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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

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genus Potamilus Rafinesque, 1818: cladomics
10 Recent valid species (11 total species)

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 10 (11 total)
analyzed in 104 cladograms in 61 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 10 (mean = 2.08, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 53
maximum number of included terminals = 10, (mean = 3.11 median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.77

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
10	10	9	11	31	26	19	0

  +----------------------------- Obliquaria             
  |                                                     
  |                          +-- Medionidus             
  |                       +--+                          
  |                       |  +-- Lemiox                 
  |  +--------------------+                             
  |  |                    |  +-- Cyprogenia             
--+  |                    +--+                          
  |  |                       +-- Ptychobranchus         
  |  |                                                  
  |  |                       +-- Hamiota                
  |  |           +-----------+                          
  |  |           |           +-- Villosa                
  |  |           |                                      
  +--+  +--------+  +----------- Ligumia                
     |  |        |  |                                   
     |  |        |  |     +----- Venustaconcha          
     |  |        +--+  +--+                             
     |  |           |  |  |  +-- Obovaria               
     |  |           |  |  +--+                          
     |  |           +--+     +-- Epioblasma             
     |  |              |                                
     |  |              |  +----- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
     +--+              +--+                             
        |                 |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
        |                 +--+                          
        |                    +-- Lampsilis              
        |                                               
        |                 +----- Atlanticoncha          
        |  +--------------+                             
        |  |              |  +-- Ellipsaria             
        |  |              +--+                          
        |  |                 +-- Truncilla              
        +--+                                            
           |  +----------------- Potamilus_capax **        
           |  |                                         
           |  |           +----- Potamilus_inflatus **     
           +--+  +--------+                             
              |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_fragilis **     
              |  |        +--+                          
              |  |           +-- Potamilus_leptodon **     
              +--+                                      
                 |        +----- Potamilus_ohiensis **     
                 |  +-----+                             
                 |  |     |  +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus ** 
                 |  |     +--+                          
                 +--+        +-- Potamilus_streckersoni ** 
                    |                                   
                    |  +-------- Potamilus_metnecktayi **  
                    +--+                                
                       |  +----- Potamilus_purpuratus__1 **
                       +--+                             
                          |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__2 **
                          +--+                          
                             +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
7	7	5	7	49	41	22	10

                                   +-- Cyrtonaias             
  +--------------------------------+                          
  |                                +-- Glebula                
  |                                                           
  |  +-------------------------------- Paetulunio             
--+  |                                                        
  |  |                             +-- Obliquaria             
  |  |  +--------------------------+                          
  |  |  |                          +-- Toxolasma              
  +--+  |                                                     
     |  |  +-------------------------- Sagittunio             
     |  |  |                                                  
     |  |  |                       +-- Medionidus_conradicus  
     |  |  |                 +-----+                          
     +--+  |                 |     +-- Ptychobranchus         
        |  |        +--------+                                
        |  |        |        |  +----- Medionidus_acutissimus 
        |  |        |        |  |                             
        |  |        |        +--+----- Lemiox                 
        |  |        |           |                             
        |  |  +-----+           |  +-- Dromus                 
        +--+  |     |           +--+                          
           |  |     |              +-- Cyprogenia             
           |  |     |                                         
           |  |     |  +-------------- Potamilus_leptodon **     
           |  |     |  |                                      
           |  |     +--+  +----------- Potamilus_fragilis **     
           |  |        |  |                                   
           |  |        +--+        +-- Potamilus_alatus **       
           |  |           |  +-----+                          
           |  |           |  |     +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **   
           |  |           +--+                                
           +--+              |  +----- Potamilus_inflatus **     
              |              +--+                             
              |                 |  +-- Potamilus_ohiensis **     
              |                 +--+                          
              |                    +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus ** 
              |                                               
              |                 +----- Lampsilis_teres        
              |  +--------------+                             
              |  |              |  +-- Truncilla              
              |  |              +--+                          
              |  |                 +-- Ellipsaria             
              |  |                                            
              +--+  +----------------- Leaunio                
                 |  |                                         
                 |  |     +----------- Hamiota                
                 |  |     |                                   
                 |  |  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_fasciola     
                 +--+  |  |  +-----+                          
                    |  |  |  |     +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
                    |  |  +--+                                
                    |  |     |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata       
                    |  |     +--+                             
                    |  |        |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata        
                    +--+        +--+                          
                       |           +-- Lampsilis_cardium      
                       |                                      
                       |        +----- Venustaconcha          
                       |  +-----+                             
                       |  |     |  +-- Obovaria               
                       |  |     +--+                          
                       +--+        +-- Epioblasma             
                          |                                   
                          |  +-------- Lampsilis_siliquoidea  
                          +--+                                
                             |  +----- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                             +--+                             
                                |  +-- Cambarunio             
                                +--+                          
                                   +-- Ligumia

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
10	10	8	10	18	10	7	7

  +----------------------------- Obliquaria            
  |                                                    
--+  +-------------------------- Cyrtonaias            
  |  |                                                 
  |  |                       +-- Pachynaias            
  +--+  +--------------------+                         
     |  |                    +-- Lampsilis             
     |  |                                              
     +--+                    +-- Ellipsaria            
        |  +-----------------+                         
        |  |                 +-- Truncilla             
        |  |                                           
        +--+  +----------------- Atlanticoncha         
           |  |                                        
           |  |              +-- Potamilus_capax **       
           +--+  +-----------+                         
              |  |           +-- Potamilus_inflatus **    
              |  |                                     
              |  |        +----- Potamilus_ohiensis **    
              +--+  +-----+                            
                 |  |     |  +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
                 |  |     +--+                         
                 |  |        +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus **
                 +--+                                  
                    |        +-- Potamilus_fragilis **    
                    |  +-----+                         
                    |  |     +-- Potamilus_leptodon **    
                    +--+                               
                       |  +----- Potamilus_metnecktayi ** 
                       +--+                            
                          |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
                          +--+                         
                             +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
10	10	8	10	18	10	7	7

  +-------------------------- Obliquaria            
  |                                                 
--+  +----------------------- Cyrtonaias            
  |  |                                              
  |  |                    +-- Pachynaias            
  +--+  +-----------------+                         
     |  |                 +-- Lampsilis             
     |  |                                           
     |  |                 +-- Ellipsaria            
     +--+  +--------------+                         
        |  |              +-- Truncilla             
        |  |                                        
        |  |  +-------------- Atlanticoncha         
        +--+  |                                     
           |  |           +-- Potamilus_fragilis **    
           |  |     +-----+                         
           |  |     |     +-- Potamilus_leptodon **    
           +--+  +--+                               
              |  |  |  +----- Potamilus_metnecktayi ** 
              |  |  +--+                            
              |  |     |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
              |  |     +--+                         
              +--+        +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **  
                 |                                  
                 |        +-- Potamilus_capax **       
                 |  +-----+                         
                 |  |     +-- Potamilus_inflatus **    
                 +--+                               
                    |  +----- Potamilus_ohiensis **    
                    +--+                            
                       |  +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
                       +--+                         
                          +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus **

Roe & Lydeard, 1998 [Publ 2693], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
7	8	4	8	3	2	2	8

  +----------- Potamilus_capax **        
  |                                   
  +----------- Lampsilis              
--+                                   
  |  +-------- Potamilus_fragilis **     
  |  |                                
  |  |  +----- Potamilus_inflatus **     
  +--+  |                             
     |  |  +-- Potamilus_ohiensis **     
     |  +--+                          
     +--+  +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus ** 
        |                             
        |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__1 **
        |  |                          
        +--+-- Potamilus_purpuratus__2 **
           |                          
           +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
7	7	5	7	50	41	22	10

                                      +-- Paetulunio             
  +-----------------------------------+                          
  |                                   +-- Toxolasma              
  |                                                              
  |                                +----- Obliquaria             
  |  +-----------------------------+                             
  |  |                             |  +-- Glebula                
--+  |                             +--+                          
  |  |                                +-- Cyrtonaias             
  |  |                                                           
  |  |                             +----- Ptychobranchus         
  |  |                          +--+                             
  |  |                          |  |  +-- Dromus                 
  |  |                          |  +--+                          
  +--+  +-----------------------+     +-- Cyprogenia             
     |  |                       |                                
     |  |                       |  +----- Medionidus_conradicus  
     |  |                       +--+                             
     |  |                          |  +-- Medionidus_acutissimus 
     |  |                          +--+                          
     |  |                             +-- Lemiox                 
     |  |                                                        
     |  |  +----------------------------- Sagittunio             
     +--+  |                                                     
        |  |              +-------------- Potamilus_leptodon **     
        |  |              |                                      
        |  +--------------+  +----------- Potamilus_fragilis **     
        |  |              |  |                                   
        |  |              +--+        +-- Potamilus_alatus **       
        |  |                 |  +-----+                          
        |  |                 |  |     +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **   
        |  |                 +--+                                
        |  |                    |  +----- Potamilus_inflatus **     
        +--+                    +--+                             
           |                       |  +-- Potamilus_ohiensis **     
           |                       +--+                          
           |                          +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus ** 
           |                                                     
           |                          +-- Truncilla              
           |  +-----------------------+                          
           |  |                       +-- Ellipsaria             
           |  |                                                  
           |  |                       +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
           |  |                 +-----+                          
           |  |                 |     +-- Lampsilis_fasciola     
           +--+  +--------------+                                
              |  |              |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata       
              |  |              +--+                             
              |  |                 |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata        
              |  |                 +--+                          
              |  |                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium      
              +--+                                               
                 |                    +-- Ligumia                
                 |                 +--+                          
                 |                 |  +-- Cambarunio             
                 |  +--------------+                             
                 |  |              |  +-- Lampsilis_teres        
                 |  |              +--+                          
                 +--+                 +-- Hamiota                
                    |                                            
                    |  +----------------- Leaunio                
                    |  |                                         
                    +--+  +-------------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                       |  |                                      
                       +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_siliquoidea  
                          |  |                                   
                          +--+  +-------- Obovaria_olivaria      
                             |  |                                
                             |  +-------- Venustaconcha          
                             +--+                                
                                +-------- Epioblasma             
                                |                                
                                |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor      
                                +--+                             
                                   |  +-- Obovaria_subrotunda    
                                   +--+                          
                                      +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
5	5	3	5	37	22	6	6

  +----------------------------------- Toxolasma             
  |                                                          
  |                          +-------- Potamilus_fragilis **    
  |                          |                               
  |  +-----------------------+     +-- Potamilus_ohiensis **    
--+  |                       |  +--+                         
  |  |                       |  |  +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus **
  |  |                       +--+                            
  |  |                          |  +-- Potamilus_metnecktayi ** 
  |  |                          +--+                         
  +--+                             +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **  
     |                                                       
     |                             +-- Ellipsaria            
     |  +--------------------------+                         
     |  |                          +-- Truncilla             
     |  |                                                    
     |  |  +-------------------------- Leaunio               
     +--+  |                                                 
        |  |     +-------------------- Lampsilis_bracteata   
        |  |     |                                           
        |  |  +--+  +----------------- Lampsilis_fasciola    
        |  |  |  |  |                                        
        +--+  |  +--+  +-------------- Lampsilis_ornata      
           |  |     |  |                                     
           |  |     +--+           +-- Lampsilis_ovata       
           |  |        |  +--------+                         
           |  |        |  |        +-- Lampsilis_cariosa     
           |  |        +--+                                  
           |  |           |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium__3  
           +--+           +--+                               
              |              |  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2  
              |              +--+                            
              |                 |  +-- Lampsilis_satura      
              |                 +--+                         
              |                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1  
              |                                              
              |                    +-- Lampsilis_higginsii   
              |     +--------------+                         
              |     |              +-- Ortmanniana           
              +-----+                                        
                    |  +-------------- Lampsilis_teres       
                    |  |                                     
                    +--+           +-- Lampsilis_radiata     
                       |  +--------+                         
                       |  |        +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea 
                       +--+                                  
                          |  +-------- Lampsilis_bergmanni   
                          +--+                               
                             |  +----- Lampsilis_hydiana     
                             +--+                            
                                |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens   
                                +--+                         
                                   +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
5	5	3	5	36	21	6	6

  +----------------------------------- Toxolasma             
  |                                                          
--+  +-------------------------------- Ellipsaria            
  |  |                                                       
  |  |  +----------------------------- Truncilla             
  +--+  |                                                    
     |  |                    +-------- Potamilus_fragilis **    
     |  |                    |                               
     |  |  +-----------------+     +-- Potamilus_ohiensis **    
     +--+  |                 |  +--+                         
        |  |                 |  |  +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus **
        |  |                 +--+                            
        |  |                    |  +-- Potamilus_metnecktayi ** 
        |  |                    +--+                         
        |  |                       +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **  
        +--+                                                 
           |  +----------------------- Leaunio               
           |  |                                              
           |  |     +----------------- Lampsilis_bracteata   
           |  |     |                                        
           |  |  +--+              +-- Lampsilis_ornata      
           |  |  |  |  +-----------+                         
           +--+  |  |  |           +-- Lampsilis_fasciola    
              |  |  +--+                                     
              |  |     |  +----------- Lampsilis_ovata       
              |  |     +--+                                  
              |  |        |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium__3  
              |  |        +--+                               
              +--+           |  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2  
                 |           +--+                            
                 |              |  +-- Lampsilis_satura      
                 |              +--+                         
                 |                 +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1  
                 |                                           
                 |     +-------------- Lampsilis_teres       
                 |     |                                     
                 |     |           +-- Lampsilis_higginsii   
                 +-----+  +--------+                         
                       |  |        +-- Ortmanniana           
                       |  |                                  
                       +--+        +-- Lampsilis_radiata     
                          |  +-----+                         
                          |  |     +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea 
                          |  |                               
                          +--+     +-- Lampsilis_hydiana     
                             |  +--+                         
                             |  |  +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni   
                             +--+                            
                                |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens   
                                +--+                         
                                   +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
4	4	2	4	98	39	22	7

                       +-------- Toxolasma                     
  +--------------------+                                       
  |                    |  +----- Obliquaria                    
  |                    +--+                                    
  |                       |  +-- Cyrtonaias                    
  |                       +--+                                 
  |                          +-- Glebula                       
  |                                                            
  |                          +-- Potamilus_fragilis **            
  |                       +--+                                 
  |                       |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **            
  |              +--------+                                    
  |              |        |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **              
--+              |        +--+                                 
  |              |           +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **          
  |              |                                             
  |  +-----------+     +-------- Medionidus_acutissimus        
  |  |           |  +--+                                       
  |  |           |  |  |  +----- Lemiox                        
  |  |           |  |  +--+                                    
  |  |           |  |     |  +-- Dromus                        
  |  |           |  |     +--+                                 
  |  |           +--+        +-- Cyprogenia                    
  |  |              |                                          
  |  |              |        +-- Sagittunio                    
  |  |              |     +--+                                 
  +--+              |     |  +-- Medionidus_conradicus         
     |              +-----+                                    
     |                    |  +-- Ptychobranchus                
     |                    +--+                                 
     |                       +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
     |                                                         
     |                       +-- Ellipsaria                    
     |  +--------------------+                                 
     |  |                    +-- Truncilla                     
     |  |                                                      
     |  |  +-------------------- Villosa                       
     +--+  |                                                   
        |  |                 +-- Obovaria_olivaria             
        |  |        +--------+                                 
        |  |        |        +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
        |  |  +-----+                                          
        +--+  |     |  +-------- Epioblasma                    
           |  |     +--+                                       
           |  |        |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor             
           |  |        +--+                                    
           |  |           |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis        
           |  |           +--+                                 
           |  |              +-- Obovaria_subrotunda           
           +--+                                                
              |        +-------- Hamiota                       
              |        |                                       
              |  +-----+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium             
              |  |     |  +--+                                 
              |  |     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata               
              |  |     +--+                                    
              |  |        |  +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa         
              +--+        +--+                                 
                 |           +-- Lampsilis_ornata              
                 |                                             
                 |           +-- Ligumia                       
                 |  +--------+                                 
                 |  |        +-- Cambarunio                    
                 +--+                                          
                    |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres               
                    +--+                                       
                       |  +----- Ortmanniana_ligamentina       
                       +--+                                    
                          |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea         
                          +--+                                 
                             +-- Leaunio

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
4	4	2	4	98	39	22	7

           +----- Obliquaria                    
  +--------+                                    
  |        |  +-- Cyrtonaias                    
  |        +--+                                 
  |           +-- Glebula                       
  |                                             
  |  +----------- Sagittunio                    
  |  |                                          
  |  +----------- Leaunio                       
  |  |                                          
  |  +----------- Hamiota                       
  |  |                                          
  |  |        +-- Ellipsaria                    
  |  +--------+                                 
  |  |        +-- Truncilla                     
  |  |                                          
  |  |     +----- Lampsilis_teres               
--+  +-----+                                    
  |  |     |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina       
  |  |     +--+                                 
  |  |        +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea         
  |  |                                          
  |  |     +----- Villosa                       
  |  +-----+                                    
  |  |     |  +-- Ligumia                       
  |  |     +--+                                 
  |  |        +-- Cambarunio                    
  |  |                                          
  |  |  +-------- Ortmanniana_pectorosa         
  |  +--+                                       
  |  |  |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata              
  |  |  +--+                                    
  |  |     |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium             
  +--+     +--+                                 
     |        +-- Lampsilis_ovata               
     |                                          
     |        +-- Potamilus_fragilis **            
     |     +--+                                 
     |     |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **            
     +-----+                                    
     |     |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **              
     |     +--+                                 
     |        +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **          
     |                                          
     |  +-------- Obovaria_olivaria             
     |  |                                       
     |  +-------- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
     +--+                                       
     |  +-------- Epioblasma                    
     |  |                                       
     |  |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor             
     |  +--+                                    
     |     |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis        
     |     +--+                                 
     |        +-- Obovaria_subrotunda           
     |                                          
     |        +-- Ptychobranchus                
     |  +-----+                                 
     |  |     +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
     |  |                                       
     +--+  +----- Medionidus_conradicus         
        |  |                                    
        |  |  +-- Lemiox                        
        +--+--+                                 
           |  +-- Medionidus_acutissimus        
           |                                    
           |  +-- Dromus                        
           +--+                                 
              +-- Cyprogenia

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	9	7	3	30	8	7	14

           +----- Ptychobranchus       
  +--------+                           
  |        |  +-- Potamilus_fragilis **   
  |        +--+                        
  |           +-- Medionidus           
--+                                    
  |           +-- Villosa              
  |  +--------+                        
  |  |        +-- Ellipsaria           
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus ** 
           +--+                        
              +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	93	8	4	8

  +----------------- Toxolasma             
  |                                        
  |           +----- Potamilus_leptodon **    
--+  +--------+                            
  |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
  |  |        +--+                         
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------- Leaunio               
     |  |                                  
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata      
     +--+  +--+                            
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium     
        |  |  +--+                         
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa     
           |                               
           |  +----- Venustaconcha         
           +--+                            
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii    
              +--+                         
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	85	7	4	8

  +----------------- Toxolasma             
  |                                        
  |           +----- Potamilus_leptodon **    
--+  +--------+                            
  |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
  |  |        +--+                         
  +--+           +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
     |                                     
     |  +----------- Leaunio               
     |  |                                  
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium     
        |  +-----+                         
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata      
        +--+                               
           |  +----- Venustaconcha         
           +--+                            
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii    
              +--+                         
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Smith & Johnson, 2020 [Publ 4229], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	0	0	0	10

  +----- Potamilus_inflatus **  
--+                          
  |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Potamilus_fragilis **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	89	8	4	8

  +----------------- Toxolasma             
  |                                        
  |           +----- Potamilus_leptodon **    
--+  +--------+                            
  |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
  |  |        +--+                         
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------- Leaunio               
     |  |                                  
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata      
     +--+  +--+                            
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium     
        |  |  +--+                         
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa     
           |                               
           |  +----- Venustaconcha         
           +--+                            
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii    
              +--+                         
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	89	8	4	8

  +----------------- Toxolasma             
  |                                        
  |           +----- Potamilus_leptodon **    
--+  +--------+                            
  |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
  |  |        +--+                         
  +--+           +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
     |                                     
     |  +----------- Leaunio               
     |  |                                  
     +--+  +-------- Venustaconcha         
        |  |                               
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_powellii    
        +--+-----+                         
           |     +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea 
           |                               
           |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata      
           +--+                            
              |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium     
              +--+                         
                 +-- Lampsilis_cariosa

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	12	6	3	8

        +----- Potamilus_leptodon **    
  +-----+                            
  |     |  +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
  |     +--+                         
  |        +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
--+                                  
  |        +-- Lampsilis_cardium     
  |  +-----+                         
  |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata      
  +--+                               
     |  +----- Venustaconcha         
     +--+                            
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea 
        +--+                         
           +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	35	13	9	8

              +----- Potamilus_fragilis **   
  +-----------+                           
  |           |  +-- Potamilus_ohiensis **   
  |           +--+                        
  |              +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
--+                                       
  |              +-- Ellipsaria           
  |  +-----------+                        
  |  |           +-- Truncilla            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  |                                 
     |  |     +----- Ligumia              
     |  +-----+                           
     +--+     |  +-- Obovaria             
        |     +--+                        
        |        +-- Epioblasma           
        |                                 
        |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Ortmanniana          
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_higginsii

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	93	8	4	8

  +----------------- Toxolasma             
  |                                        
  |           +----- Potamilus_leptodon **    
--+  +--------+                            
  |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
  |  |        +--+                         
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------- Leaunio               
     |  |                                  
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata      
     +--+  +--+                            
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium     
        |  |  +--+                         
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa     
           |                               
           |  +----- Venustaconcha         
           +--+                            
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii    
              +--+                         
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
3	3	1	3	32	13	9	8

  +-------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                    
  |  +----------- Obliquaria           
  |  |                                 
--+  |  +-------- Obovaria             
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium    
  |  |  |                              
  +--+  |     +-- Epioblasma           
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
     |  |                              
     |  |     +-- Ortmanniana          
     |  +-----+                        
     +--+     +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
        |                              
        |     +-- Ligumia              
        +-----+                        
        |     +-- Lampsilis_teres      
        |                              
        |     +-- Ellipsaria           
        +-----+                        
        |     +-- Truncilla            
        |                              
        |  +----- Potamilus_fragilis **   
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Potamilus_ohiensis **   
           +--+                        
              +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	10	0	2	32	6	6	17

  +----- Potamilus_fragilis **  
  |                          
  +----- Medionidus          
  |                          
  +----- Amblema             
  |                          
  |  +-- Obliquaria          
--+--+                       
  |  +-- Plectomerus         
  |                          
  |  +-- Villosa             
  |  |                       
  |  +-- Ellipsaria          
  |  |                       
  +--+-- Lampsilis           
     |                       
     +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **
     |                       
     +-- Ptychobranchus

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	29	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Venustaconcha     
     +--+                     
        +-- Lampsilis

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	12	0	2	102	9	7	18

  +-- Dromus             
  |                      
  +-- Epioblasma         
  |                      
  +-- Glebula            
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_ovata    
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_virescens
  |                      
  +-- Lemiox             
--+                      
  +-- Obliquaria         
  |                      
  +-- Obovaria_olivaria  
  |                      
  +-- Obovaria_unicolor  
  |                      
  +-- Plectomerus        
  |                      
  +-- Potamilus_alatus **   
  |                      
  +-- Potamilus_capax **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	42	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Lampsilis         
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Venustaconcha     
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
     +--+                     
        +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	14	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Lampsilis         
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Venustaconcha     
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
     +--+                     
        +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	51	7	4	--

  +----------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                       
--+              +-- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  |  +-----------+                        
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
  +--+                                    
     |  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	17	6	3	--

  +-------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                    
  |           +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
--+  +--------+                        
  |  |        +-- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	29	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Venustaconcha     
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Lampsilis         
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
     +--+                     
        +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	84	7	4	--

  +----------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                       
--+              +-- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  |  +-----------+                        
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
  +--+                                    
     |  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	44	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Lampsilis         
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Venustaconcha     
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
     +--+                     
        +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	67	6	3	--

  +-------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                    
  |           +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
--+  +--------+                        
  |  |        +-- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	72	7	4	--

  +----------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                       
--+              +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
  |  +-----------+                        
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  +--+                                    
     |  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	40	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Lampsilis         
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Venustaconcha     
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
     +--+                     
        +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	6	0	2	32	6	6	13

  +----------------- Medionidus          
--+                                      
  |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis **  
  +--+                                   
     |  +----------- Ptychobranchus      
     +--+                                
        |  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
        +--+                             
           |  +----- Lampsilis           
           +--+                          
              |  +-- Villosa             
              +--+                       
                 +-- Ellipsaria

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	47	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Venustaconcha     
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Lampsilis         
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **  
     +--+                     
        +-- Potamilus_leptodon **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	54	5	4	--

  +----------- Toxolasma         
  |                              
--+        +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
  |  +-----+                     
  |  |     +-- Potamilus_alatus **  
  +--+                           
     |  +----- Leaunio           
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Venustaconcha     
        +--+                     
           +-- Lampsilis

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	15	0	2	71	13	10	21

  +-------------- Potamilus_alatus **      
  |                                     
  +-------------- Potamilus_capax **       
  |                                     
  +-------------- Glebula               
  |                                     
  |           +-- Toxolasma             
  +-----------+                         
--+           +-- Paetulunio            
  |                                     
  |           +-- Dromus                
  +-----------+                         
  |           +-- Lemiox                
  |                                     
  |           +-- Lampsilis_ovata       
  |  +--------+                         
  |  |        +-- Obliquaria            
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------- Lampsilis_virescens   
     |  |                               
     +--+     +-- Epioblasma            
        |  +--+                         
        |  |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
        +--+                            
           |  +-- Obovaria_olivaria     
           +--+                         
              +-- Venustaconcha

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	51	4	4	--

  +----------- Toxolasma         
  |                              
--+        +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
  |  +-----+                     
  |  |     +-- Potamilus_alatus **  
  +--+                           
     |  +----- Leaunio           
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Lampsilis         
        +--+                     
           +-- Venustaconcha

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	12	0	2	197	12	11	18

  +-------------------- Potamilus_leptodon **
  |                                       
--+  +----------------- Potamilus_alatus **  
  |  |                                    
  |  |              +-- Medionidus        
  +--+  +-----------+                     
     |  |           +-- Ptychobranchus    
     |  |                                 
     +--+           +-- Ellipsaria        
        |  +--------+                     
        |  |        +-- Truncilla         
        +--+                              
           |  +-------- Leaunio           
           |  |                           
           +--+     +-- Venustaconcha     
              |  +--+                     
              |  |  +-- Cambarunio        
              +--+                        
                 |  +-- Ortmanniana       
                 +--+                     
                    +-- Lampsilis

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	12	0	2	199	12	11	18

  +-------------- Potamilus_leptodon **
  |                                 
  |  +----------- Potamilus_alatus **  
--+  |                              
  |  |  +-------- Venustaconcha     
  |  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Leaunio           
     |  |                           
     |  |     +-- Ellipsaria        
     |  +-----+                     
     +--+     +-- Truncilla         
        |                           
        |     +-- Medionidus        
        +-----+                     
        |     +-- Ptychobranchus    
        |                           
        |  +----- Cambarunio        
        +--+                        
           |  +-- Ortmanniana       
           +--+                     
              +-- Lampsilis

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	6	0	2	26	7	6	13

  +-------------------- Obliquaria          
--+                                         
  |  +----------------- Medionidus          
  +--+                                      
     |  +-------------- Ptychobranchus      
     +--+                                   
        |  +----------- Potamilus_fragilis **  
        +--+                                
           |  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
           +--+                             
              |  +----- Ellipsaria          
              +--+                          
                 |  +-- Villosa             
                 +--+                       
                    +-- Lampsilis

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	52	6	3	--

              +-- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  +-----------+                        
  |           +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
--+                                    
  |  +----------- Leaunio              
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	31	24	17	--

  +----------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                       
  |              +-- Potamilus_fragilis **   
  |  +-----------+                        
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_metnecktayi **
  |  |                                    
--+  |           +-- Ellipsaria           
  |  +-----------+                        
  |  |           +-- Truncilla            
  |  |                                    
  |  |        +----- Medionidus           
  |  +--------+                           
  |  |        |  +-- Lemiox               
  +--+        +--+                        
     |           +-- Dromus               
     |                                    
     |  +----------- Cambarunio           
     |  |                                 
     |  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  +----------- Villosa              
     |  |                                 
     |  |        +-- Sagittunio           
     |  +--------+                        
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
        |                                 
        |     +----- Venustaconcha        
        +-----+                           
        |     |  +-- Epioblasma           
        |     +--+                        
        |        +-- Obovaria             
        |                                 
        |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	46	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Potamilus_alatus **  
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Venustaconcha     
     +--+                     
        +-- Lampsilis

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	71	13	10	--

  +----------------- Obliquaria            
  |                                        
  |              +-- Dromus                
  |           +--+                         
--+           |  +-- Lemiox                
  |  +--------+                            
  |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
  |  |        +--+                         
  +--+           +-- Potamilus_capax **       
     |                                     
     |  +----------- Lampsilis_ovata       
     |  |                                  
     +--+  +-------- Lampsilis_virescens   
        |  |                               
        +--+     +-- Epioblasma            
           |  +--+                         
           |  |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
           +--+                            
              |  +-- Obovaria_olivaria     
              +--+                         
                 +-- Venustaconcha

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	72	7	4	--

  +----------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                       
--+              +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
  |  +-----------+                        
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  +--+                                    
     |  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	36	2	2	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
--+                           
  |  +----- Lampsilis         
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **  
     +--+                     
        +-- Potamilus_leptodon **

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	4	3	2	--

     +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **
  +--+                         
  |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **      
--+                            
  |  +-- Venustaconcha         
  +--+                         
     +-- Lampsilis

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	72	7	4	--

  +----------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                       
--+              +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
  |  +-----------+                        
  |  |           +-- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  +--+                                    
     |  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	8	0	2	25	7	6	15

  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis **  
  |                                   
--+  +----------- Ptychobranchus      
  |  |                                
  +--+  +-------- Medionidus          
     |  |                             
     +--+  +----- Potamilus_purpuratus **
        |  |                          
        +--+----- Lampsilis           
           |                          
           |  +-- Ellipsaria          
           +--+                       
              +-- Villosa

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	16	0	2	32	4	2	22

                    +-- Utterbackia          
           +--------+                        
           |        +-- Potamilus_alatus **     
  +--------+                                 
  |        |  +-------- Lamprotula           
  |        +--+                              
  |           |  +----- Sinohyriopsis        
  |           +--+                           
--+              |  +-- Parvasolenaia        
  |              +--+                        
  |                 +-- Sinosolenaia         
  |                                          
  |  +----------------- Gibbosula            
  +--+                                       
     |  +-------------- Quadrula             
     +--+                                    
        |  +----------- Toxolasma            
        +--+                                 
           |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata     
           +--+                              
              |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **   
              +--+                           
                 |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                 +--+                        
                    +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	2	0	2	42	3	3	--

  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
--+     +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Potamilus_alatus **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Lampsilis         
     +--+                     
        +-- Venustaconcha

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
2	12	0	2	199	12	11	18

  +----- Ellipsaria        
  |                        
  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **
  |                        
  +----- Medionidus        
  |                        
  +----- Potamilus_alatus **  
  |                        
  +----- Ptychobranchus    
--+                        
  +----- Truncilla         
  |                        
  +----- Venustaconcha     
  |                        
  +----- Cambarunio        
  |                        
  +----- Leaunio           
  |                        
  |  +-- Ortmanniana       
  +--+                     
     +-- Lampsilis

Grobler et al., 2011 [Publ 3359], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	16	15	9	--

        +-------- Lemiox               
  +-----+                              
  |     |  +----- Medionidus           
  |     +--+                           
  |        |  +-- Dromus               
  |        +--+                        
--+           +-- Cyprogenia           
  |                                    
  |  +----------- Potamilus_alatus **     
  |  |                                 
  |  |     +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
  |  |  +--+                           
  +--+  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
     |  |  +--+                        
     |  |     +-- Ortmanniana          
     |  |                              
     |  |  +----- Lampsilis_fasciola   
     +--+--+                           
        |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +--+                        
        |     +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
        |                              
        |     +-- Cambarunio           
        |     |                        
        +-----+-- Ligumia              
              |                        
              +-- Epioblasma

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	40	2	2	--

  +----- Toxolasma       
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	30	11	11	--

                       +-- Cyrtonaias      
  +--------------------+                   
  |                    +-- Glebula         
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Potamilus_alatus **
  |  |                                     
  +--+                 +-- Truncilla       
     |  +--------------+                   
     |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus  
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Pachynaias      
        |  |                               
        +--+  +----------- Mesonaias       
           |  |                            
           +--+        +-- Lampsilis       
              |  +-----+                   
              |  |     +-- Ortmanniana     
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Cambarunio      
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Epioblasma      
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Ligumia

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	30	5	5	--

  +----------- Ortmanniana     
--+                            
  |  +-------- Glebula         
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ligumia         
        +--+                   
           +-- Toxolasma

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	15	1	1	--

  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
--+                     
  +-- Lampsilis

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	28	6	5	--

-- Potamilus_alatus **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	22	1	1	--

  +-- Venustaconcha   
--+                   
  +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	16	1	1	--

  +-- Venustaconcha   
--+                   
  +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	28	1	1	--

  +-- Lampsilis         
--+                     
  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	14	4	4	--

  +----------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
--+                                
  |  +-------- Mesonaias           
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Ligumia             
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Ortmanniana         
        +--+                       
           +-- Lampsilis

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	18	1	1	--

  +-- Potamilus_alatus **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	33	5	5	--

  +----- Potamilus_alatus **
--+                      
  |  +-- Ortmanniana     
  +--+                   
     +-- Ligumia

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	90	3	3	--

  +-------- Obliquaria      
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Truncilla

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	30	5	5	--

  +----- Potamilus_alatus **
--+                      
  |  +-- Ligumia         
  +--+                   
     +-- Ortmanniana

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	37	11	7	--

  +----------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Venustaconcha        
  |  |                                    
  +--+           +-- Lemiox               
     |  +--------+                        
     |  |        +-- Lampsilis            
     +--+                                 
        |  +-------- Potamilus_metnecktayi **
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Cambarunio           
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Ellipsaria           
              +--+                        
                 +-- Truncilla

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	27	1	1	--

  +-- Lampsilis         
--+                     
  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	30	5	5	--

           +-- Cyrtonaias      
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Glebula         
--+                            
  |  +-------- Toxolasma       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ligumia         
        +--+                   
           +-- Ortmanniana

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	14	4	4	--

  +----------- Mesonaias           
--+                                
  |  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Ligumia             
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Ortmanniana         
        +--+                       
           +-- Lampsilis

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	10	4	3	--

  +-------- Leaunio             
--+                             
  |  +----- Lampsilis_straminea 
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Lampsilis_teres     
     +--+                       
        +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	90	3	3	--

  +-------- Obliquaria      
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Truncilla

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	19	1	1	--

  +-- Potamilus_alatus **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	52	4	4	--

  +----------- Toxolasma       
--+                            
  |  +-------- Potamilus_alatus **
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Leaunio         
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis       
        +--+                   
           +-- Venustaconcha

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	30	5	5	--

           +-- Cyrtonaias      
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Glebula         
--+                            
  |  +-------- Toxolasma       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ortmanniana     
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ligumia         
        +--+                   
           +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	38	5	3	--

  +----------- Toxolasma            
  |                                 
--+  +-------- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  |  |                              
  +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +--+                        
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                        
           +-- Venustaconcha

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	18	3	3	--

  +-------- Obliquaria      
--+                         
  |  +----- Truncilla       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	21	1	1	--

  +-- Venustaconcha   
--+                   
  +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-F

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	8	4	4	--

  +----------- Cyrtonaias          
--+                                
  |  +-------- Ortmanniana         
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Lampsilis           
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **
        +--+                       
           +-- Ligumia

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	5	1	1	--

  +-- Potamilus_alatus **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	21	10	10	--

  +----------------------- Cyrtonaias      
  |                                        
--+  +-------------------- Ptychobranchus  
  |  |                                     
  +--+  +----------------- Ligumia         
     |  |                                  
     +--+  +-------------- Potamilus_alatus **
        |  |                               
        +--+  +----------- Pachynaias      
           |  |                            
           |  |        +-- Epioblasma      
           +--+  +-----+                   
              |  |     +-- Truncilla       
              |  |                         
              +--+     +-- Mesonaias       
                 |  +--+                   
                 |  |  +-- Cambarunio      
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Ortmanniana     
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lampsilis

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	37	5	5	--

        +-- Cyrtonaias        
  +-----+                     
  |     +-- Glebula           
  |                           
--+     +-- Lampsilis         
  |  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Leaunio           
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Truncilla         
     +--+                     
        +-- Potamilus_fragilis **

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	15	14	9	--

  +----------------------- Ellipsaria           
  |                                             
--+  +-------------------- Truncilla            
  |  |                                          
  +--+  +----------------- Obliquaria           
     |  |                                       
     |  |  +-------------- Potamilus_alatus **     
     +--+  |                                    
        |  |        +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  |  +-----+                           
        |  |  |     |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        +--+  |     +--+                        
           |  |        +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
           |  |                                 
           |  |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
           |  +--+                              
           +--+  |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              |  +--+                           
              |     |  +-- Ortmanniana          
              |     +--+                        
              |        +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
              |                                 
              |     +----- Hamiota              
              |     |                           
              +-----+  +-- Epioblasma           
                    |  |                        
                    +--+-- Cambarunio           
                       |                        
                       +-- Ligumia

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	13	4	4	--

  +----------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
--+                                
  |  +-------- Cyrtonaias          
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Ligumia             
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Lampsilis           
        +--+                       
           +-- Ortmanniana

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	22	1	1	--

  +-- Venustaconcha   
--+                   
  +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. S1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	9	7	2	--

  +----- Potamilus_fragilis **
--+                        
  |  +-- Leaunio           
  +--+                     
     +-- Lampsilis

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	8	4	4	--

  +----------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
--+                                
  |  +-------- Cyrtonaias          
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Ligumia             
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Lampsilis           
        +--+                       
           +-- Ortmanniana

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	40	2	2	--

  +----- Toxolasma       
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	30	5	5	--

  +----------- Ortmanniana     
--+                            
  |  +-------- Glebula         
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ligumia         
        +--+                   
           +-- Toxolasma

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	22	11	11	--

           +-- Glebula         
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Cyrtonaias      
  |                            
--+  +-------- Potamilus_alatus **
  |  |                         
  |  |     +-- Ptychobranchus  
  +--+  +--+                   
     |  |  +-- Truncilla       
     |  |                      
     |  |  +-- Ortmanniana     
     +--+  |                   
        |  +-- Epioblasma      
        |  |                   
        |  +-- Lampsilis       
        |  |                   
        +--+-- Ligumia         
           |                   
           +-- Cambarunio      
           |                   
           +-- Pachynaias      
           |                   
           +-- Mesonaias

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	13	1	1	--

  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **
--+                     
  +-- Lampsilis

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	19	3	2	--

  +----- Potamilus_streckersoni **
--+                            
  |  +-- Venustaconcha         
  +--+                         
     +-- Lampsilis

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	21	1	1	--

  +-- Venustaconcha   
--+                   
  +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	11	4	3	--

     +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Glebula             
--+                          
  |  +-- Leaunio             
  +--+                       
     +-- Lampsilis

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	18	1	1	--

  +-- Potamilus_alatus **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	35	4	4	--

  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
--+                             
  |  +----- Lampsilis           
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Ligumia             
     +--+                       
        +-- Ortmanniana

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	9	2	1	--

  +-- Potamilus_alatus **
--+                   
  +-- Lampsilis

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	39	2	2	--

  +----- Potamilus_alatus **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Truncilla

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	25	1	1	--

  +-- Lampsilis         
--+                     
  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	14	4	4	--

  +----------- Mesonaias           
--+                                
  |  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Ligumia             
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Ortmanniana         
        +--+                       
           +-- Lampsilis

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	28	6	5	--

-- Potamilus_alatus **

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	36	11	7	--

  +----------------- Toxolasma            
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Ellipsaria           
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Truncilla            
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lemiox               
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Potamilus_metnecktayi **
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Lampsilis            
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Cambarunio           
              +--+                        
                 +-- Venustaconcha

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

tT	bi	riS	oT	roT	roS	iD
1	1	0	1	36	5	3	--

  +----------- Toxolasma            
  |                                 
--+  +-------- Potamilus_leptodon **   
  |  |                              
  +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +--+                        
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                        
           +-- Venustaconcha

"Making the world a better place, one mollusk at a time."
	The MUSSEL Project — Home Page https://musselpdb.org/. Site developed and maintained by Dan Graf & Kevin Cummings. Funded by The National Science Foundation.