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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae

subfamily GONIDEINAE Ortmann, 1916: cladomics
     8 genera, 6 tribes

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 176 (207 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: tribe) = 14
analyzed in 283 cladograms in 169 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 135 (mean = 11.67, median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 7 (mean = 2.6, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 235
maximum number of included terminals = 135, (mean = 13.85 median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 7 (mean = 2.92, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.8

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 159
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (tribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 135 (mean = 13.54, median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 7 (mean = 3.36, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.72


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree


Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
135580647749543030
                                                           +-------------------------------- Lamellidens                   
                                                           |                                                               
                                                     +-----+                             +-- Balwantia                     
                                                     |     |  +--------------------------+                                 
                                                     |     |  |                          +-- Trapezidens                   
                                                     |     +--+                                                            
                                                     |        |  +-------------------------- Leoparreysiini                
                                                     |        |  |                                                         
                                                     |        +--+  +----------------------- Pseudomulleria                
                                                     |           |  |                                                      
                                                     |           |  |                    +-- Parreysiini                   
                                                     |           +--+  +-----------------+                                 
                                                     |              |  |                 +-- Coelaturini                   
                                                     |              |  |                                                   
                                                     |              +--+                 +-- Pseudoscabies                 
                                                     |                 |  +--------------+                                 
                                                     |                 |  |              +-- Indonaia                      
                                                     |                 +--+                                                
                                                     |                    |  +-------------- Indochinella                  
                                                     |                    |  |                                             
                                                     |                    +--+  +----------- Radiatula                     
  +--------------------------------------------------+                       |  |                                          
  |                                                  |                       +--+        +-- Songkhlanaia_songkhramensis__2 **
  |                                                  |                          |  +-----+                                 
  |                                                  |                          |  |     +-- Unionetta_fabagina__2         
  |                                                  |                          +--+                                       
  |                                                  |                             |  +----- Harmandia                     
  |                                                  |                             +--+                                    
  |                                                  |                                |  +-- Unionetta_fabagina__1         
  |                                                  |                                +--+                                 
  |                                                  |                                   +-- Scabies                       
  |                                                  |                                                                     
  |                                                  |                                +----- Amuranodonta                  
  |                                                  |  +-----------------------------+                                    
  |                                                  |  |                             |  +-- Anemina                       
  |                                                  |  |                             +--+                                 
  |                                                  |  |                                +-- Buldowskia                    
  |                                                  |  |                                                                  
  |                                                  |  |                                +-- Beringiana                    
  |                                                  |  |                          +-----+                                 
  |                                                  |  |                          |     +-- Pletholophus                  
  |                                                  +--+  +-----------------------+                                       
  |                                                     |  |                       |  +----- Mimo                          
  |                                                     |  |                       +--+                                    
  |                                                     |  |                          |  +-- Acudonta                      
  |                                                     |  |                          +--+                                 
  |                                                     |  |                             +-- Sinanodonta                   
  |                                                     |  |                                                               
  |                                                     |  |  +----------------------------- Cristaria                     
  |                                                     +--+  |                                                            
  |                                                        |  |           +----------------- Lepidodesmini                 
  |                                                        |  |           |                                                
  |                                                        |  |           |     +----------- Lanceolariini                 
  |                                                        |  |           |  +--+                                          
  |                                                        |  |  +--------+  |  |  +-------- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__2  
  |                                                        |  |  |        |  |  +--+                                       
  |                                                        |  |  |        |  |     |  +----- Acuticosta_chinensis__2       
  |                                                        +--+  |        |  |     +--+                                    
  |                                                           |  |        +--+        |  +-- Acuticosta_chinensis__1       
  |                                                           |  |           |        +--+                                 
  |                                                           |  |           |           +-- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__1  
  |                                                           |  |           |                                             
  |                                                           |  |           |  +----------- Globunio                      
  |                                                           |  |           +--+                                          
  |                                                           |  |              |  +-------- Aculamprotulina               
  |                                                           |  |              +--+                                       
  |                                                           +--+                 |  +----- Middendorffinaiina            
  |                                                              |                 +--+                                    
  |                                                              |                    |  +-- Unionina                      
  |                                                              |                    +--+                                 
  |                                                              |                       +-- Oxynaiina                     
  |                                                              |                                                         
  |                                                              |                 +-------- Pseudodontoideus              
--+                                                              |  +--------------+                                       
  |                                                              |  |              |  +----- Lasmigona                     
  |                                                              |  |              +--+                                    
  |                                                              |  |                 |  +-- Pterosyna                     
  |                                                              |  |                 +--+                                 
  |                                                              +--+                    +-- Arcidens                      
  |                                                                 |                                                      
  |                                                                 |  +-------------------- Anodontina                    
  |                                                                 |  |                                                   
  |                                                                 |  |     +-------------- Utterbackia                   
  |                                                                 |  |  +--+                                             
  |                                                                 +--+  |  |  +----------- Pyganodon_grandis             
  |                                                                    |  |  +--+                                          
  |                                                                    |  |     |  +-------- Pyganodon_lacustris           
  |                                                                    |  |     +--+                                       
  |                                                                    |  |        |  +----- Pyganodon_cataracta__2        
  |                                                                    +--+        +--+                                    
  |                                                                       |           |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta__1        
  |                                                                       |           +--+                                 
  |                                                                       |              +-- Potamilus_fragilis__3         
  |                                                                       |                                                
  |                                                                       |  +-------------- Utterbackiana                 
  |                                                                       |  |                                             
  |                                                                       +--+  +----------- Simpsonaias                   
  |                                                                          |  |                                          
  |                                                                          |  |        +-- Alasminota                    
  |                                                                          +--+  +-----+                                 
  |                                                                             |  |     +-- Alasmidonta                   
  |                                                                             |  |                                       
  |                                                                             +--+     +-- Prolasmidonta                 
  |                                                                                |  +--+                                 
  |                                                                                |  |  +-- Platynaias                    
  |                                                                                +--+                                    
  |                                                                                   |  +-- Anodontoides                  
  |                                                                                   +--+                                 
  |                                                                                      +-- Strophitus                    
  |                                                                                                                        
  |  +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rectidentini **                  
  |  |                                                                                                                     
  |  |                                                                             +-------- Pseudunio                     
  |  |  +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+                                       
  |  |  |                                                                          |  +----- Gibbosulinae                  
  |  |  |                                                                          +--+                                    
  |  |  |                                                                             |  +-- Cumberlandia                  
  |  |  |                                                                             +--+                                 
  |  |  |                                                                                +-- Margaritifera                 
  |  |  |                                                                                                                  
  |  |  |                                                              +-------------------- Chamberlainiini **               
  |  |  |                                                              |                                                   
  |  |  |                                                           +--+  +----------------- Parvasolenaia **                 
  |  |  |                                                           |  |  |                                                
  |  |  |                                                           |  +--+  +-------------- Pseudopostolata **               
  |  |  |                                                           |     |  |                                             
  +--+  |                                                           |     +--+  +----------- Koreosolenaia **                 
     |  |                                                           |        |  |                                          
     |  |                                                           |        +--+        +-- Cosmopseudodon **                
     |  |                                                           |           |  +-----+                                 
     |  |                                                           |           |  |     +-- Guiunio **                       
     |  |                                                           |           +--+                                       
     |  |                                                  +--------+              |  +----- Ptychorhynchus **                
     |  |                                                  |        |              +--+                                    
     |  |                                                  |        |                 |  +-- Obovalis **                      
     |  |                                                  |        |                 +--+                                 
     |  |                                                  |        |                    +-- Postolata **                     
     |  |                                                  |        |                                                      
     |  |                                                  |        |                    +-- Caudiculatus **                  
     |  |                                                  |        |     +--------------+                                 
     |  |                                                  |        |     |              +-- Lamprotulini **                  
     |  |                                                  |        |     |                                                
     |  |                                                  |        +-----+  +-------------- Sinosolenaia_carinata **         
     +--+                                                  |              |  |                                             
        |                                                  |              |  |        +----- Gonidea **                       
        |                                                  |              +--+  +-----+                                    
        |  +-----------------------------------------------+                 |  |     |  +-- Microcondylaea **                
        |  |                                               |                 |  |     +--+                                 
        |  |                                               |                 +--+        +-- Leguminaia **                    
        |  |                                               |                    |                                          
        |  |                                               |                    |  +-------- Inversidens **                   
        |  |                                               |                    +--+                                       
        |  |                                               |                       |  +----- Sinosolenaia_recognita **        
        |  |                                               |                       +--+                                    
        |  |                                               |                          |  +-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **         
        |  |                                               |                          +--+                                 
        |  |                                               |                             +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora **         
        |  |                                               |                                                               
        |  |                                               |  +----------------------------- Indopseudodontina **             
        |  |                                               |  |                                                            
        |  |                                               |  |                          +-- Lannanaia **                     
        |  |                                               +--+  +-----------------------+                                 
        |  |                                                  |  |                       +-- Pilsbryoconcha **                
        |  |                                                  |  |                                                         
        |  |                                                  |  |                    +----- Songkhlanaia_tamodienica **      
        |  |                                                  +--+  +-----------------+                                    
        |  |                                                     |  |                 |  +-- Songkhlanaia_moreleti **         
        |  |                                                     |  |                 +--+                                 
        |  |                                                     |  |                    +-- Songkhlanaia_songkhramensis__1 **
        |  |                                                     |  |                                                      
        |  |                                                     +--+                    +-- Nyeinchanconcha **               
        |  |                                                        |  +-----------------+                                 
        |  |                                                        |  |                 +-- Sundadontina **                  
        |  |                                                        |  |                                                   
        +--+                                                        |  |                 +-- Isannaia **                      
           |                                                        +--+              +--+                                 
           |                                                           |              |  +-- Namkongnaia **                   
           |                                                           |  +-----------+                                    
           |                                                           |  |           |  +-- Thaiconcha **                    
           |                                                           |  |           +--+                                 
           |                                                           +--+              +-- Bineurus **                      
           |                                                              |                                                
           |                                                              |  +-------------- Pseudodon_walpolei **            
           |                                                              |  |                                             
           |                                                              +--+  +----------- Pseudodon_vagulus **             
           |                                                                 |  |                                          
           |                                                                 |  |     +----- Pseudodon_vondembuschianus **    
           |                                                                 +--+  +--+                                    
           |                                                                    |  |  |  +-- Pseudodon_mekongi **             
           |                                                                    |  |  +--+                                 
           |                                                                    +--+     +-- Schepmaniini **                  
           |                                                                       |                                       
           |                                                                       |  +----- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__2 **      
           |                                                                       +--+                                    
           |                                                                          |  +-- Pseudodon_inoscularis **         
           |                                                                          +--+                                 
           |                                                                             +-- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__1 **      
           |                                                                                                               
           |                                                                             +-- Quadrulini                    
           |  +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+                                 
           |  |                                                                          +-- Pleurobemini                  
           |  |                                                                                                            
           |  |                                                                       +----- Amblema                       
           +--+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+                                    
              |  |                                                                    |  +-- Nephronaias                   
              |  |                                                                    +--+                                 
              |  |                                                                       +-- Psoronaias                    
              |  |                                                                                                         
              +--+  +----------------------------------------------------------------------- Reginaia                      
                 |  |                                                                                                      
                 |  |                                                                 +----- Popenaias                     
                 |  |  +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                    
                 |  |  |                                                              |  +-- Cyrtonaias                    
                 +--+  |                                                              +--+                                 
                    |  |                                                                 +-- Glebula                       
                    |  |                                                                                                   
                    |  |  +----------------------------------------------------------------- Paetulunio                    
                    |  |  |                                                                                                
                    +--+  |                                               +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum              
                       |  |                                               |                                                
                       |  |                                               |           +----- Toxolasma_lividum__2          
                       |  |                                               |  +--------+                                    
                       |  |  +--------------------------------------------+  |        |  +-- Toxolasma_cylindrellus        
                       |  |  |                                            |  |        +--+                                 
                       |  |  |                                            |  |           +-- Toxolasma_lividum__1          
                       |  |  |                                            |  |                                             
                       +--+  |                                            +--+     +-------- Toxolasma_texasiense__2       
                          |  |                                               |  +--+                                       
                          |  |                                               |  |  |  +----- Toxolasma_glans               
                          |  |                                               |  |  +--+                                    
                          |  |                                               |  |     |  +-- Toxolasma_paulum              
                          |  |                                               +--+     +--+                                 
                          |  |                                                  |        +-- Toxolasma_texasiense__1       
                          |  |                                                  |                                          
                          |  |                                                  |  +-------- Toxolasma__4                  
                          |  |                                                  +--+                                       
                          +--+                                                     |  +----- Toxolasma_granulatum          
                             |                                                     +--+                                    
                             |                                                        |  +-- Toxolasma__2                  
                             |                                                        +--+                                 
                             |                                                           +-- Toxolasma__3                  
                             |                                                                                             
                             |                                                        +----- Toxolasma_pullus              
                             |  +-----------------------------------------------------+                                    
                             |  |                                                     |  +-- Toxolasma_germanum            
                             |  |                                                     +--+                                 
                             |  |                                                        +-- Toxolasma__1                  
                             |  |                                                                                          
                             |  |                                                        +-- Obliquaria                    
                             |  |  +-----------------------------------------------------+                                 
                             |  |  |                                                     +-- Plectomerus                   
                             +--+  |                                                                                       
                                |  |                                               +-------- Potamilus_inflatus            
                                |  |                                      +--------+                                       
                                |  |                                      |        |  +----- Potamilus_ohiensis            
                                |  |                                      |        +--+                                    
                                |  |                                      |           |  +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus        
                                |  |                                      |           +--+                                 
                                |  |  +-----------------------------------+              +-- Potamilus_streckersoni        
                                |  |  |                                   |                                                
                                +--+  |                                   |           +----- Potamilus_fragilis__2         
                                   |  |                                   |  +--------+                                    
                                   |  |                                   |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon            
                                   |  |                                   |  |        +--+                                 
                                   |  |                                   +--+           +-- Potamilus_fragilis__1         
                                   |  |                                      |                                             
                                   |  |                                      |  +----------- Potamilus_metnecktayi         
                                   |  |                                      |  |                                          
                                   |  |                                      +--+  +-------- Potamilus_alatus__3           
                                   |  |                                         |  |                                       
                                   |  |                                         +--+  +----- Potamilus_alatus__2           
                                   +--+                                            |  |                                    
                                      |                                            +--+----- Potamilus_purpuratus__2       
                                      |                                               |                                    
                                      |                                               |  +-- Potamilus_alatus__1           
                                      |                                               +--+                                 
                                      |                                                  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__1       
                                      |                                                                                    
                                      |                                                  +-- Villosa_villosa               
                                      |  +-----------------------------------------------+                                 
                                      |  |                                               +-- Atlanticoncha                 
                                      |  |                                                                                 
                                      |  |                                               +-- Cambarunio_nebulosus          
                                      |  |  +--------------------------------------------+                                 
                                      +--+  |                                            +-- Ligumia                       
                                         |  |                                                                              
                                         |  |                                      +-------- Leaunio_umbrans               
                                         |  |  +-----------------------------------+                                       
                                         |  |  |                                   |  +----- Cambarunio_taeniatus          
                                         +--+  |                                   +--+                                    
                                            |  |                                      |  +-- Cambarunio_iris               
                                            |  |                                      +--+                                 
                                            |  |                                         +-- Cambarunio_simus              
                                            |  |                                                                           
                                            |  |  +----------------------------------------- Hamiota                       
                                            |  |  |                                                                        
                                            +--+  |                 +----------------------- Pachynaias                    
                                               |  |                 |                                                      
                                               |  |  +--------------+  +-------------------- Sagittunio                    
                                               |  |  |              |  |                                                   
                                               |  |  |              |  |              +----- Ellipsaria                    
                                               |  |  |              +--+  +-----------+                                    
                                               |  |  |                 |  |           |  +-- Potamilus_capax               
                                               |  |  |                 |  |           +--+                                 
                                               |  |  |                 |  |              +-- Truncilla                     
                                               +--+  |                 +--+                                                
                                                  |  |                    |           +----- Medionidus_acutissimus        
                                                  |  |                    |  +--------+                                    
                                                  |  |                    |  |        |  +-- Lemiox                        
                                                  |  |                    |  |        +--+                                 
                                                  |  |                    +--+           +-- Medionidus_penicillatus       
                                                  |  |                       |                                             
                                                  |  |                       |  +----------- Ptychobranchus                
                                                  |  |                       |  |                                          
                                                  |  |                       +--+        +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__2          
                                                  |  |                          |  +-----+                                 
                                                  +--+                          |  |     +-- Dromus                        
                                                     |                          +--+                                       
                                                     |                             |  +----- Cyprogenia_stegaria__2        
                                                     |                             +--+                                    
                                                     |                                |  +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__1          
                                                     |                                +--+                                 
                                                     |                                   +-- Cyprogenia_stegaria__1        
                                                     |                                                                     
                                                     |                                   +-- Villosa_delumbis              
                                                     |  +--------------------------------+                                 
                                                     |  |                                +-- Villosa_vibex                 
                                                     |  |                                                                  
                                                     |  |                    +-------------- Obovaria_olivaria             
                                                     |  |                    |                                             
                                                     |  |  +-----------------+           +-- Venustaconcha                 
                                                     |  |  |                 |  +--------+                                 
                                                     |  |  |                 |  |        +-- Epioblasma                    
                                                     |  |  |                 +--+                                          
                                                     |  |  |                    |  +-------- Obovaria_retusa               
                                                     +--+  |                    +--+                                       
                                                        |  |                       |  +----- Obovaria_choctawensis         
                                                        |  |                       +--+                                    
                                                        |  |                          |  +-- Obovaria_unicolor             
                                                        |  |                          +--+                                 
                                                        |  |                             +-- Obovaria_subrotunda           
                                                        |  |                                                               
                                                        |  |                             +-- Mesonaias                     
                                                        |  |     +-----------------------+                                 
                                                        |  |     |                       +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis        
                                                        |  |     |                                                         
                                                        +--+  +--+                       +-- Lampsilis_splendida           
                                                           |  |  |  +--------------------+                                 
                                                           |  |  |  |                    +-- Lampsilis_bracteata           
                                                           |  |  |  |                                                      
                                                           |  |  +--+                    +-- Lampsilis_fasciola            
                                                           |  |     |  +-----------------+                                 
                                                           |  |     |  |                 +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa         
                                                           |  |     +--+                                                   
                                                           |  |        |  +----------------- Lampsilis_ornata              
                                                           |  |        |  |                                                
                                                           |  |        +--+  +-------------- Lampsilis_ovata__2            
                                                           |  |           |  |                                             
                                                           |  |           +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_dolabraeformis      
                                                           |  |              |  |                                          
                                                           |  |              |  |     +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2          
                                                           |  |              +--+  +--+                                    
                                                           |  |                 |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1          
                                                           +--+                 |  |  +--+                                 
                                                              |                 +--+     +-- Lampsilis_satura              
                                                              |                    |                                       
                                                              |                    |  +----- Lampsilis_cariosa__2          
                                                              |                    +--+                                    
                                                              |                       |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata__1            
                                                              |                       +--+                                 
                                                              |                          +-- Lampsilis_cariosa__1          
                                                              |                                                            
                                                              |                 +----------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__2    
                                                              |  +--------------+                                          
                                                              |  |              |  +-------- Lampsilis_abrupta             
                                                              |  |              +--+                                       
                                                              |  |                 |  +----- Lampsilis_higginsii__2        
                                                              |  |                 +--+                                    
                                                              |  |                    |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__1    
                                                              |  |                    +--+                                 
                                                              +--+                       +-- Lampsilis_higginsii__1        
                                                                 |                                                         
                                                                 |                    +----- Medionidus_conradicus         
                                                                 |  +-----------------+                                    
                                                                 |  |                 |  +-- Leaunio_lienosus              
                                                                 |  |                 +--+                                 
                                                                 |  |                    +-- Leaunio_vanuxemensis          
                                                                 |  |                                                      
                                                                 +--+                    +-- Lampsilis_floridensis         
                                                                    |  +-----------------+                                 
                                                                    |  |                 +-- Lampsilis_teres               
                                                                    |  |                                                   
                                                                    |  |                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__1      
                                                                    +--+                 |                                 
                                                                       |                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__2      
                                                                       |  +--------------+                                 
                                                                       |  |              +-- Lampsilis_powellii__1         
                                                                       |  |              |                                 
                                                                       +--+              +-- Lampsilis_powellii__2         
                                                                          |                                                
                                                                          |  +-------------- Lampsilis_sietmani            
                                                                          |  |                                             
                                                                          +--+           +-- Lampsilis_straminea__2        
                                                                             |  +--------+                                 
                                                                             |  |        +-- Lampsilis_virescens           
                                                                             +--+                                          
                                                                                |  +-------- Lampsilis_hydiana__2          
                                                                                +--+                                       
                                                                                   |  +----- Lampsilis_hydiana__1          
                                                                                   +--+                                    
                                                                                      |  +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni           
                                                                                      +--+                                 
                                                                                         +-- Lampsilis_straminea__1        

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
717160540401650
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **   

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
717156546411656
  +----------- Parreysiinae             
  |                                     
  |  +-------- Rectidentini **             
--+  |                                  
  |  |  +----- Pseudodontini **            
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **    
  +--+  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita__1 **
     |  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata **    
     |  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Leguminaia **               
     +--+  |                            
        |  +-- Microcondylaea **           
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Gonidea **                  
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Ptychorhynchus **           
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Parvasolenaia **            
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Lamprotula_leaii **         
           |                            
           +-- Lamprotula **               
           |                            
           +-- Lamprotula_caveata **       
           |                            
           +-- Potomida **                 
           |                            
           +-- Pronodularia **             
           |                            
           +-- Sinohyriopsis **            
           |                            
           +-- Chamberlainia **            
           |                            
           +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita__2 **
           |                            
           +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora **    

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4262], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
686867414141653
  +----------- Parreysiinae 
--+                         
  |  +-------- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Rectidentini ** 
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Lamprotulini ** 

Jeratthitikul et al., 2024 [Publ 4387], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5959576000674
           +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Rectidentini **   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Pseudodontini **  

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
551287351461073639
  +-------------- Parreysiinae      
  |                                 
  |  +----------- Chamberlainia **     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Megalonaias       
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Uniomerus         
  |  |                              
--+  +----------- Quadrulina        
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis **     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Lamprotulini **      
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Gonideini **         
  |  |                              
  +--+----------- Pseudodontini **     
     |                              
     +----------- Rectidentini **      
     |                              
     +----------- Unioninae         
     |                              
     |  +-------- Amblema           
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Toxolasma         
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini      
     |  |                           
     |  |     +-- Obliquaria        
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     +-- Plectomerus       
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Ellipsaria        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Medionidus        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_alatus  
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Ptychobranchus    
        +--+                        
           +----- Truncilla         
           |                        
           +----- Venustaconcha     
           |                        
           +----- Cambarunio        
           |                        
           +----- Leaunio           
           |                        
           |  +-- Ortmanniana       
           +--+                     
              +-- Lampsilis         

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55807251461073648
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Gonideini **      
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pseudodontini **  

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5412612551451063645
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Ambleminae     
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **      

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
508741575753669
  +----------------- Parreysiinae          
  |                                        
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **         
  |  |                                     
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **          
     |  |                                  
     |  |  +-------- Unioninae             
     +--+  |                               
        |  |  +----- Ambleminae            
        |  |  |                            
        +--+  |  +-- Chamberlainia **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **    
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii **      
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Potomida **              
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pronodularia **          
              |  |                         
              +--+-- Gonidea **               
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi **  
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia **            
                 |                         
                 +-- Microcondylaea **        
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4423], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5050484000679
     +-- Lamprotulini ** 
  +--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini **    
--+                   
  |  +-- Schepmaniini ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Pseudodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
48137123591663660
                 +-------- Chamberlainia **   
                 |                         
  +--------------+  +----- Cumberlandia    
  |              |  |                      
  |              +--+  +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |                 |  |                   
  |                 +--+-- Pseudunio       
  |                    |                   
  |                    +-- Margaritifera   
  |                                        
  |                    +-- Hyriinae        
--+              +-----+                   
  |              |     +-- Velesunioninae  
  +--------------+                         
  |              |  +----- Aspathariinae   
  |              +--+                      
  |                 |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
  |                 +--+                   
  |                    +-- Etheria         
  |                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lamprotulini **    

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
488585591663657
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini **      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini **   

Konopleva et al., 2025 [Publ 4446], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4444421000680
1

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4663], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4343426531675
  +----------------- Unioninae      
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **  

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4343395200666
  +----------------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                                       
--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                                    
  |  |  +----------------- Inversidens **    
  +--+  |                                 
     |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  +--------------+                  
     +--+              +-- Lamprotulini **   
        |                                 
        |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
        |  |                              
        |  |        +----- Gonidea **        
        +--+  +-----+                     
           |  |     |  +-- Leguminaia **     
           |  |     +--+                  
           |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
           +--+                           
              |        +-- Koreosolenaia **  
              |  +-----+                  
              |  |     +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Postolata **      
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Obovalis **       

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4343415200668
  +----------------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                                       
--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                                    
  |  |              +----- Inversidens **    
  +--+  +-----------+                     
     |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |           +--+                  
     |  |              +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                                 
        |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
        |  |                              
        |  |        +----- Gonidea **        
        +--+  +-----+                     
           |  |     |  +-- Leguminaia **     
           |  |     +--+                  
           |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
           +--+                           
              |        +-- Koreosolenaia **  
              |  +-----+                  
              |  |     +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Postolata **      
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Obovalis **       

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4242416531674
  +----------------- Unioninae      
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **  

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4141396531672
  +----------------- Unioninae      
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **  

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4040381000673
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3838361000672
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3838361000676
1

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
374939214121661
  +----- Pseudodontini **
--+                   
  |  +-- Parreysiinae 
  +--+                
     +-- Rectidentini ** 

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3535335000670
  +----------- Rectidentini **   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434326200673
           +-- Schepmaniini **   
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Pseudodontini **  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Gonideini **      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434326200675
  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                           
--+  +-------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Schepmaniini **   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434326200691
  +----------------------------- Schepmaniini **   
  |                                             
--+  +-------------------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |  |                                          
  +--+  +----------------------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                                       
     +--+  +-------------------- Inversidens **    
        |  |                                    
        |  |              +----- Lamprotula **     
        +--+  +-----------+                     
           |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
           |  |           +--+                  
           +--+              +-- Potomida **       
              |                                 
              |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
              |  |                              
              +--+           +-- Gonidea **        
                 |  +--------+                  
                 |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                 +--+                           
                    |  +-------- Koreosolenaia **  
                    +--+                        
                       |  +----- Parvasolenaia **  
                       +--+                     
                          |  +-- Postolata **      
                          +--+                  
                             +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434325000669
  +----------- Rectidentini **   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434226200686
  +----------------------------- Schepmania_nieuwenhuisi__1 **
  |                                                        
  +----------------------------- Schepmania_nieuwenhuisi__2 **
--+                                                        
  |  +-------------------------- Pseudodontini **             
  |  |                                                     
  +--+  +----------------------- Rectidentini **              
     |  |                                                  
     +--+  +-------------------- Inversidens **               
        |  |                                               
        |  |              +----- Lamprotula **                
        +--+  +-----------+                                
           |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **           
           |  |           +--+                             
           +--+              +-- Potomida **                  
              |                                            
              |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **              
              |  |                                         
              +--+  +----------- Gonidea **                   
                 |  |                                      
                 +--+----------- Microcondylaea **            
                    |                                      
                    |  +-------- Koreosolenaia **             
                    +--+                                   
                       |  +----- Parvasolenaia **             
                       +--+                                
                          |  +-- Postolata **                 
                          +--+                             
                             +-- Ptychorhynchus **            

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 4041], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434212000671
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Rectidentini ** 

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
345826448483682
  +-------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                             
--+  +----------- Pseudodontini ** 
  |  |                          
  |  |  +-------- Rectidentini **  
  +--+  |                       
     |  |  +----- Unioninae     
     |  |  |                    
     +--+  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Potomida **      
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
        +--+  |                 
           |  +-- Gonidea **       
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Leguminaia **    
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Microcondylaea **
           |  |                 
           +--+-- Amblemini     
              |                 
              +-- Ortmanniana   
              |                 
              +-- Lampsilis     
              |                 
              +-- Cambarunio    
              |                 
              +-- Elliptio      
              |                 
              +-- Pleurobema    
              |                 
              +-- Quadrulini    

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434326200673
  +-------------------------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                                       
  |  |                    +-- Schepmaniini **   
  +--+  +-----------------+                  
     |  |                 +-- Pseudodontini **  
     |  |                                    
     +--+                 +-- Inversidens **    
        |  +--------------+                  
        |  |              +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                                 
           |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Gonidea **        
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Parvasolenaia **  
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Koreosolenaia **  
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Postolata **      
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434326200677
  +-------------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                              
  |  +----------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **  

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34413971193672
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
  |        +-------- Parreysiinae   
--+  +-----+                        
  |  |     |  +----- Unioninae      
  |  |     +--+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+        +--+                  
     |           +-- Discomya **       
     |                              
     |  +----------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Schepmaniini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Caudiculatus **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Potomida **       
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
333730589783672
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
316664545352668
  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                              
--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Gonideini **      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ambleminae     
           +--+                  
              +-- Unioninae      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
316663545352667
  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                              
--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Gonideini **      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ambleminae     
           +--+                  
              +-- Unioninae      

Zieritz et al., 2020 [Publ 4102], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3131275000668
  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                  
           +-- Rectidentini **   

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
293533562453668
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
293533562453666
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **      

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2929272000676
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Rectidentini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
283732553423663
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Sinosolenaia **   
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea **        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia **     

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
282827567651676
  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2727256421676
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **  

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2626265114873680
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Konopleva et al., 2021 [Publ 4213], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2626213000677
  +-- Lamprotula **   
  |                
  +-- Leguminaia **   
  |                
--+-- Potomida **     
  |                
  +-- Gonidea **      
  |                
  +-- Pseudodontini **

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2525235200678
  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                           
  |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
234942426241657
     +----- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--+                   
  |     +-- Rectidentini **    
  |                         
--+     +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Margaritiferinae
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Sinosolenaia **    
  |     |                   
  +-----+-- Leguminaia **      
        |                   
        +-- Gonidea **         
        |                   
        +-- Lamprotula **      
        |                   
        +-- Potomida **        

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
222220531293677
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
212119570643680
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4212], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2121191000678
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
212119570643680
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
202018567582681
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
202018575643679
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
202018575643681
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1919174552674
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +-------------------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------------- Pseudodontini **  
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Sinosolenaia **   
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Inversidens **    
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea **        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia **     

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
191917534322678
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
181816567582679
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1818165211679
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1818165211679
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
171715540333678
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
  |           +-- Unioninae      
--+-----------+                  
  |           +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **   

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
171715540333682
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Unioninae      
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Parreysiinae   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Gonideini **      
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **  

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
171715531282680
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4476], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1515131000680
1

Kongim et al., 2023 [Publ 4290], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1515134000676
  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                        
  |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Pseudodontini **  

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1515121000679
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151513532262682
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412426163679
  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Unioninae    
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Ambleminae   
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Gonideini **    
              +--+                
                 +-- Lamprotulini ** 

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412459482681
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412459482681
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412459502681
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412522212683
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412522212681
  +----------------- Unioninae      
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311455442680
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311431282682
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul & Sutcharit, 2023 [Publ 4289], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313111000686
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311431282682
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311343423680
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **   

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210442392679
  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212101000677
1

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121213335331681
  +-------------------- Unioninae                 
  |                                               
--+  +----------------- Chamberlainiini **           
  |  |                                            
  |  |           +----- Parvasolenaia_rivularis **   
  +--+  +--------+                                
     |  |        |  +-- Parvasolenaia_triangularis **
     |  |        +--+                             
     |  |           +-- Ptychorhynchus **            
     +--+                                         
        |           +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata **     
        |  +--------+                             
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini **              
        +--+                                      
           |  +-------- Sinosolenaia_recognita **    
           |  |                                   
           +--+  +----- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__2 **  
              |  |                                
              +--+  +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__1 **  
                 |  |                             
                 +--+-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **     
                    |                             
                    +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__3 **  

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212101000677
1

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
124443334321680
     +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **      
--+                     
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unioninae      

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212102000683
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Gonideini **   

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210427253685
              +-- Parreysiinae   
  +-----------+                  
  |           +-- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210511102677
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11119442402684
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
113432423222699
                       +----- Prolasmidonta           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini **           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia **           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Oxynaiina               
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotulina         
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii **        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini **               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Gibbosulinae            
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii      

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 27

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111171000682
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11119426243682
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
--+           +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111181000677
1

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111110520183680.5
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Ambleminae     
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Gonideini **      
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Rectidentini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Lamprotulini **   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10108346362681
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10108431312683
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10108221111683
  +----- Parreysiinae 
--+                   
  |  +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Pseudodontini **

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
997329262682
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9971000680
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
94236344422671
  +-------- Quadrulini     
  |                        
  +-------- Pleurobemini   
  |                        
  |     +-- Amblemini      
--+-----+                  
  |     +-- Lampsilini     
  |                        
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae      

Muanta et al., 2019 [Publ 3921], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9981000679
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 25

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9971000680
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886411102681
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **  

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886323232681
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3911], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
89142111681
  +----- Rectidentini ** 
--+                   
  |  +-- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                
     +-- Parreysiinae 

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8862000681
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Gonideini **   

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886340322683
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
898361383682
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Ambleminae     
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886338322683
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
887361383681
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Inversidens **    
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Obovalis **       

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886326221684
  +-------- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Gonideini **      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                  
        +-- Chamberlainiini **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
887322212678
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8881000685
1

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886334242679
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886411102681
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **  

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 18

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8871000684
1

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
887361383681
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Inversidens **    
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Obovalis **       
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886325211681
  +----------- Unioninae      
  |                           
  |        +-- Obovalis **       
--+  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Inversidens **    
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886323232681
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775325222680
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7751000680
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7731000681.5
1

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3727], fig. 3_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7732000682
  +----- Potomida **      
  |                    
--+  +-- Pronodularia **  
  |  |                 
  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
  +--+                 
     +-- Leguminaia **    
     |                 
     +-- Microcondylaea **

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7753992682
  +-------------- Anodontini     
  |                              
--+           +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Unionini       
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775333302684
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775316132684
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
712103552679
        +-- Gonideini **      
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Ambleminae     
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae      

Goncalves et al., 2022 [Publ 4253], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7762000680
  +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 8A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7751000684
1

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775324222680
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664314132679
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                  
        +-- Gonideini **      

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
660230262683
  +----- Unioninae     
  |                    
  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
--+  |                 
  |  +-- Potomida **      
  |  |                 
  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
  +--+                 
     +-- Gonidea **       
     |                 
     +-- Leguminaia **    
     |                 
     +-- Microcondylaea **

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664325252683
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6652200681
  +----- Chamberlainia **
--+                   
  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **
  +--+                
     +-- Lamprotulini ** 

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61513430183680
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
--+           +-- Pseudodontini **
  |  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unioninae    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideini **    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Ambleminae   

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61515325252677
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Ambleminae     

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664315152679
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664219191679
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **   

Zieritz et al., 2016 [Publ 3804], fig. S2-1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6631000684
1

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61512430183679
  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Pseudodontini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unioninae    
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Gonideini **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Ambleminae   

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664316162679
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553315132682
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532962680
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553320142680
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5541000683
1

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5533882682
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553320142680
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Bolotov et al., 2019 [Publ 3974], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553113131682
  +-- Rectidentini **
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5533882680
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
564216131685
  +----------------- Anodontini             
  |                                         
  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini **        
  |  +--+                                   
--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii **       
  |  |  +--+                                
  |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata **     
  |  |     +--+                             
  |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae           
  +--+        +--+                          
     |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae **
     |                                      
     |        +----- Aculamprotulina        
     |     +--+                             
     |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia           
     |     |  +--+                          
     +-----+     +-- Nodularia              
           |                                
           |  +----- Schistodesmus          
           +--+                             
              |  +-- Lanceolariini          
              +--+                          
                 +-- Acuticostini           

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532983682
  +----------- Parreysiinae
--+                        
  |  +-------- Ambleminae  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Unioninae   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Gonideini **   
        +--+               
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
440157571683
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41816330282690
  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Sinosolenaia **   
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
           +--+                  
              +-- Ambleminae     

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
440154541683
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44223073681
        +-- Ambleminae  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442317131685
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Obovalis **       
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Inversidens **    
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
440154541683
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442312112681
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42320342203685
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42519343213678
  +-------- Pseudodontini **
  |                      
--+  +----- Parreysiinae 
  |  |                   
  |  +----- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                   
     +----- Unioninae    
     |                   
     |  +-- Gonideini **    
     +--+                
        +-- Ambleminae   

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442218132683
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422991685
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **   

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442218132683
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421551683
  +-- Gonideini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4121031482681
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
440157571683
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44223073681
        +-- Ambleminae  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422200681
  +-- Gonideini **   
--+               
  +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442237172683
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41816343213683
  +----------- Unioninae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Ambleminae   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
440154541683
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442237172683
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442213112683
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42317342203680
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4100101398962698
  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                        
--+-------- Unioninae      
  |                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4423881685
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Obovalis **       
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Inversidens **    
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 7a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4411000683
1

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
410090398962676
        +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442113112683
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae 

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4431200680
1

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4187330282685
  +----- Unioninae      
  |                     
  |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
--+  |                  
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |                  
  +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
     |                  
     +-- Sinosolenaia **   
     |                  
     +-- Ambleminae     

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3121021292685
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea **      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unioninae    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
341215142683
  +----------- Cristariina    
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  |  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodonta       
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Unionini       
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Alasmidontina  
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Pseudanodonta  
     |                        
     |  +----- Ambleminae     
     |  |                     
     +--+  +-- Velesunioninae 
        |  |                  
        +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331317133684
  +----------- Ambleminae     
  |                           
--+        +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 6A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311000682
1

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312552682
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312762682
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331120181682
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312552682
  +-------------- Cristariina    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Alasmidontina  
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Lampsilis      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Venustaconcha  
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Quadrulini     
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Chamberlainiini **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331115152682
  +-------------- Sinanodonta    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Cristaria      
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Lamprotulini **   
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Acuticostini   
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina      

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3121021292687
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea **      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unioninae    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312662682
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312761684
  +----------- Anodontini   
  |                         
--+        +-- Lanceolariini
  |  +-----+                
  |  |     +-- Unionini     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Obovalis **     
        +--+                
           +-- Lamprotulini ** 

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
310831292688
  +-------------- Unioninae       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini **    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini **       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferinae

Shirai et al., 2010 [Publ 3353], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312000682
  +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29011483688
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula **             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida **               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotulina        
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus  

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201111--
  +-- Unioninae      
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202222--
  +----- Ambleminae     
  |                     
--+----- Unioninae      
  |                     
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2140236312677
  +-------------- Quadrulina     
  |                              
  |        +----- Lamprotulini **   
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Unioninae      
     |                           
     |  +-------- Megalonaias    
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pleurobemini   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Amblemini      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lampsilini     

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202542--
  +-------- Quadrulini  
  |                     
--+     +-- Lamprotulini **
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+               
        +-- Unioninae   

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220142403--
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220221211--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Peng et al., 2012 [Publ 3689], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201111--
  +-- Unioninae      
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202222--
  +----- Unioninae      
  |                     
--+----- Ambleminae     
  |                     
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                  
     +-- Lamprotulini **   

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139373--
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22023482--
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Gonideini **    
  +--+                
     +-- Pseudodontini **

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202552--
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2150223233694
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae     
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini **  
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini    
        |  |                                      
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini **     
           |  |                                   
           |  |              +----- Eurynia       
           +--+  +-----------+                    
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio    
              |  |           +--+                 
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus
              +--+                                
                 |              +-- Amblemini     
                 |  +-----------+                 
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema    
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Truncilla     
                    |  |                          
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis     
                       |  +-----+                 
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma    
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Ligumia       
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Obliquaria    
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Ortmanniana   

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4825], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220117171--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139373--
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220214112--
  +----------- Unioninae   
  |                        
--+        +-- Lampsilini  
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **   

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220222221--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202871--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021282--
     +-- Gonideini **    
  +--+                
  |  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                   
  |  +-- Unioninae    
  +--+                
     +-- Ambleminae   

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139373--
     +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220142403--
  +----------------------- Lamprotulini ** 
  |                                     
--+  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  +--+  |                               
     |  |              +-- Anemina      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Amuranodonta 
     +--+                               
        |           +----- Pletholophus 
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta  
        |  |        +--+                
        |  |           +-- Beringiana   
        +--+                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria    
           |  |                         
           |  |        +-- Alasmidontina
           +--+--------+                
              |        +-- Anodontina   
              |                         
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Acuticostini 
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini     

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021072--
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideini **   

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202642--
  +----- Unioninae   
  |                  
--+----- Ambleminae  
  |                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220113131--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220217152--
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139373--
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220112102--
           +-- Anodontina 
  +--------+              
  |        +-- Utterbackia
  |                       
--+        +-- Gonideini **  
  |  +-----+              
  |  |     +-- Ambleminae 
  +--+                    
     |  +----- Unionini   
     +--+                 
        |  +-- Pyganodon  
        +--+              
           +-- Cristariina

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202542--
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Lampsilini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Unioninae   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **   

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021072--
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Lampsilini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Quadrulini  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220215121--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **   

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2502431684.5
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011373--
1

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201442--
  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  |                     
--+  +-- Cristariina    
  |  |                  
  |  +-- Lampsilini     
  +--+                  
     +-- Alasmidontina  
     |                  
     +-- Quadrulini     

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202882--
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideini **   

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2902771682
  +----- Gonideini **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29011373683
  +-- Aculamprotulina
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula **     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida **       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini   

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220222221--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012743--
  +-------- Lamprotulini **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae  
     +--+               
        +-- Parreysiinae

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220212121--
  +----- Unioninae      
--+                     
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220213132--
  +-------- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202442--
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202642--
  +----- Unioninae   
  |                  
--+----- Ambleminae  
  |                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220210101--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **   

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110126261--
  +-- Gonideini ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011082--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110114122--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130302--
  +----- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110115132--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4833], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110126241--
  +-------------------------------- Lamellidens                 
  |                                                             
--+  +----------------------------- Trapezidens                 
  |  |                                                          
  +--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiini                 
     |  |                                                       
     +--+  +----------------------- Leoparreysiini              
        |  |                                                    
        +--+  +-------------------- Coelaturini                 
           |  |                                                 
           +--+                 +-- Indochinella                
              |  +--------------+                               
              |  |              +-- Indonaia                    
              +--+                                              
                 |  +-------------- Radiatula                   
                 |  |                                           
                 +--+  +----------- Pseudodontini **               
                    |  |                                        
                    +--+  +-------- Harmandia                   
                       |  |                                     
                       +--+     +-- Unionetta_xishuangbannaensis
                          |  +--+                               
                          |  |  +-- Unionetta_fabagina__2       
                          +--+                                  
                             |  +-- Unionetta_fabagina__1       
                             +--+                               
                                +-- Scabies                     

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 1_2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011200--
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110117171--
           +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Lepidodesmini  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Aculamprotulina
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Acuticostini   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina      

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110110102--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Välilä et al., 2017 [Publ 3793], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101200--
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae 

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110119182--
  +-------- Amblemini   
  |                     
  +-------- Pleurobemini
--+                     
  +-------- Lampsilini  
  |                     
  |  +----- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Unioninae   

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011041032--
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101881--
  +-- Gonideini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101521--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012511--
  +-- Ambleminae  
--+               
  +-- Lamprotulini **

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101321--
-- Lamprotula_leaii **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110120201--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae  

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110118152--
  +-------- Gonideini **          
  |                            
  |     +-- Elliptio           
  |     |                      
  |     +-- Fusconaia          
  |     |                      
--+  +--+-- Amblemini          
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Pleurobema         
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Unionini           
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  +--+  |                      
     |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Utterbackia        
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
     +--+                      
        +-- Megalonaias        
        |                      
        +-- Obliquaria         
        |                      
        +-- Theliderma         
        |                      
        +-- Quadrula           
        |                      
        +-- Uniomerus          

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +----------------------------- Gonideini **   
  |                                          
--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia   
     |  |                                    
     |  +----------------------- Amblemini   
     +--+                                    
        |  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema  
           |  |                              
           +--+  +-------------- Eurynia     
              |  |                           
              |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias  
              +--+-----------+               
                 |           +-- Unioninae   
                 |                           
                 |  +----------- Ortmanniana 
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-------- Glebula     
                    +--+                     
                       |  +----- Potamilus   
                       +--+                  
                          |  +-- Ligumia     
                          +--+               
                             +-- Toxolasma   

Xia et al., 2016 [Publ 3712], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101221--
  +----- Sinanodonta    
--+                     
  |  +-- Cristaria      
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110162621--
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110121172--
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideini **          
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina           

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011092--
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110116152--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130301--
  +-- Gonideini ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101921--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012722--
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101972--
  +----- Gonideini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae 

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130302--
  +----- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101441--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113112--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101300--
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101982--
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101431--
  +-- Gonideini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110116162--
  +-- Gonideini ** 
  |             
--+-- Unioninae 
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101200--
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +----- Gonideini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
-- Gonidea_angulata **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011092--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Ambleminae  

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110114141--
        +-- Lanceolariini
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionini     
--+                      
  |  +----- Acuticostini 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideini **    

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110133173--
-- Gonidea_angulata **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110121172--
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideini **          
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini           

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011082--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Ambleminae  

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101111--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae  

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110120201--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae  

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012722--
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   
 
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