The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)
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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Unioninae | Anodontini | Alasmidontina genus Strophitus Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics
5 Recent valid species (8 total species) Cladomics Summarynumber of species = 5 (8 total)
analyzed in 54 cladograms in 37 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis =
5 (mean = 1.48, median = 1) Basic Monophylynumber of cladograms that test basic monophyly
(i.e., more than 1 included species) = 8
maximum number of included terminals = 5, (mean =
4.25 median = 4.5)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly
= 1
Pairwise Cladogram ClusteringThe graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.
Perkins et al., 2025 [Publ 4447], fig. 2_mtDNA-ITS ** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ** iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 31 | 28 | 14 | 0 | +-------------- Utterbackiana
+--------+
| | +----------- Alasminota
| +--+
| | +-------- Pseudodontoideus
| +--+
| | +----- Lasmigona
| +--+
| | +-- Pterosyna
| +--+
--+ +-- Arcidens
|
| +-- Prolasmidonta
| +--+
| | +-- Platynaias
| +--------------+
| | | +-- Ligodonta
| | +--+
| | +-- Alasmidonta
| |
+--+ +----- Sulcularia
| +-----------+
| | | +-- Pyganodon
| | +--+
| | +-- Utterbackia
+--+
| +-------------- Anodontoides
| |
| | +----- Strophitus_undulatus__2 **
+--+ +-----+
| | | +-- Strophitus_howellsi **
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Strophitus_undulatus__1 **
|
| +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_williamsi **
+--+
+-- Strophitus_radiatus **
Smith et al., 2018 [Publ 3790], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 3 | +-- Utterbackia
+--------------+
| +-- Pyganodon
|
| +-- Alasmidonta
| +--+
--+ | +-- Alasminota
| +--------+
| | | +-- Pseudodontoideus
| | +--+
| | +-- Utterbackiana
+--+
| +----------- Anodontoides
| |
| | +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
+--+ +--+
| | | +-- Strophitus_radiatus **
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Strophitus_williamsi **
|
| +----- Strophitus_howellsi__2 **
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Strophitus_howellsi__1 **
Smith et al., 2023 [Publ 4291], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | +----------- Anodontoides
|
--+ +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
| +-----+
| | +-- Strophitus_howellsi **
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_radiatus **
+--+
+-- Strophitus_williamsi **
Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 626 | 31 | 13 | 4 | +-------------------------- Utterbackiana
|
--+ +----------------------- Simpsonaias
| |
| | +-- Alasminota
+--+ +-----------------+
| | +-- Alasmidonta
| |
+--+ +-- Prolasmidonta
| +--------------+
| | +-- Platynaias
| |
+--+ +-------------- Anodontoides
| |
| | +----- Strophitus_undulatus__2 **
+--+ +-----+
| | | +-- Strophitus_howellsi **
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Strophitus_undulatus__1 **
|
| +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
+--+
+-- Strophitus_williamsi **
Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 37 | 29 | 13 | 5 | +-- Utterbackia
+-----------------------+
| +-- Pyganodon
|
| +-------- Utterbackiana
| |
| +--------------+ +-- Lasmigona
--+ | | +--+
| | | | +-- Pseudodontoideus
| | +--+
| | | +-- Pterosyna
| | +--+
| | +-- Arcidens
+--+
| +-- Prolasmidonta
| +--+
| | +-- Platynaias
| +--------------+
| | | +-- Alasminota
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Alasmidonta
|
| +----------------- Sulcularia
+--+
| +-------------- Anodontoides
+--+
| +----------- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
| +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
+--+
+-- Strophitus_williamsi **
Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 24 | 23 | 11 | 3 | +----------------------------- Utterbackiana
|
| +-- Utterbackia
--+ +-----------------------+
| | +-- Pyganodon
| |
| | +----- Alasmidonta
+--+ +-----------------+
| | | +-- Arcidens
| | +--+
| | +-- Pseudodontoideus
+--+
| +-------------------- Alasminota
| |
| | +----- Sulcularia
+--+ +-----------+
| | | +-- Platynaias
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Prolasmidonta
|
| +-------------- Anodontoides
+--+
| +----------- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
| +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_radiatus **
+--+
+-- Strophitus_williamsi **
Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 23 | 21 | 10 | 5 | +----------------------- Sulcularia
|
| +-------- Utterbackiana
--+ +-----------+
| | | +----- Alasminota
| | +--+
| | | +-- Arcidens
+--+ +--+
| +-- Pseudodontoideus
|
| +----------------- Alasmidonta
| |
+--+ +-------------- Platynaias
| |
| | +----- Pyganodon
+--+ +-----+
| | | +-- Utterbackia
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Anodontoides
|
| +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_radiatus **
+--+
+-- Strophitus_williamsi **
Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 31 | 7 | 7 | -- | +-- Strophitus_radiatus **
--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 123 | 4 | 4 | -- | -- Strophitus_undulatus **
Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 75 | 4 | 4 | -- | +-- Alasmidonta
+-----+
| +-- Lasmigona
--+
| +----- Pyganodon
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Simpsonaias
Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 5 | -- | +-------- Pyganodon
|
| +-- Platynaias
--+-----+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
|
| +----- Lasmigona
+--+
| +-- Arcidens
+--+
+-- Pterosyna
Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 104 | 15 | 9 | -- | -- Strophitus_undulatus **
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 199 | 6 | 5 | -- | -- Strophitus_undulatus **
Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 4 | 3 | -- | +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
|
--+ +-- Platynaias
| |
+--+-- Alasmidonta
|
+-- Pyganodon
Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 7 | 7 | -- | +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+
| +-- Prolasmidonta
+--+
+-- Platynaias
Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 13 | 8 | -- | +-------- Pseudodontoideus
+--+
| | +----- Lasmigona
| +--+
| | +-- Pterosyna
--+ +--+
| +-- Arcidens
|
| +-------- Strophitus_undulatus **
| |
+--+ +-- Pyganodon
| +--+
| | +-- Utterbackia
+--+
| +-- Platynaias
+--+
+-- Alasmidonta
King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4 | -- | +-- Pterosyna
+--+
| +-- Lasmigona
--+
| +-- Prolasmidonta
| |
+--+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
|
+-- Platynaias
Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 75 | 4 | 4 | -- | +-- Pyganodon
+-----+
| +-- Simpsonaias
--+
| +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
| +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
+-- Lasmigona
Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Pyganodon
--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 2 | 2 | -- | +-- Pyganodon
--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 197 | 6 | 5 | -- | +-- Simpsonaias
--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+
+-- Pyganodon
Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 121 | 4 | 4 | -- | +----- Pyganodon
|
+----- Simpsonaias
--+
+----- Strophitus_undulatus **
|
| +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
+-- Lasmigona
Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 45 | 3 | 3 | -- | +-------- Lasmigona
--+
| +----- Alasmidonta
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Pyganodon
Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 137 | 4 | 4 | -- | +-- Lasmigona
+-----+
| +-- Alasmidonta
--+
| +----- Simpsonaias
+--+
| +-- Pyganodon
+--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 3 | 3 | -- | +-------- Lasmigona
--+
| +----- Alasmidonta
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Pyganodon
Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
| +-- Lasmigona
--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Pyganodon
Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 37 | 10 | 6 | -- | +-- Pterosyna
+--------+
| +-- Lasmigona
--+
| +-------- Strophitus_undulatus **
| |
+--+ +-- Platynaias
| +--+
| | +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
| +-- Pyganodon
+--+
+-- Utterbackia
Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 81 | 4 | 4 | -- | +----------- Pyganodon
--+
| +-------- Simpsonaias
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
| +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
+-- Lasmigona
Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Lasmigona
--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Pyganodon
Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 1 | -- | -- Strophitus_undulatus **
King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 5 | -- | +----------- Pyganodon
|
--+ +-- Lasmigona
| +-----+
| | +-- Pterosyna
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
| +-- Prolasmidonta
+--+
+-- Platynaias
Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Pyganodon
--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 34 | 5 | 5 | -- | +----- Alasmidonta
|
+----- Pyganodon
|
--+ +-- Pterosyna
+--+
| +-- Lasmigona
|
| +-- Platynaias
+--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
| +-- Lasmigona
--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Pyganodon
Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 45 | 3 | 3 | -- | +-------- Lasmigona
--+
| +----- Alasmidonta
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Pyganodon
Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 9 | 5 | -- | +-- Alasmidonta
+-----+
| +-- Pterosyna
|
--+ +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
| +--+
| | +-- Platynaias
+--+
| +-- Pyganodon
+--+
+-- Utterbackia
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 2 | 2 | -- | +-- Pyganodon
--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 38 | 10 | 6 | -- | +-- Pyganodon
+--------+
| +-- Utterbackia
|
--+ +-- Lasmigona
| +-----+
| | +-- Pterosyna
+--+
| +----- Alasmidonta
+--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Platynaias
Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 5 | 4 | -- | +-- Utterbackia
+-----+
| +-- Utterbackiana
--+
| +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
+--+
| +-- Lasmigona
+--+
+-- Alasmidonta
Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 | 4 | 4 | -- | +----------- Utterbackiana
--+
| +-------- Utterbackia
+--+
| +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
+--+
| +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
+-- Lasmigona
Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+
| +-- Platynaias
+--+
+-- Pyganodon
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 199 | 6 | 5 | -- | -- Strophitus_undulatus **
Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 | 4 | 4 | -- | -- Strophitus_radiatus **
Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 3 | 3 | -- | +-------- Lasmigona
--+
| +----- Alasmidonta
+--+
| +-- Pyganodon
+--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 2 | 2 | -- | +-- Pyganodon
--+
+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 37 | 8 | 8 | -- | +-------------- Strophitus_undulatus **
|
| +----- Pterosyna
--+ +-----+
| | | +-- Lasmigona
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Arcidens
|
| +-------- Utterbackia
| |
+--+-------- Alasmidonta
|
| +----- Pyganodon
+--+
| +-- Anodontoides
+--+
+-- Platynaias
Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 2 | 2 | -- | +----- Lasmigona
--+
| +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
+-- Pyganodon
Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 137 | 4 | 4 | -- | +----- Pyganodon
|
+----- Simpsonaias
--+
+----- Strophitus_undulatus **
|
| +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
+-- Lasmigona
Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 3 | 3 | -- | +----- Lasmigona
|
--+ +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
| |
+--+-- Alasmidonta
|
+-- Pyganodon
Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 79 | 4 | 4 | -- | +-- Pyganodon
+-----+
| +-- Simpsonaias
--+
| +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
+--+
| +-- Alasmidonta
+--+
+-- Lasmigona
Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 4 | 4 | -- | +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
--+
| +-- Lasmigona
+--+
+-- Alasmidonta
Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 1 | -- | -- Strophitus_undulatus **
Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+
+-- Pyganodon
|
