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Page last updated
Thu 17 July 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!


Bivalvia | ... | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Pleurobemini | Fusconaia

species Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque, 1820): synonymy
     9 specimens + 12 Genbank vouchers

Obliquaria (Quadrula) flava Rafinesque, 1820
Rafinesque, 1819. Jour. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 88: 426 [as ‘U. (Plagiola) flava’]. [nomen nudum]
Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 305, pl. 81, figs. 13-14 [also as ‘U. flava’].
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 29, 49.
Type(s): LECTOTYPE ANSP_20230, small creeks in Kentucky.

Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Fusconaia flavaUtterback (1915), Ortmann (1919), Ortmann & Walker (1922), Ortmann (1924), F.C. Baker (1928), ... Morrison et al. (2021), Hnytka et al. (2022), Hopper et al. (2023), Hauck et al. (2023), Freeman et al. (2025)
Quadrula flavaVanatta (1915)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) flavaFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia flava flavaHaas (1969)

Obliquaria (Sintoxia) lateralis Rafinesque, 1820
Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 310 [also as ‘U. lateralis’].
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 53.
Type(s): LECTOTYPE ANSP_20247, Riv. Kentucky.

Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Quadrula obliquaVanatta (1915)
Pleurobema cordataOrtmann & Walker (1922)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undataFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia undata undataHaas (1969)
Fusconaia lateralisMorrison (1969)
Pleurobema cordatumBurch (1975)
Fusconaia undataR.I. Johnson (1980)
Fusconaia flavaParmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009)

Unio undatus Barnes, 1823
Barnes, 1823. Amer. J. Sci. 6 (1-2): 121, pl. 4, figs. 4a-b.

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) obliquaSimpson (1900)
Fusconaia undataOrtmann (1912), Utterback (1915), F.C. Baker (1928), Burch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980), ITIS (2012)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) undataSimpson (1914)
de Gregorio (1914)
Fusconaia undatusOrtmann & Walker (1922)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undataFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia undata undataHaas (1969)
Fusconaia lateralisMorrison (1969)
Fusconaia flavaClarke (1973), Mathiak (1979), Vidrine (1993), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009), IUCN (2011)
Fusconaia f. undataGordon et al. (1979)

Unio rubiginosus Lea, 1829
Lea, 1829. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 3 [O. 1]: 427 [41], pl. 8, fig. 10.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_84556, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) rubiginosaSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Unio (s.s.) rubiginosusCall (1900)
Quadrula rubiginosaOrtmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1910)
Fusconaia rubiginosaOrtmann (1912)
Unio rubiginosusde Gregorio (1914)
Fusconaia flavaUtterback (1915), Ortmann & Walker (1922), F.C. Baker (1928), Murray & Leonard (1962), Clarke (1973), ... Howells et al. (1996), Strayer & Jirka (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009), IUCN (2011)
Quadrula flavaVanatta (1915)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) flavaFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia flava flavaHaas (1969)

Unio trigonus Lea, 1831
Lea, 1831. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4 [O. 1]: 110 [120], pl. 16, fig. 40.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_84629, Louisville, KY.

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) trigonaSimpson (1900)
Unio (s.s.) trigonusCall (1900)
Quadrula rubiginosa var. trigonaOrtmann (1910)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) undataSimpson (1914)
Unio trigonusde Gregorio (1914)
Fusconaia undata trigonaUtterback (1915), F.C. Baker (1928), Haas (1969), Haas (1969)
Fusconaia flava trigonaOrtmann (1919)
Fusconaia undatusOrtmann & Walker (1922)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undata-trigonaFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia trigonusThiele (1934)
Fusconaia flavaClarke (1973), Vidrine (1993), Howells et al. (1996), Strayer & Jirka (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007), Watters et al. (2009), IUCN (2011), Campbell & Lydeard (2012), Williams et al. (2014), Graf & Cummings (2021)
Fusconaia undataBurch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980)

Unio undatus Conrad, 1834
‘Barnes’ Conrad, 1834. New Fresh-Water Shells: 72.
(reference to Unio undatus Barnes, 1823)

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) trigonaSimpson (1900)
Fusconaia flavaWatters et al. (2009)

Unio hebetatus Conrad, 1854
Conrad, 1854. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 2(4): 296, pl. 26, fig. 5.

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) hebetataSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Fusconaia hebetataUtterback (1915), Haas (1969), Graf & Cummings (2007), Cummings & Graf (2010), Campbell & Lydeard (2012), Burlakova et al. (2012)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) hebetataFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia flavaBurch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980), Graf & Cummings (2021)

Fusconaia selecta Wheeler, 1914
Wheeler, 1914. Nautilus 28(7): 76, pl. 4.
Type(s): PARATYPE FMNH_22816, Cache River, at Nemo, Craighead Co., Arkansas.

Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undata-selectaFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia undata selectaHaas (1969)
Fusconaia undataBurch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Fusconaia flavaParmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009)

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) chunii var. nasuta Simpson, 1914
Simpson, 1914. Descr. Cat. Naiades: 877.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio chunii Lea, 1861)

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) chunii var. nasutaSimpson (1914)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) flava-nasutaFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia flava nasutaHaas (1969)

Unio validus var. continuus de Gregorio, 1914
de Gregorio, 1914. Il Nat. Siciliano 2: 51.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio validus Lea, 1871)

Unio validus var. continuusde Gregorio (1914)
Fusconaia flavaWatters et al. (2009)

Fusconaia undata trigonoides Utterback, 1915
‘Frierson, MS’ Utterback, 1915. Amer. Midl. Nat. 4(4): 107, pl. 15, figs. 30A-D; pl. 4, figs. 9a-b.
Frierson, 1927. Check List N. Amer. Naiades: 55, sp. 232d.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio undatus Barnes, 1823)

Fusconaia undata trigonoidesUtterback (1915), Haas (1969)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undata-trigonoidesFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia undataR.I. Johnson (1980)
Fusconaia flavaParmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009)

Fusconaia flava var. parvula Grier, 1918
Grier, 1918. Nautilus 32(1): 11.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Obliquaria (Quadrula) flava Rafinesque, 1820)
Type(s): HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) CM_61.4513, “Big Bend” Presque Isle Bay, Erie, Erie County, Pennsylvania.

Fusconaia flava parvulaOrtmann (1919), F.C. Baker (1928), Haas (1969)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) flava-parvulaFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia flavaClarke (1973), Burch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980), Strayer & Jirka (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009)

Fusconaia undata wagneri F.C. Baker, 1928
F.C. Baker, 1928. Bull. Wisconsin Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey 70(2): 64, pl. 40, figs. 1-3.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio undatus Barnes, 1823)
Type(s): HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) UMMZ_209194, Lake Pepin, Lake City, Minnesota.

Fusconaia undata wagneriF.C. Baker (1928)
Fusconaia flavaClarke (1973), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009)
Fusconaia undataBurch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980)

Fusconaia askewi Campbell & Lydeard, 2012
‘Marsh’ of Authors.
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012. Amer. Malac. Bull. 30(1): 13 [as ‘”askewi”’].
(misidentified reference to Unio askewi Marsh, 1896)

Fusconaia “askewi”Burlakova et al. (2012)

Unio cordatus Conrad, 1836
‘Raf.’ Conrad, 1836. Monogr. Fam. Unionidae 1(5): 48, pl. 25.
(misidentified reference to Obovaria cordata Rafinesque, 1820)

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) obliquaSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)

Unio flavus Conrad, 1837
‘Rafinesque’ Conrad, 1837. Monogr. Fam. Unionidae 1(9): 74, pl. 41, fig. 2.
(reference to Obliquaria (Quadrula) flava Rafinesque, 1820)

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) rubiginosaSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Fusconaia flavaOrtmann & Walker (1922), Watters et al. (2009)

Unio triangularis Küster, 1852
Küster, 1852. Conchyl. Cab. 9(2): 56, pl. 12, fig. 3.
(misidentified reference to Unio triangularis Barnes, 1823)

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) trigonaSimpson (1900)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) undataSimpson (1914)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undataFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia undata undataHaas (1969)
Fusconaia flavaParmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009)

Unio coccineus Reeve, 1865
‘Lea’ Reeve, 1865. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 22, sp. 104.
(misidentified reference to Unio coccineus Lea, 1838)

Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) flavaFrierson (1927)

Unio pilaris Reeve, 1865
‘Lea’ Reeve, 1865. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 27, sp. 138.
(misidentified reference to Unio pilaris Lea, 1840)

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) trigonaSimpson (1900)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) undataSimpson (1914)
Fusconaia flavaParmalee & Bogan (1998), Watters et al. (2009)

Unio trigonus Sowerby, 1868
‘Lea’ Sowerby, 1868. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 64, sp. 322; errata.
(reference to Unio trigonus Lea, 1831)

Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) rubiginosaSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)

Margaron (Unio) habetatus Lea, 1870
‘Con.’ Lea, 1870. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 38.
(error for Unio hebetatus Conrad, 1854)

Taxonomic History (since 1900)

Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914), de Gregorio (1914)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) obliquaSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) rubiginosaSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Unio (s.s.) rubiginosusCall (1900)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) trigonaSimpson (1900)
Unio (s.s.) trigonusCall (1900)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) hebetataSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Quadrula rubiginosaOrtmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1910)
Quadrula rubiginosa var. trigonaOrtmann (1910)
Fusconaia undataOrtmann (1912), Utterback (1915), F.C. Baker (1928), Burch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980), ITIS (2012)
Fusconaia rubiginosaOrtmann (1912)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) undataSimpson (1914)
Unio rubiginosusde Gregorio (1914)
Unio trigonusde Gregorio (1914)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) chunii var. nasutaSimpson (1914)
Unio validus var. continuusde Gregorio (1914)
Fusconaia flavaUtterback (1915), Ortmann (1919), Ortmann & Walker (1922), Ortmann (1924), F.C. Baker (1928), ... Morrison et al. (2021), Hnytka et al. (2022), Hopper et al. (2023), Hauck et al. (2023), Freeman et al. (2025)
Quadrula flavaVanatta (1915)
Quadrula obliquaVanatta (1915)
Fusconaia undata trigonaUtterback (1915), F.C. Baker (1928), Haas (1969), Haas (1969)
Fusconaia hebetataUtterback (1915), Haas (1969), Graf & Cummings (2007), Cummings & Graf (2010), Campbell & Lydeard (2012), Burlakova et al. (2012)
Fusconaia undata trigonoidesUtterback (1915), Haas (1969)
Fusconaia flava trigonaOrtmann (1919)
Fusconaia flava parvulaOrtmann (1919), F.C. Baker (1928), Haas (1969)
Pleurobema cordataOrtmann & Walker (1922)
Fusconaia undatusOrtmann & Walker (1922)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) flavaFrierson (1927)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undataFrierson (1927)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undata-trigonaFrierson (1927)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) hebetataFrierson (1927)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undata-selectaFrierson (1927)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) flava-nasutaFrierson (1927)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) undata-trigonoidesFrierson (1927)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) flava-parvulaFrierson (1927)
Fusconaia undata wagneriF.C. Baker (1928)
Fusconaia trigonusThiele (1934)
Fusconaia flava flavaHaas (1969)
Fusconaia undata undataHaas (1969)
Fusconaia lateralisMorrison (1969)
Fusconaia undata selectaHaas (1969)
Fusconaia flava nasutaHaas (1969)
Pleurobema cordatumBurch (1975)
Fusconaia f. undataGordon et al. (1979)
Fusconaia “askewi”Burlakova et al. (2012)

 
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