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The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

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Publication FMCS (2025): taxonomic opinions
     publication summary

Complete Citation

FMCS. 2025. Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society Checklist of Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Available electronically.

Taxonomic Opinions

Alasmidonta arcula (Lea, 1838)

Alasmidonta atropurpurea (Rafinesque, 1831)

Alasmidonta marginata Say, 1818

Alasmidonta mccordi Athearn, 1964

Alasmidonta raveneliana (Lea, 1834)

Alasmidonta robusta (Clarke, 1981)

Alasmidonta triangulata (Lea, 1858)

Alasmidonta undulata (Say, 1817)

Alasmidonta uwharriensis Whelan, Perkins and Mays in Whelan et al., 2023

Alasmidonta varicosa (Lamarck, 1819)

Alasmidonta wrightiana (Walker, 1901)

Alasminota etowaensis (Conrad, 1849)

Alasminota holstonia (Lea, 1838)

Amblema elliottii (Lea, 1856)

Amblema neislerii (Lea, 1858)

Amblema plicata (Say, 1817)

Anodonta californiensis Lea, 1852 = Brachyanodon californiensis

Anodonta kennerlyi Lea, 1860 = Brachyanodon kennerlyi

Anodonta nuttalliana Lea, 1838 = Brachyanodon nuttalliana

Anodonta oregonensis Lea, 1838 = Brachyanodon oregonensis

Anodontites trapesialis (Lamarck, 1819)

Anodontoides denigrata (Lea, 1852) = Anodontoides denigratus

Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea, 1834)

Arcidens confragosa (Say, 1829) = Arcidens confragosus

Arcidens wheeleri (Ortmann & Walker, 1912)

Atlanticoncha ochracea (Say, 1817)

Beringiana beringiana (Middendorff, 1851)

Cambarunio dactylus (Lea, 1840)

Cambarunio hesperus Watters, 2018

Cambarunio iris (Lea, 1829)

Cambarunio jonesii (Lea, 1859)

Cambarunio nebulosus (Conrad, 1834)

Cambarunio simus (Lea, 1838)

Cambarunio taeniatus (Conrad, 1834)

Corbicula fluminea (O.F. Müller, 1774)

Corbicula largillierti (Philippi, 1844)

Cumberlandia monodonta (Say, 1829)

Cyclonaias tuberculata (Rafinesque, 1820)

Cyprogenia aberti (Conrad, 1850)

Cyprogenia stegaria (Rafinesque, 1820)

Cyrtonaias tampicoensis (Lea, 1838) = Mesonaias tampicoensis

Disconaias fimbriata (Frierson, 1907)

Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771)

Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov, 1897 = Dreissena bugensis

Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834)

Ellipsaria lineolata (Rafinesque, 1820)

Elliptio ahenea (Lea, 1843)

Elliptio angustata (Lea, 1831)

Elliptio arca (Conrad, 1834)

Elliptio arctata (Conrad, 1834)

Elliptio chipolaensis (Walker, 1905)

Elliptio cistellaeformis (Lea, 1863)

Elliptio complanata (Lightfoot, 1786)

Elliptio congaraea (Lea, 1831)

Elliptio crassidens (Lamarck, 1819)

Elliptio dariensis (Lea, 1842)

Elliptio downiei (Lea, 1858)

Elliptio fisheriana (Lea, 1838)

Elliptio folliculata (Lea, 1838)

Elliptio fraterna (Lea, 1852)

Elliptio fumata (Lea, 1857)

Elliptio hopetonensis (Lea, 1838)

Elliptio icterina (Conrad, 1834)

Elliptio jayensis (Lea, 1838)

Elliptio lanceolata (Lea, 1828) = Parvaspina lanceolata

Elliptio marsupiobesa Fuller, 1972

Elliptio mcmichaeli Clench & Turner, 1956

Elliptio monroensis (Lea, 1843)

Elliptio nigella (Lea, 1852)

Elliptio occulta (Lea, 1843)

Elliptio producta (Conrad, 1836)

Elliptio pullata (Lea, 1857)

Elliptio purpurella (Lea, 1857)

Elliptio roanokensis (Lea, 1838)

Elliptio shepardiana (Lea, 1834)

Elliptio spinosa (Lea, 1836)

Elliptoideus sloatianus (Lea, 1840)

Epioblasma ahlstedti Jones & Neves, 2010

Epioblasma arcaeformis (Lea, 1831)

Epioblasma aureola Jones & Neves, 2010

Epioblasma biemarginata (Lea, 1857)

Epioblasma brevidens (Lea, 1831)

Epioblasma capsaeformis (Lea, 1834)

Epioblasma cincinnatiensis (Lea, 1840)

Epioblasma curtisii (Frierson & Utterback, 1916)

Epioblasma flexuosa (Rafinesque, 1820)

Epioblasma florentina (Lea, 1857)

Epioblasma gubernaculum (Reeve, 1865)

Epioblasma haysiana (Lea, 1834)

Epioblasma lenior (Lea, 1842)

Epioblasma lewisii (Walker, 1910)

Epioblasma metastriata (Conrad, 1838)

Epioblasma obliquata (Rafinesque, 1820)

Epioblasma othcaloogensis (Lea, 1857)

Epioblasma penita (Conrad, 1834)

Epioblasma perobliqua (Conrad, 1836)

Epioblasma personata (Say, 1829)

Epioblasma propinqua (Lea, 1857)

Epioblasma rangiana (Lea, 1838)

Epioblasma sampsonii (Lea, 1861)

Epioblasma stewardsonii (Lea, 1852)

Epioblasma torulosa (Rafinesque, 1820)

Epioblasma triquetra (Rafinesque, 1820)

Epioblasma turgidula (Lea, 1858)

Epioblasma walkeri (Wilson & Clark, 1914)

Eurynia dilatata (Rafinesque, 1820)

Fusconaia burkei (Walker, 1922)

Fusconaia cerina (Conrad, 1838)

Fusconaia chunii (Lea, 1861)

Fusconaia cor (Conrad, 1834)

Fusconaia cuneolus (Lea, 1840)

Fusconaia escambia Clench & Turner, 1956

Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque, 1820)

Fusconaia iheringi (Wright, 1898)

Fusconaia masoni (Conrad, 1834)

Fusconaia mitchelli (Simpson, 1895)

Fusconaia ozarkensis (Call, 1887)

Fusconaia subrotunda (Lea, 1831)

Glebula rotundata (Lamarck, 1819)

Gonidea angulata (Lea, 1838)

Hamiota altilis (Conrad, 1834)

Hamiota australis (Simpson, 1900)

Hamiota perovalis (Conrad, 1834)

Hamiota subangulata (Lea, 1840)

Hemistena lata (Rafinesque, 1820)

Lampsilis abrupta (Say, 1831)

Lampsilis bergmanni Inoue & Randklev, 2020

Lampsilis binominata Simpson, 1900

Lampsilis bracteata (Gould, 1855)

Lampsilis brittsi Simpson, 1900

Lampsilis cardium Rafinesque, 1820

Lampsilis cariosa (Say, 1817)

Lampsilis dolabraeformis (Lea, 1838)

Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, 1820

Lampsilis floridensis (Lea, 1852)

Lampsilis higginsii (Lea, 1857)

Lampsilis hydiana (Lea, 1838)

Lampsilis ornata (Conrad, 1835)

Lampsilis ovata (Say, 1817)

Lampsilis pectorosa (Conrad, 1834) = Ortmanniana pectorosa

Lampsilis powellii (Lea, 1852)

Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin, 1791)

Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson, 1927

Lampsilis reeveiana (Lea, 1852)

Lampsilis satura (Lea, 1852)

Lampsilis sietmani Keogh & Simons, 2019

Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes, 1823)

Lampsilis splendida (Lea, 1838)

Lampsilis straminea (Conrad, 1834)

Lampsilis streckeri Frierson, 1927

Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque, 1820)

Lampsilis virescens (Lea, 1858)

Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque, 1820)

Leaunio lienosus (Conrad, 1834)

Leaunio ortmanni (Walker, 1925)

Leaunio pataecus Watters, 2018

Leaunio umbrans (Lea, 1857)

Leaunio vanuxemensis (Lea, 1838)

Lemiox rimosus (Rafinesque, 1831)

Ligumia recta (Lamarck, 1819)

Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857)

Margaritifera falcata (Gould, 1850)

Margaritifera hembeli (Conrad, 1838)

Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758)

Margaritifera marrianae R.I. Johnson, 1983

Medionidus acutissimus (Lea, 1831)

Medionidus conradicus (Lea, 1834)

Medionidus parvulus (Lea, 1860)

Medionidus penicillatus (Lea, 1857)

Medionidus simpsonianus Walker, 1905

Medionidus walkeri (S.H. [sic] Wright, 1897)

Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque, 1820)

Obliquaria reflexa (Rafinesque, 1820)

Obovaria arkansasensis (Lea, 1862)

Obovaria choctawensis (Athearn, 1964)

Obovaria haddletoni (Athearn, 1964)

Obovaria olivaria (Rafinesque, 1820)

Obovaria retusa (Lamarck, 1819)

Obovaria subrotunda (Rafinesque, 1820)

Obovaria unicolor (Lea, 1845)

Ortmanniana ligamentina (Lamarck, 1819)

Paetulunio fabalis (Lea, 1831)

Parvaspina collina (Conrad, 1836)

Parvaspina steinstansana (R.I. Johnson & Clarke, 1983)

Pegias fabula (Lea, 1838)

Platynaias compressa (Lea, 1829)

Platynaias decorata (Lea, 1852)

Platynaias subviridis (Conrad, 1835)

Plectomerus dombeyanus (Valenciennes, 1827)

Plethobasus cicatricosus (Say, 1829)

Plethobasus cooperianus (Lea, 1834)

Plethobasus cyphyus (Rafinesque, 1820)

Pleurobema athearni Gangloff, Williams & Feminella, 2006

Pleurobema beadleianum (Lea, 1861)

Pleurobema clava (Lamarck, 1819)

Pleurobema cordatum (Rafinesque, 1820)

Pleurobema curtum (Lea, 1859)

Pleurobema decisum (Lea, 1831)

Pleurobema fibuloides (Lea, 1859)

Pleurobema georgianum (Lea, 1841)

Pleurobema hanleyianum (Lea, 1852)

Pleurobema hartmanianum (Lea, 1860)

Pleurobema marshalli Frierson, 1927

Pleurobema oviforme (Conrad, 1834)

Pleurobema perovatum (Conrad, 1834)

Pleurobema plenum (Lea, 1840)

Pleurobema pyriforme (Lea, 1857)

Pleurobema riddellii (Lea, 1861)

Pleurobema rubellum (Conrad, 1834)

Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque, 1820)
+ Obliquaria rubra Rafinesque, 1820

Pleurobema stabile (Lea, 1861)

Pleurobema strodeanum (B.H. Wright, 1898)

Pleurobema taitianum (Lea, 1834)

Pleurobema verum (Lea, 1861)

Pleuronaia barnesiana (Lea, 1838)

Pleuronaia dolabelloides (Lea, 1840)

Pleuronaia gibber (Lea, 1838)

Popenaias popeii (Lea, 1857)

Potamilus alatus (Say, 1817)

Potamilus amphichaenus (Frierson, 1898)

Potamilus capax (Green, 1832)

Potamilus fragilis (Rafinesque, 1820)

Potamilus inflatus (Lea, 1831)

Potamilus leptodon (Rafinesque, 1820)

Potamilus metnecktayi R.I. Johnson, 1998

Potamilus ohiensis (Rafinesque, 1820)

Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819)

Potamilus streckersoni Smith, Johnson, Inoue, Doyle & Randklev, 2019

Pressodonta viridis (Rafinesque, 1820) = Sulcularia viridis

Prolasmidonta heterodon (Lea, 1829)

Pseudodontoideus connasaugaensis (Lea, 1858)

Pseudodontoideus subvexus (Conrad, 1834)

Pterosyna alabamensis Clarke, 1985

Pterosyna complanata (Barnes, 1823)

Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque, 1820)

Ptychobranchus foremanianus (Lea, 1842)

Ptychobranchus greenii (Conrad, 1834)

Ptychobranchus jonesi (van der Schalie, 1934)

Ptychobranchus occidentalis (Conrad, 1836)

Ptychobranchus subtentus (Say, 1825)

Pustulosa infucata (Conrad, 1834)

Pustulosa kieneriana (Lea, 1852)
+ Quadrula archeri Frierson, 1905
+ Unio asperatus Lea, 1861

Pustulosa kleiniana (Lea, 1852)

Pustulosa necki Burlakova, Karatayev, Lopes-Lima & Bogan, 2018

Pustulosa nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820)

Pustulosa petrina (Gould, 1855)

Pustulosa pustulosa (Lea, 1831)
+ Unio aureus Lea, 1859
+ Unio houstonensis Lea, 1859
+ Unio mortoni Conrad, 1835
+ Unio refulgens Lea, 1868

Pustulosa succissa (Lea, 1852)

Pyganodon cataracta (Say, 1817)

Pyganodon fragilis (Lamarck, 1819)

Pyganodon gibbosa (Say, 1824)

Pyganodon grandis (Say, 1829)

Pyganodon lacustris (Lea, 1857)

Quadrula couchiana (Lea, 1860)

Quadrula fragosa (Conrad, 1835)

Quadrula nobilis (Conrad, 1854)

Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque, 1820)
+ Unio apiculatus Say, 1829
+ Unio rumphianus Lea, 1852

Quadrula verrucosa (Rafinesque, 1820)

Reginaia apalachicola (Williams & Fradkin, 1999)

Reginaia ebenus (Lea, 1831)

Reginaia rotulata (B.H. Wright, 1899)

Sagittunio aldermani Watters, 2018

Sagittunio nasutus (Say, 1817)

Sagittunio subrostratus (Say, 1831)

Sagittunio vaughanianus (Lea, 1838)

Simpsonaias ambigua (Say, 1825)

Sinanodonta pacifica (Lea, 1834) [sic]
+ Sinanodonta woodiana Ng et al., 2016

Strophitus howellsi Smith, Kiser, Johnson, & Randklev, 2023

Strophitus pascagoulaensis Smith, N. A. Johnson, Pfeiffer & Gangloff, 2018

Strophitus radiata (Conrad, 1834) = Strophitus radiatus

Strophitus undulatus (Say, 1817)

Strophitus williamsi Smith, N. A. Johnson, Pfeiffer & Gangloff, 2018

Theliderma cylindrica (Say, 1817)

Theliderma intermedia (Conrad, 1836)

Theliderma johnsoni Bogan & Lopes-Lima, 2019

Theliderma metanevra (Rafinesque, 1820)

Theliderma sparsa (Lea, 1841)

Theliderma stapes (Lea, 1831)

Toxolasma corvunculus (Lea, 1868)

Toxolasma cylindrellus (Lea, 1868)

Toxolasma lividum Rafinesque, 1831

Toxolasma parvum (Barnes, 1823)

Toxolasma paulum (Lea, 1840)

Toxolasma pullus (Conrad, 1838)

Toxolasma texasiense (Lea, 1857)

Truncilla cognata (Lea, 1860)

Truncilla donaciformis (Lea, 1828)

Truncilla macrodon (Lea, 1859)

Truncilla truncata (Rafinesque, 1820)

Uniomerus carolinianus (Bosc, 1801)

Uniomerus columbensis (Lea, 1857)

Uniomerus declivis (Say, 1831)

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say, 1831)

Utterbackia imbecillis (Say, 1829)

Utterbackia peggyae (R.I. Johnson, 1965)

Utterbackia peninsularis Bogan & Hoeh, 1995

Utterbackiana couperiana (Lea, 1840)

Utterbackiana hartfieldorum (Williams, Bogan & Garner, 2009)

Utterbackiana heardi (Gordon & Hoeh, 1995)

Utterbackiana implicata (Say, 1829)

Utterbackiana suborbiculata (Say, 1831)

Venustaconcha constricta (Conrad, 1838)

Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad, 1836)

Venustaconcha pleasii (Marsh, 1891)

Venustaconcha trabalis (Conrad, 1834)

Venustaconcha troostensis (Lea, 1834)

Villosa amygdalum (Lea, 1843)

Villosa delumbis (Conrad, 1834)

Villosa vibex (Conrad, 1834)

Villosa villosa (B.H. Wright, 1898)