The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)
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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae tribe AMBLEMINI Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics
3 genera Cladomics Summarynumber of species = 7 (16 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: genus) = 3
analyzed in 143 cladograms in 94 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis =
6 (mean = 1.78, median = 1)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) =
3 (mean = 1.44, median = 1) Basic Monophylynumber of cladograms that test basic monophyly
(i.e., more than 1 included species) = 56
maximum number of included terminals = 6, (mean =
3 median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) =
3 (mean = 2.13, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly
= 0.38 Rigorous Monophylynumber of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 46
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing
more than one subtaxon (genus) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 6 (mean = 3.17, median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) =
3 (mean = 2.37, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.24
Pairwise Cladogram ClusteringThe graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.
Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14 ** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ** iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 6 | 105 | 122 | 3 | 624 | 185 | 4 | 0 | +-- Quadrulini
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| +-- Pleurobemini
|
| +----- Amblema **
--+ +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Nephronaias
| | +--+
| | +-- Psoronaias
| |
+--+ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- Reginaia **
| |
| | +----- Popenaias
| | +--------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--+ | +--+
| | +-- Glebula
| |
| | +----------------------------------------------------------------- Paetulunio
| | |
+--+ | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum
| | |
| | | +----- Toxolasma_lividum__2
| | | +--------+
| | +--------------------------------------------+ | | +-- Toxolasma_cylindrellus
| | | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Toxolasma_lividum__1
| | | | |
+--+ | +--+ +-------- Toxolasma_texasiense__2
| | | +--+
| | | | | +----- Toxolasma_glans
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Toxolasma_paulum
| | +--+ +--+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_texasiense__1
| | |
| | | +-------- Toxolasma__4
| | +--+
+--+ | +----- Toxolasma_granulatum
| +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma__2
| +--+
| +-- Toxolasma__3
|
| +----- Toxolasma_pullus
| +-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_germanum
| | +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma__1
| |
| | +-- Obliquaria
| | +-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Plectomerus **
+--+ |
| | +-------- Potamilus_inflatus
| | +--------+
| | | | +----- Potamilus_ohiensis
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus
| | | +--+
| | +-----------------------------------+ +-- Potamilus_streckersoni
| | | |
+--+ | | +----- Potamilus_fragilis__2
| | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Potamilus_leptodon
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Potamilus_fragilis__1
| | |
| | | +----------- Potamilus_metnecktayi
| | | |
| | +--+ +-------- Potamilus_alatus__3
| | | |
| | +--+ +----- Potamilus_alatus__2
+--+ | |
| +--+----- Potamilus_purpuratus__2
| |
| | +-- Potamilus_alatus__1
| +--+
| +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__1
|
| +-- Villosa_villosa
| +-----------------------------------------------+
| | +-- Atlanticoncha
| |
| | +-- Cambarunio_nebulosus
| | +--------------------------------------------+
+--+ | +-- Ligumia
| |
| | +-------- Leaunio_umbrans
| | +-----------------------------------+
| | | | +----- Cambarunio_taeniatus
+--+ | +--+
| | | +-- Cambarunio_iris
| | +--+
| | +-- Cambarunio_simus
| |
| | +----------------------------------------- Hamiota
| | |
+--+ | +----------------------- Pachynaias
| | |
| | +--------------+ +-------------------- Sagittunio
| | | | |
| | | | | +----- Ellipsaria
| | | +--+ +-----------+
| | | | | | +-- Potamilus_capax
| | | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Truncilla
+--+ | +--+
| | | +----- Medionidus_acutissimus
| | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Lemiox
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Medionidus_penicillatus
| | |
| | | +----------- Ptychobranchus
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__2
| | | +-----+
+--+ | | +-- Dromus
| +--+
| | +----- Cyprogenia_stegaria__2
| +--+
| | +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__1
| +--+
| +-- Cyprogenia_stegaria__1
|
| +-- Villosa_delumbis
| +--------------------------------+
| | +-- Villosa_vibex
| |
| | +-------------- Obovaria_olivaria
| | |
| | +-----------------+ +-- Venustaconcha
| | | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Epioblasma
| | | +--+
| | | | +-------- Obovaria_retusa
+--+ | +--+
| | | +----- Obovaria_choctawensis
| | +--+
| | | +-- Obovaria_unicolor
| | +--+
| | +-- Obovaria_subrotunda
| |
| | +-- Mesonaias
| | +-----------------------+
| | | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
| | |
+--+ +--+ +-- Lampsilis_splendida
| | | +--------------------+
| | | | +-- Lampsilis_bracteata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Lampsilis_fasciola
| | | +-----------------+
| | | | +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
| | +--+
| | | +----------------- Lampsilis_ornata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-------------- Lampsilis_ovata__2
| | | |
| | +--+ +----------- Lampsilis_dolabraeformis
| | | |
| | | | +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2
| | +--+ +--+
| | | | | +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1
+--+ | | +--+
| +--+ +-- Lampsilis_satura
| |
| | +----- Lampsilis_cariosa__2
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ovata__1
| +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cariosa__1
|
| +----------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__2
| +--------------+
| | | +-------- Lampsilis_abrupta
| | +--+
| | | +----- Lampsilis_higginsii__2
| | +--+
| | | +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__1
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_higginsii__1
|
| +----- Medionidus_conradicus
| +-----------------+
| | | +-- Leaunio_lienosus
| | +--+
| | +-- Leaunio_vanuxemensis
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_floridensis
| +-----------------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_teres
| |
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__1
+--+ |
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__2
| +--------------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_powellii__1
| | |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_powellii__2
|
| +-------------- Lampsilis_sietmani
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_straminea__2
| +--------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_virescens
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_hydiana__2
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_hydiana__1
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_straminea__1
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 36 | 35 | 3 | 38 | 38 | 4 | 147 | +-------------------------------- Quadrulini
|
| +-------------- Elliptoideus
| +--------------+
| | | +----------- Plectomerus **
--+ | +--+
| | | +-------- Obovaria_unicolor
| | +--+
| | | +----- Obovaria_olivaria
| | +--+
| | | +-- Lampsilis
+--+ +--+
| +-- Lemiox
|
| +-------- Cyrtonaias
| +-----------------+
| | | +----- Reginaia **
| | +--+
| | | +-- Popenaiadini
+--+ +--+
| +-- Amblema **
|
| +----------------------- Elliptio
| |
+--+ +-------------------- Eurynia
| |
| | +----------------- Parvaspina
+--+ |
| | +-- Hemistena
| +--------------+
+--+ +-- Plethobasus
|
| +-------------- Pleuronaia
| |
| | +-- Pleurobema_cordatum
+--+ +--------+
| | +-- Fusconaia
| |
+--+ +-- Pleurobema_stabile
| +-----+
| | +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia
+--+
| +----- Pleurobema_decisum
+--+
| +-- Pleurobema_clava
+--+
+-- Pleurobema_pyriforme
Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 83 | 59 | 3 | 100 | 78 | 4 | 173 | +-------- Reginaia **
|
+-------- Amblema **
|
| +-- Quadrulini
+-----+
| +-- Pleurobemini
--+
| +----- Popenaiadini
| |
| | +-- Dromus
| | |
| | +-- Epioblasma
| | |
+--+ +-- Glebula
| |
| +-- Lampsilis_ovata
| |
| +-- Lampsilis_virescens
| |
| +-- Lemiox
+--+
+-- Obliquaria
|
+-- Obovaria_olivaria
|
+-- Obovaria_unicolor
|
+-- Plectomerus **
|
+-- Potamilus_alatus
|
+-- Potamilus_capax
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 37 | 37 | 4 | 124 | +-------------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----------------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +-- Reginaia **
| +-----------+
| | +-- Amblema **
+--+
| +----------- Popenaiadini
| |
+--+ +-------- Cyrtonaias
| |
+--+-------- Plectomerus **
|
| +----- Lemiox
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Obovaria
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 11 | 9 | 3 | 37 | 37 | 4 | 125 | +-------------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----------------- Pleurobemini
| |
| | +-- Popenaiadini
+--+ +-----------+
| | +-- Amblema **
| |
+--+ +-- Cyrtonaias
| +--------+
| | +-- Reginaia **
+--+
| +-------- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +----- Lemiox
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Obovaria
Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 21 | 23 | 2 | 17 | 17 | 3 | 132 | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Reginaia **
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 21 | 19 | 3 | 68 | 68 | 4 | 131 | +----------------------------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini
| |
| | +-- Amblema **
+--+ +--------------------------+
| | +-- Reginaia **
| |
+--+ +-------------------------- Popenaiadini
| |
| | +-- Glebula
+--+ +--------------------+
| | +-- Paetulunio
| |
+--+ +-- Toxolasma
| +-----------------+
| | +-- Plectomerus **
| |
+--+ +----------------- Obliquaria
| |
| | +----- Potamilus
+--+ +--------+
| | | +-- Dromus
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lemiox
|
| +----------- Lampsilis_ovata
| |
+--+ +-------- Lampsilis_virescens
| |
+--+ +-- Epioblasma
| +--+
| | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
+--+
| +-- Obovaria_olivaria
+--+
+-- Venustaconcha
Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 22 | 15 | 2 | 18 | 18 | 3 | 124 | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Reginaia **
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 49 | 52 | 3 | 97 | 85 | 4 | 143 | +-------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +-- Plectomerus **
| +-----+
| | +-- Reginaia **
+--+
| +----- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Amblema **
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 37 | 37 | 4 | 126 | +----------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +-------------- Pleurobemini
| |
| | +-- Popenaiadini
+--+ +--------+
| | +-- Amblema **
| |
+--+ +-------- Plectomerus **
| |
| | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--+-----+
| +-- Reginaia **
|
| +----- Lemiox
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis
+--+
+-- Obovaria
Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 49 | 42 | 3 | 97 | 85 | 4 | 128 | +-------------------------- Quadrulini
|
| +----------------------- Pleurobemini
--+ |
| | +----- Popenaiadini
| | +--------------+
| | | | +-- Amblema **
+--+ | +--+
| | +-- Reginaia **
| |
| | +-- Plectomerus **
| | +--------------+
+--+ | +-- Toxolasma
| |
| | +----- Obliquaria
| | +--------+
| | | | +-- Cyrtonaias
| | | +--+
| | | +-- Glebula
| | |
+--+ | +----------- Sagittunio
| | |
| | +----------- Leaunio
| | |
| | +----------- Potamilus
| | |
| | +----------- Hamiota
| | |
| | | +-- Ellipsaria
+--+ +--------+
| | +-- Truncilla
| |
| | +----- Lampsilis_teres
| +-----+
| | | +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
| | +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
| |
| | +----- Villosa
| +-----+
| | | +-- Ligumia
| | +--+
| | +-- Cambarunio
| |
+--+ +-------- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
+--+
| | +----- Lampsilis_ornata
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_ovata
|
| +-------- Obovaria_olivaria
| |
| +-------- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
+--+
| +-------- Epioblasma
| |
| | +----- Obovaria_unicolor
| +--+
| | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
| +--+
| +-- Obovaria_subrotunda
|
| +-- Ptychobranchus
| +-----+
| | +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
| |
+--+ +----- Medionidus_conradicus
| |
| | +-- Lemiox
+--+--+
| +-- Medionidus_acutissimus
|
| +-- Dromus
+--+
+-- Cyprogenia
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 5 | 21 | 15 | 3 | 68 | 68 | 4 | 135 | +-------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +-- Plectomerus **
| +-----+
| | +-- Reginaia **
+--+
| +----- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Amblema **
Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 4 | 38 | 38 | 2 | 37 | 36 | 3 | 131 | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Reginaia **
+--+
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 27 | 26 | 4 | 126 | +----------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +-------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +-- Amblema **
| +--+
| | +-- Reginaia **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 38 | 37 | 3 | 126 | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Reginaia **
Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 34 | 33 | 3 | 126 | +-- Amblema **
+--------------------------+
| +-- Reginaia **
--+
| +-------------------------- Lampsilini
| |
+--+ +----------------------- Elliptoideus
| |
+--+ +-------------------- Quadrulini
| |
+--+ +----------------- Elliptio
| |
| | +-------------- Parvaspina
+--+ |
| +-------------- Plethobasus
| |
| | +-- Hemistena
+--+-----------+
| +-- Eurynia
|
| +----------- Fusconaia
| |
| | +----- Pleurobema_riddellii
+--+ +--+
| | | +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Pleurobema_cordatum
|
| +----- Pleuronaia
| |
+--+ +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme
| |
+--+-- Pleurobema_strodeanum
|
+-- Pleurobema_clava
Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 54 | 12 | 4 | 129 | +-------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +-- Popenaiadini
| +--------+
| | +-- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Reginaia **
+--+
| +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
+-- Amblema **
Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 54 | 12 | 4 | 129 | +-------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +-- Popenaiadini
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilini
+--+
| +----- Reginaia **
+--+
| +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
+-- Amblema **
Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 27 | 18 | 3 | 26 | 26 | 3 | 141 | +----------- Lampsilis
|
| +-------- Obliquaria
| |
| +-------- Amblema **
| |
--+ +-------- Reginaia **
| |
| +-------- Potamilus
| |
| +-------- Quadrulini
| |
+--+ +-- Elliptoideus
+-----+
| +-- Plectomerus **
|
| +----- Medionidus
+--+
| | +-- Dromus
| +--+
| +-- Cyprogenia
|
| +----- Hemistena
+--+
| +-- Elliptio
+--+
+-- Fusconaia
Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 4 | 129 | +-------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +-- Popenaiadini
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilini
+--+
| +----- Reginaia **
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Plectomerus **
Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 4 | 129 | +-------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +-- Popenaiadini
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilini
+--+
| +----- Reginaia **
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Plectomerus **
Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 12 | 3 | 127 | +-- Pleurobemini
+-----------+
| +-- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----- Paetulunio
| +-----+
| | | +-- Amblema **
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Reginaia **
|
| +-------- Lampsilis
| |
+--+ +----- Leaunio
| |
+--+----- Obovaria
|
| +-- Villosa
+--+
+-- Cambarunio
Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 40 | 39 | 3 | 38 | 38 | 3 | 136 | +-------------------------------------- Quadrulini
|
| +-- Amblema **
--+ +--------------------------------+
| | +-- Reginaia **
| |
+--+ +-------------------------------- Plectomerus **
| |
| | +----------------------------- Toxolasma
+--+ |
| | +----- Popenaiadini
| | +--------------------+
+--+ | | +-- Glebula
| | +--+
| | +-- Cyrtonaias
| |
+--+ +----------------------- Obliquaria
| |
| | +-- Medionidus
| | +--+
| | | +-- Lemiox
+--+ +--------------+
| | | +-- Cyprogenia
| | +--+
| | +-- Ptychobranchus
| |
+--+ +-------- Potamilus
| +--------+
| | | +----- Atlanticoncha
| | +--+
| | | +-- Ellipsaria
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Truncilla
|
| +-- Hamiota
| +-----------+
| | +-- Villosa
| |
+--+ +----------- Ligumia
| |
| | +----- Venustaconcha
+--+ +--+
| | | +-- Obovaria
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Epioblasma
|
| +----- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
+--+
| +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 129 | +-- Quadrulini
--+
+-- Amblema **
Patterson et al., 2021 [Publ 4222], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 127 | +-- Lampsilini
--+
+-- Amblema **
Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 41 | 42 | 2 | 38 | 38 | 3 | 150 | +----------- Amblema **
|
--+ +-- Lampsilis
| +-----+
| | +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +----- Popenaiadini
+--+
| +-- Cyrtonaias
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 3 | 22 | 20 | 3 | 26 | 26 | 3 | 142 | +-------------------------- Lampsilis
|
--+ +----------------------- Potamilus
| |
| | +----- Medionidus
+--+ +--------------+
| | | +-- Dromus
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Cyprogenia
|
| +----------------- Obliquaria
| |
+--+ +-------------- Amblema **
| |
| | +----- Reginaia **
+--+ +-----+
| | | +-- Elliptoideus
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Plectomerus **
|
| +-------- Quadrulini
+--+
| +----- Hemistena
+--+
| +-- Elliptio
+--+
+-- Fusconaia
Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 13 | 3 | -- | +-------- Quadrula_quadrula
|
--+-------- Quadrula_verrucosa
|
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 32 | 12 | 3 | 131 | +----------------------------- Megalonaias
|
| +----- Elliptoideus
--+ +--------------------+
| | | +-- Uniomerus
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Pleurobema
|
| +----------------------- Amblema **
| |
+--+ +-- Obliquaria
| +-----------------+
| | +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +----------------- Medionidus
+--+
| +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis
+--+
| +----------- Ptychobranchus
+--+
| +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis
+--+
| +-- Villosa
+--+
+-- Ellipsaria
Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 23 | 3 | -- | +----------- Megalonaias
|
--+ +-- Uniomerus
| +-----+
| | +-- Quadrulina
+--+
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Lampsilini
+--+
+-- Amblema **
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 21 | 0 | 2 | 199 | 23 | 3 | 132 | +-------- Amblema **
|
+-------- Toxolasma
|
+-------- Pleurobemini
|
| +-- Obliquaria
+-----+
| +-- Plectomerus **
--+
| +----- Ellipsaria
| |
| +----- Potamilus_leptodon
| |
| +----- Medionidus
| |
| +----- Potamilus_alatus
| |
| +----- Ptychobranchus
+--+
+----- Truncilla
|
+----- Venustaconcha
|
+----- Cambarunio
|
+----- Leaunio
|
| +-- Ortmanniana
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 197 | 23 | 3 | 129 | +----------------------------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +----------------------------- Amblema **
| |
+--+ +-------------------------- Toxolasma
| |
+--+ +-- Obliquaria
| +--------------------+
| | +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +-------------------- Potamilus_leptodon
| |
+--+ +----------------- Potamilus_alatus
| |
| | +-- Medionidus
+--+ +-----------+
| | +-- Ptychobranchus
| |
+--+ +-- Ellipsaria
| +--------+
| | +-- Truncilla
+--+
| +-------- Leaunio
| |
+--+ +-- Venustaconcha
| +--+
| | +-- Cambarunio
+--+
| +-- Ortmanniana
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 22 | 3 | -- | +-------- Amblema **
--+
| +----- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Quadrulini
Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 3 | -- | +-------- Reginaia **
--+
| +----- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 21 | 0 | 2 | 36 | 27 | 3 | 128 | +-------------------------------- Quadrulina
|
--+ +----------------------------- Megalonaias
| |
+--+ +-------------------------- Toxolasma
| |
+--+ +----------------------- Amblema **
| |
| | +-------------------- Pleurobemini
+--+ |
| | +-- Reginaia **
| +-----------------+
+--+ +-- Obliquaria
|
| +----------------- Potamilus
| |
| | +-- Ellipsaria
+--+ +-----------+
| | +-- Truncilla
| |
+--+ +----------- Lampsilis_cardium
| |
| | +----- Ligumia
| +-----+
+--+ | +-- Obovaria
| +--+
| +-- Epioblasma
|
| +-------- Lampsilis_teres
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
| +-- Ortmanniana
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_higginsii
Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 26 | 16 | 3 | 132 | +-- Megalonaias
+-----------+
| +-- Quadrulina
|
--+ +----- Amblema **
| +-----+
| | | +-- Plectomerus **
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilini
|
| +-------- Elliptoideus
+--+
| +----- Uniomerus
+--+
| +-- Eurynia
+--+
+-- Pleurobema
Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 4 | -- | +-- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
| | +-- Pleurobemini
| +--+
| +-- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Obliquaria
| |
| +----- Toxolasma
+--+
+----- Popenaiadini
|
| +-- Glebula
+--+
+-- Cyrtonaias
Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 3 | -- | +-------- Lampsilini
--+
| +----- Reginaia **
+--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 18 | 4 | 126 | +-------------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-------- Amblema **
+--+
| +----- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 20 | 9 | 3 | 137 | +-- Gonideini
|
+-- Pyganodon_grandis
|
+-- Utterbackia
|
+-- Pyganodon_cataracta
|
+-- Lampsilis_straminea
|
+-- Lampsilis_teres
|
+-- Megalonaias
|
+-- Obliquaria
|
--+-- Theliderma
|
+-- Quadrula
|
+-- Uniomerus
|
+-- Amblema **
|
+-- Elliptio
|
+-- Fusconaia
|
+-- Plectomerus **
|
+-- Aculamprotulina
|
+-- Unionina
Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 129 | +-------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 20 | 3 | -- | +-------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 130 | +----------------- Glebula
|
--+ +-- Amblema **
| +-----------+
| | +-- Quadrulini
+--+
| +----------- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +-------- Leaunio
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_straminea
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_teres
+--+
+-- Potamilus
Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 29 | 0 | 2 | 33 | 27 | 3 | 133 | +-------- Reginaia **
|
--+ +-- Pleurobemini
| +--+
| | +-- Quadrulini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 199 | 23 | 3 | 128 | +-------------------------- Quadrulini
|
--+ +----------------------- Pleurobemini
| |
+--+ +-------------------- Amblema **
| |
| | +----- Toxolasma
+--+ +-----------+
| | | +-- Obliquaria
| | +--+
| | +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +-------------- Potamilus_leptodon
| |
| | +----------- Potamilus_alatus
+--+ |
| | +-------- Venustaconcha
| | |
+--+ +-------- Leaunio
| |
| | +-- Ellipsaria
| +-----+
+--+ +-- Truncilla
|
| +-- Medionidus
+-----+
| +-- Ptychobranchus
|
| +----- Cambarunio
+--+
| +-- Ortmanniana
+--+
+-- Lampsilis
Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 25 | 16 | 3 | 129 | +-- Megalonaias
+-----------------------+
| +-- Quadrulina
|
| +----- Elliptoideus
--+ |
| +-----------------+ +-- Eurynia
| | | |
| | +--+-- Pleurobema
| | |
+--+ +-- Uniomerus
|
| +-------------------- Amblema **
| |
+--+ +-- Plectomerus **
| +--------------+
| | +-- Obliquaria
+--+
| +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis
| |
+--+ +----------- Ptychobranchus
| |
+--+ +-------- Medionidus
| |
+--+ +----- Potamilus_purpuratus
| |
+--+----- Lampsilis
|
| +-- Ellipsaria
+--+
+-- Villosa
Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 4 | -- | +-- Popenaiadini
+-----+
| +-- Lampsilini
|
--+ +-- Amblema **
| +--+
| | +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Quadrulini
Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 37 | 0 | 2 | 35 | 35 | 1 | 154 | +-- Amblema **
|
--+-- Plectomerus **
|
+-- Pleurobemini
Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 9 | 4 | -- | +-- Popenaiadini
+-----+
| +-- Lampsilini
|
--+ +-- Amblema **
| +--+
| | +-- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Quadrulini
Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 3 | -- | +-- Reginaia **
--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 20 | 10 | 3 | 137 | +-- Gonideini
|
+-- Pyganodon_grandis
|
+-- Utterbackia
|
+-- Pyganodon_cataracta
|
+-- Lampsilis_straminea
|
+-- Lampsilis_teres
|
+-- Megalonaias
|
+-- Obliquaria
|
--+-- Theliderma
|
+-- Quadrula
|
+-- Uniomerus
|
+-- Amblema **
|
+-- Elliptio
|
+-- Fusconaia
|
+-- Plectomerus **
|
+-- Pleurobema
|
+-- Unionini
Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 18 | 4 | 126 | +-------------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-------- Amblema **
+--+
| +----- Plectomerus **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 31 | 0 | 2 | 31 | 31 | 4 | 128 | +-------------------------- Quadrulini
|
| +----------------------- Plectomerus **
--+ |
| | +-------------------- Popenaiadini
| | |
| | +-------------------- Pleurobemini
+--+ |
| | +-- Cyrtonaias
| | +--+
| | | +-- Glebula
| +--------------+
| | | +-- Reginaia **
+--+ +--+
| +-- Obliquaria
|
| +----------------- Toxolasma
| |
| | +-------------- Potamilus
| | |
| | | +-- Ellipsaria
| | +-----------+
+--+ | +-- Truncilla
| |
| | +----- Medionidus
| +--------+
| | | +-- Lemiox
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Dromus
|
| +----------- Cambarunio
| |
| +----------- Leaunio
| |
| +----------- Villosa
| |
| | +-- Sagittunio
| +--------+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_ovata
|
| +----- Venustaconcha
+-----+
| | +-- Epioblasma
| +--+
| +-- Obovaria
|
| +-------- Lampsilis_teres
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_hydiana
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_straminea
Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 32 | 12 | 3 | 129 | +----------- Megalonaias
|
| +----- Elliptoideus
| +--+
--+ | | +-- Uniomerus
| | +--+
| | +-- Pleurobema
| |
| | +----- Potamilus_fragilis
+--+ |
| +----- Medionidus
| |
| +----- Amblema **
| |
| | +-- Obliquaria
+--+--+
| +-- Plectomerus **
|
| +-- Villosa
| |
| +-- Ellipsaria
| |
+--+-- Lampsilis
|
+-- Potamilus_purpuratus
|
+-- Ptychobranchus
Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 31 | 19 | 3 | 132 | +-- Megalonaias
+-----------------------+
| +-- Quadrulina
|
| +----------- Elliptoideus
| +-----------+
--+ | | +-------- Pleurobema
| | +--+
| | | +----- Uniomerus
| | +--+
| | | +-- Fusconaia
+--+ +--+
| +-- Eurynia
|
| +-------------------- Amblema **
| |
| | +----- Toxolasma
| | +-----------+
+--+ | | +-- Plectomerus **
| | +--+
| | +-- Obliquaria
| |
+--+ +----- Ptychobranchus
| +--------+
| | | +-- Potamilus_fragilis
| | +--+
| | +-- Medionidus
+--+
| +-- Villosa
| +--------+
| | +-- Ellipsaria
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_teres
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
| +-- Potamilus_purpuratus
+--+
+-- Potamilus_alatus
Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 3 | -- | Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 25 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Lampsilini
+--+
+-- Popenaiadini
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 67 | 11 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Quadrulini
Hauck et al., 2023 [Publ 4333], fig. 9 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 12 | 3 | -- | +-------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Reginaia **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 121 | 3 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
|
+-- Pleurobemini
--+
+-- Lampsilini
|
+-- Quadrulini
Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 16 | 3 | -- | +-- Quadrulini
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 86 | 15 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 39 | 4 | 2 | -- | +----- Quadrulini
--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 124 | 8 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
|
+-- Ortmanniana
|
+-- Lampsilis
|
+-- Cambarunio
|
--+-- Elliptio
|
+-- Eurynia
|
+-- Pleurobema
|
+-- Quadrula_quadrula
|
+-- Quadrula_verrucosa
Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 3 | -- | +----------------------- Quadrulini
|
+----------------------- Plectomerus **
|
| +-------------------- Lampsilini
| |
| +-------------------- Eurynia
| |
| +-------------------- Fusconaia_cerina
--+ |
| +-------------------- Fusconaia_flava
| |
| +-------------------- Hemistena
| |
| +-------------------- Plethobasus
| |
| +-------------------- Parvaspina
| |
+--+-------------------- Pleurobema_cordatum
|
+-------------------- Pleuronaia
|
+-------------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__2
|
+-------------------- Pleurobema_stabile
|
+-------------------- Elliptio
|
| +----------------- Pleurobema_decisum
| |
| +----------------- Pleurobema_sintoxia
| |
| +----------------- Pleurobema_clava
+--+
+----------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__1
|
| +-------------- Pleurobema_beadleianum
| |
+--+ +----------- Pleurobema_pyriforme
| |
+--+ +-------- Pleurobema_rubellum
| |
| +-------- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2
+--+
+-------- Pleurobema_georgianum__2
|
| +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1
+--+
| +-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1
+--+
+-- Pleurobema_athearni
Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Lampsilini
Johnson et al., 2018 [Publ 3844], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 2 | -- | +----- Amblema **
--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Quadrulini
Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | -- | Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 10 | 3 | -- | +-- Glebula
+--------+
| +-- Cyrtonaias
|
--+ +-------- Toxolasma
| |
| | +----- Potamilus
| +--+
+--+ | +-- Ligumia
| +--+
| +-- Ortmanniana
|
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 37 | 18 | 3 | -- | +-------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Reginaia **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 8 | 3 | -- | +-------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 84 | 14 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 80 | 8 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 138 | 8 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 11 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 35 | 6 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
|
+-- Ortmanniana
|
+-- Lampsilis
|
--+-- Cambarunio
|
+-- Elliptio
|
+-- Pleurobema
|
+-- Quadrulini
Grobler et al., 2011 [Publ 3359], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 16 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Lampsilini
Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 3 | 3 | -- | Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 13 | 3 | -- | +-------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 75 | 8 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 56 | 54 | 3 | -- | +----- Pleurobemini
|
--+ +-- Amblema **
| |
+--+-- Popenaiadini
|
+-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 8 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 14 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 35 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Pleurobemini
--+
| +----- Quadrulini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Lampsilini
Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 10 | 3 | -- | -- Plectomerus_dombeyanus **
Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 10 | 3 | -- | Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 55 | 53 | 3 | -- | +-------- Lampsilini
--+
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Popenaiadini
Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | -- | Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 16 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Burdick & White, 2007 [Publ 2679], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 29 | 2 | -- | +-------------------------------- Lampsilini
|
--+ +----------------------------- Parvaspina
| |
| | +-------------------------- Reginaia **
+--+ |
| | +----- Eurynia
| | +-----------------+
+--+ | | +-- Plethobasus
| | +--+
| | +-- Elliptio
| |
| | +-------------------- Pleurobema_plenum
+--+ |
| +-------------------- Pleuronaia
| |
| | +-- Pleurobema_cordatum__1
| | +-----+
| | | +-- Fusconaia
+--+ +--------+
| | | +----- Pleurobema_sintoxia__1
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Pleurobema_cordatum__2
| | | |
| | +--+-- Pleurobema_sintoxia__2
| | |
+--+ +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia__3
|
| +-------------- Pleurobema_stabile
| |
| | +-- Pleurobema_rubellum
| | +-----+
| | | +-- Pleurobema_strodeanum
+--+ +--+
| | | +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum
| | +--+
| | | +-- Pleurobema_perovatum
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Pleurobema_taitianum
|
| +-- Pleurobema_clava
| +-----+
| | +-- Pleurobema_oviforme
| |
+--+ +-- Pleurobema_decisum
| +--+
| | +-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum
+--+
| +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme
+--+
+-- Pleurobema_georgianum
Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 12 | 3 | -- | +----- Eurynia
+-----------+
| | +-- Cambarunio
| +--+
| +-- Ptychobranchus
--+
| +-- Amblema **
| +-----------+
| | +-- Pleurobema
+--+
| +----------- Truncilla
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis
| +-----+
| | +-- Epioblasma
+--+
| +----- Ligumia
+--+
| +-- Obliquaria
+--+
+-- Ortmanniana
Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 75 | 8 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 23 | 2 | -- | +-- Plectomerus **
|
--+-- Quadrulini
|
+-- Pleurobemini
Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 3 | 2 | -- | +----- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Amblema **
Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. S1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 2 | -- | +----- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 139 | 17 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Popenaiadini
Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | -- | Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 14 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | -- | Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 0 | -- | Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 14 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 0 | 0 | -- | Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Quadrulini
Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 13 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 3 | -- | +-------- Quadrula
|
--+-------- Pustulosa
|
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 3 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
|
+----------- Plectomerus **
|
| +-- Elliptio_arctata
| +-----+
| | +-- Elliptio_crassidens
| |
| | +----- Pleurobema_decisum
--+ | |
| | +----- Pleurobema_rubellum
| | |
| | +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__2
| | |
| | +----- Pleurobema_stabile
| | |
| | +----- Pleurobema_pyriforme
| | |
+--+ +----- Pleurobema_oviforme__2
| |
| +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2
| |
| +----- Pleuronaia
| |
| +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__3
| |
| +----- Pleurobema_cordatum
| |
| +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum
| |
| +----- Hemistena
+--+
+----- Fusconaia_flava
|
+----- Fusconaia_cerina
|
+----- Eurynia
|
+----- Elliptio_arca
|
+----- Lampsilini
|
| +-- Plethobasus
+--+
| +-- Parvaspina
|
| +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia
| |
+--+-- Pleurobema_oviforme__1
| |
| +-- Pleurobema_clava
|
| +-- Pleurobema_athearni
| |
+--+-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1
|
+-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1
Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 16 | 3 | -- | +-- Quadrulini
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | -- | Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 16 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 16 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 81 | 6 | 3 | -- | Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 2 | -- | +-- Lampsilini
|
--+-- Plectomerus **
|
+-- Pleurobemini
Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 13 | 3 | -- | +-------- Amblema **
+-----------+
| | +----- Pleurobemini
| +--+
| | +-- Obliquaria
--+ +--+
| +-- Quadrulini
|
| +----------------- Ptychobranchus
+--+
| +-------------- Truncilla
+--+
| +----------- Ortmanniana
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis
+--+
| +----- Cambarunio
+--+
| +-- Ligumia
+--+
+-- Epioblasma
Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 35 | 4 | 3 | -- | +----- Quadrulini
|
--+----- Pleurobemini
|
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 35 | 35 | 1 | -- | +-- Plectomerus **
--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 138 | 8 | 3 | -- | +-- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 45 | 12 | 3 | -- | +-- Obliquaria
+--------+
| +-- Quadrulini
|
--+ +-------- Amblema **
| |
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Truncilla
| |
| +----- Ptychobranchus
+--+
| +-- Ortmanniana
| |
| +-- Cambarunio
+--+
+-- Ligumia
|
+-- Epioblasma
Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 14 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Lampsilini
Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 10 | 3 | -- | +-------- Amblema **
--+
| +----- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 10 | 3 | -- | Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 6 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 2 | -- | +-- Lampsilini
|
--+-- Plectomerus **
|
+-- Pleurobemini
Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | -- | Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | -- | Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Lampsilini
Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 10 | 3 | -- | +-------- Amblema **
--+
| +----- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-- Quadrulini
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 11 | 3 | -- | +----- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 17 | 1 | -- | +-------------------- Obliquaria
|
+-------------------- Amblema **
|
| +----------------- Lampsilis_teres
| |
| +----------------- Obovaria
--+ |
| | +-- Leaunio
| +--------------+
| | +-- Cambarunio
| |
| | +-------- Ortmanniana
| | |
+--+--------+ +-- Lampsilis_hydiana
| | +--+
| | | +-- Lampsilis_virescens
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
| +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_radiata
|
| +-------------- Lampsilis_bracteata
| |
+--+ +----------- Lampsilis_ornata
| |
+--+ +-------- Lampsilis_ovata
| |
+--+ +----- Lampsilis_cardium__3
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_satura
| |
+--+-- Lampsilis_cardium__1
|
+-- Lampsilis_cardium__2
Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 5 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 2 | -- | +-- Amblema **
|
--+-- Quadrulini
|
+-- Pleurobemini
Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 33 | 10 | 3 | -- | +-------- Toxolasma
|
+-------- Amblema **
|
| +-- Glebula
+-----+
--+ +-- Cyrtonaias
|
| +-- Quadrulini
+-----+
| +-- Pleurobemini
|
| +----- Potamilus
+--+
| +-- Ortmanniana
+--+
+-- Ligumia
Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 55 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Lampsilini
--+
+-- Amblema **
Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 14 | 4 | -- | +----------- Toxolasma
+--+
| | +-------- Popenaiadini
| +--+
| | +----- Amblema **
| +--+
--+ | +-- Quadrulini
| +--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
|
| +----------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_powellii
Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 44 | 1 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Lampsilini
Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 4 | 3 | -- | +-------- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 0 | 0 | -- | Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 17 | 1 | -- | +-- Amblema **
--+
+-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 3 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 0 | -- | Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 | -- | Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 4 | 2 | -- | +----- Lampsilini
--+
| +-- Amblema **
+--+
+-- Pleurobemini
Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 38 | 17 | 3 | -- | Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2 iT| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 16 | 4 | -- | +----------- Quadrulini
--+
| +-------- Pleurobemini
+--+
| +----- Amblema **
+--+
| +-- Popenaiadini
+--+
+-- Lampsilini
|
