muss. & Fish: 59. (intro'd as syn of Mya margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758)
Margaritifera margaritifera — Ziuganov et al. (1994) | |
Margaritana pirenaica Vinarski & Kantor, 2016 ‘Boruguignat in Locard’ Vinarski & Kantor, 2016. Analyt. Cat. Fr. Brack. Moll. Russia: 59. (error for Margaritana pyrenaica Locard, 1889) | |
Taxonomic History (since 1900)Margaritana margaritifera — Simpson (1900), Kobelt (1904), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1910), Ortmann (1912), ... Haas (1924), Frierson (1927), Germain (1931), Zhadin (1938), Zhadin (1965) Unio (sec. Lymnium) batavus — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914) Margaritana roissyi — Rochebrune (1903) — Simpson (1914) Margaritana margaritifera parvula — Haas (1924) Margaritana (s.s.) margaritifera — Thiele (1934) Margaritifera margaritifera — Mandahl-Barth (1938), Modell (1942), Kira (1959), Heard & Guckert (1970), Burch (1975), ... Wang et al. (2025), Chen et al. (2025), Dai et al. (2026), Moorkens et al. (2026), Campbell & Lydeard (2026) Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1940), Bogatov (2022) Unio margaritifera — Kira (1954) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera margaritifera — Haas (1969), Falkner et al. (2001), Falkner et al. (2002) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera — Haas (1969), Bolotov et al. (2016) Margaritifera margaritifera durrovensis — IUCN (1996), Machordom et al. (2003), Walker et al. (2006) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera brunnea — Falkner et al. (2001), Falkner et al. (2002) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera parvula — Falkner et al. (2001) Margaritifera (s.s.) margaritifera durrovensis — Falkner et al. (2001) Margaritiferidae — Krebs et al. (2003) Margaritifera elongata — Bogatov et al. (2003), Starobogatov et al. (2004), Kantor & Sysoev (2005) Margaritifera borealis — Bogatov et al. (2003), Starobogatov et al. (2004), Kantor & Sysoev (2005) Margaritifera margaritifera elongata — Bogatov (2022) Margaritifera margaritifera borealis — Bogatov (2022)
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