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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Gonideinae | Rectidentini

subtribe CONTRADENTINA Modell, 1942: cladomics
     6 genera

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 35 (35 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: genus) = 6
analyzed in 79 cladograms in 50 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 31 (mean = 6.43, median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 5 (mean = 2.62, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 70
maximum number of included terminals = 31, (mean = 7.13 median = 4.5)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 5 (mean = 2.83, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.99

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 62
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (genus) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 31 (mean = 6.69, median = 3.5)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 5 (mean = 2.92, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.98


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree


Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 9

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1515135141310
  +----------- Rectidentina
  |                        
--+        +-- Trapezoideus **
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Physunio **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Solenaia **    
        +--+               
           +-- Lens **        

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
313130460122225
  +----------------------- Khairuloconcha     
  |                                           
--+  +-------------------- Ctenodesma         
  |  |                                        
  +--+  +----------------- Rectidentina       
     |  |                                     
     |  |              +-- Physunio_modelli **   
     +--+  +-----------+                      
        |  |           +-- Physunio_pellucidus **
        |  |                                  
        +--+           +-- Physunio_massini **   
           |  +--------+                      
           |  |        +-- Physunio_superbus **  
           +--+                               
              |  +-------- Physunio **           
              +--+                            
                 |  +----- Trapezoideus **       
                 +--+                         
                    |  +-- Yaukthwa **           
                    +--+                      
                       +-- Lens **               

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23232148812118
  +----------- Rectidentina
--+                        
  |  +-------- Physunio **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Trapezoideus **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lens **        
        +--+               
           +-- Yaukthwa **    

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23232149412116
  +-------- Rectidentina
  |                     
--+     +-- Trapezoideus **
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Physunio **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4262], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19191746316111
  +-------- Rectidentina
  |                     
--+     +-- Physunio **    
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Trapezoideus **
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 4041], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19191741512114
  +----------- Rectidentina
--+                        
  |  +-------- Yaukthwa **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Lens **        
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Trapezoideus **
        +--+               
           +-- Physunio **    

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16161443511117
  +----------- Rectidentina
--+                        
  |  +-------- Yaukthwa **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Physunio **    
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Trapezoideus **
        +--+               
           +-- Lens **        

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151512300022
  +----- Yaukthwa **    
--+                  
  |  +-- Physunio **    
  +--+               
     +-- Trapezoideus **

Zieritz et al., 2020 [Publ 4102], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14141241712215
           +-- Ctenodesmina
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Rectidentina
--+                        
  |  +-------- Physunio **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Trapezoideus **
        +--+               
           +-- Lens **        

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210312611114
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Physunio **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210318611114
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Physunio **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210200013
  +-- Solenaia **
--+           
  +-- Lens **    

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12127318811118
  +----- Rectidentina     
  |                       
  |  +-- Physunio_modelli ** 
--+  |                    
  |  +-- Physunio **         
  |  |                    
  +--+-- Physunio_superbus **
     |                    
     +-- Yaukthwa **         
     |                    
     +-- Lens **             

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212102370023
  +-- Trapezoideus **
--+               
  +-- Yaukthwa **    

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210311211114
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Physunio **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210200013
  +-- Solenaia **
--+           
  +-- Lens **    

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210318811114
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Physunio **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11119312711117
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Lens **        
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Physunio **    
     +--+               
        +-- Yaukthwa **    

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11118200011
  +-- Solenaia **
--+           
  +-- Lens **    

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4212], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010841111112
  +-------- Rectidentina
  |                     
--+     +-- Trapezoideus **
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Physunio **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101003728119
  +----- Rectidentina       
  |                         
  |  +-- Lens_eximius **       
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Physunio_modelli__1 **
  |  |                      
--+  +-- Yaukthwa_nesemanni ** 
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Yaukthwa_panhai **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lens_comptus **       
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Lens_novoselovi **    
     |                      
     +-- Physunio_modelli__2 **
     |                      
     +-- Physunio **           
     |                      
     +-- Yaukthwa_inlenensis **
     |                      
     +-- Lens_contradens **    
     |                      
     +-- Lens_micropterus **   

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 25

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
997200020
  +-- Solenaia **
--+           
  +-- Yaukthwa **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88643710213
  +----------- Ctenodesmina
  |                        
--+  +-------- Rectidentina
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Physunio **    
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Yaukthwa **    
        +--+               
           +-- Lens **        

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 18

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
887300012
  +----- Yaukthwa **    
--+                  
  |  +-- Trapezoideus **
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7754296212
  +----------- Ctenodesmina
  |                        
--+  +-------- Rectidentina
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Physunio **    
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lens **        
        +--+               
           +-- Yaukthwa **    

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7714296214
  +----- Ensidens           
  |                         
  +----- Hyriopsis_desowitzi
  |                         
  +----- Rectidens          
  |                         
  +----- Hyriopsis_bialata  
--+                         
  +----- Ctenodesmina       
  |                         
  |  +-- Physunio **           
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Yaukthwa_paiensis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Yaukthwa_inlenensis **
  +--+                      
     +-- Trapezoideus **       
     |                      
     +-- Yaukthwa_elongatula **
     |                      
     +-- Lens **               

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7754296212
  +----------- Ctenodesmina
  |                        
--+  +-------- Rectidentina
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Physunio **    
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lens **        
        +--+               
           +-- Yaukthwa **    

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7754247214
  +-------------- Ctenodesmina
--+                           
  |  +----------- Rectidentina
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Physunio **    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Trapezoideus **
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Lens **        
           +--+               
              +-- Yaukthwa **    

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7754296212
  +----------- Ctenodesmina
  |                        
--+  +-------- Rectidentina
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Physunio **    
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lens **        
        +--+               
           +-- Yaukthwa **    

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7754296214
  +----------------------- Hyriopsis_bialata  
  |                                           
--+                    +-- Rectidens          
  |  +-----------------+                      
  |  |                 +-- Ctenodesmina       
  +--+                                        
     |  +----------------- Ensidens           
     |  |                                     
     +--+  +-------------- Hyriopsis_desowitzi
        |  |                                  
        +--+  +----------- Yaukthwa_elongatula **
           |  |                               
           +--+  +-------- Trapezoideus **       
              |  |                            
              +--+     +-- Physunio **           
                 |  +--+                      
                 |  |  +-- Yaukthwa_inlenensis **
                 +--+                         
                    |  +-- Yaukthwa_paiensis **  
                    +--+                      
                       +-- Lens **               

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7754296212
  +----------- Ctenodesmina
  |                        
--+  +-------- Rectidentina
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Physunio **    
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lens **        
        +--+               
           +-- Yaukthwa **    

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3911], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6611231116
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Physunio **    
  +--+               
     +-- Lens **        

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5535523110
  +----------- Rectidentina
  |                        
--+        +-- Trapezoideus **
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Physunio **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lens **        
        +--+               
           +-- Solenaia **    

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5535523110
  +----------- Rectidentina
  |                        
--+        +-- Trapezoideus **
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Physunio **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Yaukthwa **    
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lens **        
        +--+               
           +-- Solenaia **    

Bolotov et al., 2019 [Publ 3974], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531130019
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422767113
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
441333113
  +----- Rectidentina
  |                  
--+  +-- Physunio **    
  |  |               
  +--+-- Trapezoideus **
     |               
     +-- Lens **        

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4423874114
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Physunio **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lens **        
     +--+               
        +-- Yaukthwa **    

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4423874114
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Physunio **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lens **        
     +--+               
        +-- Yaukthwa **    

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35031192116
  +-- Lens **     
  |            
  +-- Ensidens 
  |            
--+-- Physunio ** 
  |            
  +-- Rectidens
  |            
  +-- Yaukthwa ** 

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312444212
  +-------- Ctenodesmina
--+                     
  |  +----- Rectidentina
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Physunio **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312371114
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312434212
  +-------- Ctenodesmina
--+                     
  |  +----- Rectidentina
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Physunio **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312422112
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Physunio **    
  +--+               
     +-- Lens **        

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4663], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312454212
  +-------- Ctenodesmina
--+                     
  |  +----- Rectidentina
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Physunio **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lens **        

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3313733112
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Lens **        
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+               
        +-- Physunio **    

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3313313112
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Lens **        
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+               
        +-- Physunio **    

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3313323112
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Lens **        
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+               
        +-- Physunio **    

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312281114
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Jeratthitikul et al., 2024 [Publ 4387], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3313566214
  +----------- Ctenodesmina
--+                        
  |  +-------- Rectidentina
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Physunio **    
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lens **        
        +--+               
           +-- Trapezoideus **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312422112
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Physunio **    
  +--+               
     +-- Lens **        

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3313733112
  +-------- Rectidentina
--+                     
  |  +----- Lens **        
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Trapezoideus **
     +--+               
        +-- Physunio **    

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22029421--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22025121--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021821--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Physunio **    
  +--+               
     +-- Lens **        

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22023421--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22022121--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22029421--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22029421--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22024621--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22029021--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22022521--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22029021--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22025121--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22028621--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22024521--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22028421--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021821--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Physunio **    
  +--+               
     +-- Lens **        

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220213921--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22023421--
  +----- Rectidentina
--+                  
  |  +-- Lens **        
  +--+               
     +-- Physunio **    

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014500--
-- Lens_contradens **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014500--
-- Lens_contradens **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014600--
-- Lens_contradens **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013000--
-- Physunio **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014600--
-- Lens_contradens **

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011900--
-- Lens_contradens **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013500--
-- Lens_contradens **

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011700--
-- Lens_contradens **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013500--
-- Lens_contradens **
 
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