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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

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Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae

subfamily GONIDEINAE Ortmann, 1916: cladomics
     7 genera, 8 tribes

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 174 (205 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: tribe) = 15
analyzed in 265 cladograms in 160 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 72 (mean = 11.33, median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 9 (mean = 2.83, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 218
maximum number of included terminals = 72, (mean = 13.56 median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 9 (mean = 3.22, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.79

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 150
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (tribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 72 (mean = 12.53, median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 9 (mean = 3.55, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.71


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree


Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
354240911930
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
  |        +-------- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----+                        
--+  |     |  +----- Unioninae      
  |  |     +--+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |        +--+                  
  |  |           +-- Discomya **       
  +--+                              
     |        +----- Ctenodesmini **   
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     |  +-- Rectidentini **   
     |  |     +--+                  
     |  |        +-- Contradentini **  
     +--+                           
        |        +-- Schepmaniini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Caudiculatus **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Potomida **       
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5681736145106398
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Rectidentini **   
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Contradentini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Gonideini **      
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pseudodontini **  

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
72726164040187
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                              
--+           +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Contradentini **  
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **   

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
72725764641185
  +----------- Parreysiinae             
  |                                     
  |        +-- Rectidentini **             
  |  +-----+                            
--+  |     +-- Contradentini **            
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----- Pseudodontini **            
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **    
  +--+  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita__1 **
     |  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata **    
     |  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Leguminaia **               
     +--+  |                            
        |  +-- Microcondylaea **           
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Gonidea **                  
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Ptychorhynchus **           
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Parvasolenaia **            
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Lamprotula_leaii **         
           |                            
           +-- Lamprotula **               
           |                            
           +-- Lamprotula_caveata **       
           |                            
           +-- Potomida **                 
           |                            
           +-- Pronodularia **             
           |                            
           +-- Sinohyriopsis **            
           |                            
           +-- Chamberlainia **            
           |                            
           +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita__2 **
           |                            
           +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora **    

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4262], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
68686851414180
  +----------- Parreysiinae 
  |                         
--+  +-------- Pseudodontini **
  |  |                      
  +--+     +-- Gonideini **    
     |  +--+                
     |  |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Rectidentini ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Contradentini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2024 [Publ 4387], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
585859800070
     +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                        
  |  |  +----- Ctenodesmini **   
  |  +--+                     
  |     |  +-- Rectidentini **   
--+     +--+                  
  |        +-- Contradentini **  
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Pseudodontini **  

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
561287361451063142
  +-------------- Parreysiinae      
  |                                 
  |  +----------- Chamberlainia **     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Megalonaias       
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Uniomerus         
  |  |                              
--+  +----------- Quadrulina        
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis **     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Lamprotulini **      
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Gonideini **         
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **     
  +--+                              
     +----------- Unioninae         
     |                              
     |        +-- Rectidentini **      
     +--------+                     
     |        +-- Contradentini **     
     |                              
     |  +-------- Amblema           
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Toxolasma         
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini      
     |  |                           
     |  |     +-- Obliquaria        
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     +-- Plectomerus       
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Ellipsaria        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Medionidus        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_alatus  
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Ptychobranchus    
        +--+                        
           +----- Truncilla         
           |                        
           +----- Venustaconcha     
           |                        
           +----- Cambarunio        
           |                        
           +----- Leaunio           
           |                        
           |  +-- Ortmanniana       
           +--+                     
              +-- Lampsilis         

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5512612661441053140
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Rectidentini **   
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Contradentini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Ambleminae     
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **      

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
518742674743103
  +----------------- Parreysiinae          
  |                                        
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **         
  |  |                                     
  |  |           +-- Rectidentini **          
  +--+  +--------+                         
     |  |        +-- Contradentini **         
     |  |                                  
     +--+  +-------- Unioninae             
        |  |                               
        |  |  +----- Ambleminae            
        |  |  |                            
        +--+  |  +-- Chamberlainia **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **    
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii **      
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Potomida **              
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pronodularia **          
              |  |                         
              +--+-- Gonidea **               
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi **  
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia **            
                 |                         
                 +-- Microcondylaea **        
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4423], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
505049400074
     +-- Lamprotulini ** 
  +--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini **    
--+                   
  |  +-- Schepmaniini ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Pseudodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
498585690653101
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+                 +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  +--------------+                  
  |  |              +-- Contradentini **  
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini **      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini **   

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
49137123690653148
                 +-------- Chamberlainia **   
                 |                         
  +--------------+  +----- Cumberlandia    
  |              |  |                      
  |              +--+  +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |                 |  |                   
  |                 +--+-- Pseudunio       
  |                    |                   
  |                    +-- Margaritifera   
  |                                        
  |                    +-- Hyriinae        
  |              +-----+                   
--+              |     +-- Velesunioninae  
  +--------------+                         
  |              |  +----- Aspathariinae   
  |              +--+                      
  |                 |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
  |                 +--+                   
  |                    +-- Etheria         
  |                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
  |  |                                     
  +--+  +----------------- Unioninae       
     |  |                                  
     +--+              +-- Contradentini **   
        |  +-----------+                   
        |  |           +-- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lamprotulini **    

Konopleva et al., 2025 [Publ 4446], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
444443100073
1

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
434341853159
  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |                                 
  |           +----- Ctenodesmini **   
--+  +--------+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  |        +--+                  
  +--+           +-- Contradentini **  
     |                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **  

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
434339620068
  +----------------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                                       
  |                    +-- Rectidentini **   
--+  +-----------------+                  
  |  |                 +-- Contradentini **  
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------------- Inversidens **    
     |  |                                 
     |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  +--------------+                  
     +--+              +-- Lamprotulini **   
        |                                 
        |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
        |  |                              
        |  |        +----- Gonidea **        
        +--+  +-----+                     
           |  |     |  +-- Leguminaia **     
           |  |     +--+                  
           |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
           +--+                           
              |        +-- Koreosolenaia **  
              |  +-----+                  
              |  |     +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Postolata **      
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Obovalis **       

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
434341620069
  +----------------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                                       
  |                    +-- Rectidentini **   
--+  +-----------------+                  
  |  |                 +-- Contradentini **  
  |  |                                    
  |  |              +----- Inversidens **    
  +--+  +-----------+                     
     |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |           +--+                  
     |  |              +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                                 
        |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
        |  |                              
        |  |        +----- Gonidea **        
        +--+  +-----+                     
           |  |     |  +-- Leguminaia **     
           |  |     +--+                  
           |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
           +--+                           
              |        +-- Koreosolenaia **  
              |  +-----+                  
              |  |     +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Postolata **      
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Obovalis **       

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
424240853156
  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |                                 
  |           +----- Ctenodesmini **   
--+  +--------+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  |        +--+                  
  +--+           +-- Contradentini **  
     |                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **  

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
414139100067
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
393938100066
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
393937100067
1

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38503931412170
  +-------- Pseudodontini **
--+                      
  |  +----- Parreysiinae 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Rectidentini ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Contradentini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
363634600058
           +-- Contradentini **  
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Rectidentini **   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
363634820030
  +-------------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                              
  |        +----- Ctenodesmini **   
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Contradentini **  
     |                           
     |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **  

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
363633600058
           +-- Contradentini **  
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Rectidentini **   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353533820027
  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                           
  |     +----- Ctenodesmini **   
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  |  +--+                  
  |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
  +--+                        
     |     +-- Schepmaniini **   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353533820027
  +-------------------------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                                          
  |                    +----- Ctenodesmini **   
--+  +-----------------+                     
  |  |                 |  +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                 +--+                  
  |  |                    +-- Contradentini **  
  +--+                                       
     |                    +-- Schepmaniini **   
     |  +-----------------+                  
     |  |                 +-- Pseudodontini **  
     |  |                                    
     +--+                 +-- Inversidens **    
        |  +--------------+                  
        |  |              +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                                 
           |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Gonidea **        
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Parvasolenaia **  
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Koreosolenaia **  
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Postolata **      
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353533820053
  +----------------------------- Schepmaniini **       
  |                                                 
  |  +-------------------------- Pseudodontini **      
--+  |                                              
  |  |              +----------- Hyriopsis_bialata **  
  |  |              |                               
  |  |  +-----------+        +-- Rectidens **          
  +--+  |           |  +-----+                      
     |  |           |  |     +-- Ctenodesmini **       
     |  |           +--+                            
     |  |              |  +----- Ensidens **           
     |  |              +--+                         
     +--+                 |  +-- Hyriopsis_desowitzi **
        |                 +--+                      
        |                    +-- Contradentini **      
        |                                           
        |  +-------------------- Inversidens **        
        |  |                                        
        |  |              +----- Lamprotula **         
        +--+  +-----------+                         
           |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **    
           |  |           +--+                      
           +--+              +-- Potomida **           
              |                                     
              |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **       
              |  |                                  
              +--+           +-- Gonidea **            
                 |  +--------+                      
                 |  |        +-- Microcondylaea **     
                 +--+                               
                    |  +-------- Koreosolenaia **      
                    +--+                            
                       |  +----- Parvasolenaia **      
                       +--+                         
                          |  +-- Postolata **          
                          +--+                      
                             +-- Ptychorhynchus **     

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35592654848380
  +-------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                             
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini ** 
--+  |                          
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini **  
  |  |  +-----+                 
  +--+  |     +-- Contradentini ** 
     |  |                       
     |  |  +----- Unioninae     
     |  |  |                    
     +--+  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Potomida **      
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
        +--+  |                 
           |  +-- Gonidea **       
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Leguminaia **    
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Microcondylaea **
           |  |                 
           +--+-- Amblemini     
              |                 
              +-- Ortmanniana   
              |                 
              +-- Lampsilis     
              |                 
              +-- Cambarunio    
              |                 
              +-- Elliptio      
              |                 
              +-- Pleurobema    
              |                 
              +-- Quadrulini    

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353533820035
              +-- Schepmaniini **   
  +-----------+                  
  |           +-- Pseudodontini **  
--+                              
  |  +----------- Gonideini **      
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Ctenodesmini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Rectidentini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Contradentini **  

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353523820047
  +----------------------------- Schepmania_nieuwenhuisi__1 **
  |                                                        
  +----------------------------- Schepmania_nieuwenhuisi__2 **
  |                                                        
  |  +-------------------------- Pseudodontini **             
--+  |                                                     
  |  |                       +-- Ensidens **                  
  |  |                       |                             
  |  |                       +-- Hyriopsis_desowitzi **       
  |  |                       |                             
  +--+                       +-- Rectidens **                 
     |  +--------------------+                             
     |  |                    +-- Hyriopsis_bialata **         
     |  |                    |                             
     |  |                    +-- Ctenodesmini **              
     |  |                    |                             
     +--+                    +-- Contradentini **             
        |                                                  
        |  +-------------------- Inversidens **               
        |  |                                               
        |  |              +----- Lamprotula **                
        +--+  +-----------+                                
           |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **           
           |  |           +--+                             
           +--+              +-- Potomida **                  
              |                                            
              |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **              
              |  |                                         
              +--+  +----------- Gonidea **                   
                 |  |                                      
                 +--+----------- Microcondylaea **            
                    |                                      
                    |  +-------- Koreosolenaia **             
                    +--+                                   
                       |  +----- Parvasolenaia **             
                       +--+                                
                          |  +-- Postolata **                 
                          +--+                             
                             +-- Ptychorhynchus **            

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 4041], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
343421300056
  +----- Pseudodontini **
--+                   
  |  +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Contradentini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33373068978367
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+  |                              
  |  |           +-- Lens **           
  |  |           |                  
  |  |           +-- Ensidens **       
  +--+           |                  
     |  +--------+-- Physunio **       
     |  |        |                  
     |  |        +-- Rectidens **      
     |  |        |                  
     +--+        +-- Yaukthwa **       
        |                           
        |  +-------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31666364535287
  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                              
--+           +-- Contradentini **  
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Gonideini **      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ambleminae     
           +--+                  
              +-- Unioninae      

Zieritz et al., 2020 [Publ 4102], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
313127700055
  +----------------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Gonideini **      
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Contradentini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Ctenodesmini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Rectidentini **   

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31666464535286
  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                              
--+           +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Contradentini **  
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Gonideini **      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ambleminae     
           +--+                  
              +-- Unioninae      

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
292927300054
  +----- Lamprotulini ** 
--+                   
  |  +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Contradentini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29353366245360
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Rectidentini **   
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Contradentini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29353366245360
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Contradentini **  
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **      

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
282826842122
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Lamprotulini **   
     |  |                           
     |  |     +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+  +--+                     
        |  |  |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
        |  |  +--+                  
        +--+     +-- Pseudodontini **  
           |                        
           |  +----- Ctenodesmini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Rectidentini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Contradentini **  

Konopleva et al., 2021 [Publ 4213], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
272722300054
  +-- Lamprotula **   
  |                
  +-- Leguminaia **   
  |                
--+-- Potomida **     
  |                
  +-- Gonidea **      
  |                
  +-- Pseudodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27373265341368
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                          
  |  +----------------------- Unioninae      
--+  |                                       
  |  |              +-------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |  +-----------+                        
  +--+  |           |  +----- Lens **           
     |  |           +--+                     
     |  |              |  +-- Physunio **       
     |  |              +--+                  
     +--+                 +-- unionoid       
        |                                    
        |  +----------------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Sinosolenaia **   
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea **        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia **     

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624620052
  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                           
--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23232163129349
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23494242624173
     +----- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--+                   
  |     +-- Contradentini **   
  |                         
--+     +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Margaritiferinae
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Sinosolenaia **    
  |     |                   
  +-----+-- Leguminaia **      
        |                   
        +-- Gonidea **         
        |                   
        +-- Lamprotula **      
        |                   
        +-- Potomida **        

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21211967165347
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4212], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
212119200051
  +-- Contradentini **
--+                
  +-- Rectidentini ** 

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21211967165347
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20201867665346
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20201867665346
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19201866960252
  +----------------------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                             
  |              +-------------- Chamberlainiini **
  |              |                              
  |  +-----------+           +-- Contradentini **  
--+  |           |  +--------+                  
  |  |           |  |        +-- Rectidentini **   
  |  |           +--+                           
  |  |              |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
  |  |              +--+                        
  |  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                 +--+                     
     |                    |  +-- Inversiunio    
     |                    +--+                  
     |                       +-- Gonideini **      
     |                                          
     |  +----------------------- Lepidodesmini  
     |  |                                       
     |  |                 +----- Anodontini     
     +--+  +--------------+                     
        |  |              |  +-- Acuticostini   
        |  |              +--+                  
        +--+                 +-- Lanceolariini  
           |                                    
           |  +----------------- Globunio       
           |  |                                 
           +--+  +-------------- Aculamprotula  
              |  |                              
              +--+  +----------- Unio           
                 |  |                           
                 +--+        +-- Nodularia      
                    |  +-----+                  
                    |  |     +-- Pseudocuneopsis
                    +--+                        
                       |  +----- Schistodesmus  
                       +--+                     
                          |  +-- Tchangsinaia   
                          +--+                  
                             +-- Cuneopsis      

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19191763432245
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
191917455254
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae     
  |                                            
  |  +----------------------- Unioninae        
--+  |                                         
  |  |                 +----- Chamberlainia **    
  |  |  +--------------+                       
  +--+  |              |  +-- Sundadontina **     
     |  |              +--+                    
     |  |                 +-- Sinohyriopsis **    
     |  |                                      
     +--+              +----- Indopseudodontina **
        |  +-----------+                       
        |  |           |  +-- Pseudodon **        
        |  |           +--+                    
        |  |              +-- Pilsbryoconcha **   
        +--+                                   
           |              +-- Sinosolenaia **     
           |  +-----------+                    
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **     
           |  |                                
           +--+           +-- Ptychorhynchus **   
              |  +--------+                    
              |  |        +-- Parvasolenaia **    
              +--+                             
                 |  +-------- Inversidens **      
                 +--+                          
                    |  +----- Gonidea **          
                    +--+                       
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea **   
                       +--+                    
                          +-- Leguminaia **       

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
181816621144
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
--+  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Contradentini **  
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
181816621144
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
--+  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Contradentini **  
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18181666859245
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17171564033336
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +-----------+                  
--+           +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **   

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17171564033338
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Unioninae      
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Parreysiinae   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Gonideini **      
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **  

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17171563128243
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Contradentini **  
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4476], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
161614100051
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151512100047
1

Kongim et al., 2023 [Publ 4290], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151513400051
  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                        
  |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Pseudodontini **  

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14141246051248
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14141246049248
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14141246049248
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14141252616345.5
  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Unioninae    
  |  |                            
  +--+  +----------- Ambleminae   
     |  |                         
     +--+        +-- Rectidentini ** 
        |  +-----+                
        |  |     +-- Contradentini **
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Gonideini **    
              +--+                
                 +-- Lamprotulini ** 

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131143128247
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131134342350
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **   

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131143128247
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Jeratthitikul & Sutcharit, 2023 [Publ 4289], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311100048
1

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131145645247
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12434233331182
     +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **      
--+                     
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unioninae      

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12121042725346
              +-- Parreysiinae   
  +-----------+                  
  |           +-- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210100048
1

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12121044239246
  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210200051
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Gonideini **   

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12121061110236
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Contradentini **  
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12121333533154
  +-------------------- Unioninae                 
  |                                               
--+  +----------------- Chamberlainiini **           
  |  |                                            
  |  |           +----- Parvasolenaia_rivularis **   
  +--+  +--------+                                
     |  |        |  +-- Parvasolenaia_triangularis **
     |  |        +--+                             
     |  |           +-- Ptychorhynchus **            
     +--+                                         
        |           +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata **     
        |  +--------+                             
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini **              
        +--+                                      
           |  +-------- Sinosolenaia_recognita **    
           |  |                                   
           +--+  +----- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__2 **  
              |  |                                
              +--+  +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__1 **  
                 |  |                             
                 +--+-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **     
                    |                             
                    +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__3 **  

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1111944240245
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11118100049
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1111942624345
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
--+           +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11343242322269
                       +----- Prolasmidonta           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini **           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia **           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Schistodesmus           
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotula           
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii **        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini **               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Gibbosulinae            
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii      

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11111052018348.5
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Ambleminae     
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Gonideini **      
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Contradentini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Lamprotulini **   

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 27

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11117200045
  +-- Ctenodesmini **
--+               
  +-- Rectidentini **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010832111144.5
  +-------- Parreysiinae 
--+                      
  |  +----- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Rectidentini ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Contradentini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010834636248
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010843131247
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 25

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
997100045
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9423634442275
  +-------- Quadrulini     
  |                        
  +-------- Pleurobemini   
  |                        
  |     +-- Amblemini      
--+-----+                  
  |     +-- Lampsilini     
  |                        
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae      

Muanta et al., 2019 [Publ 3921], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
998100048
1

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
99732926247
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 18

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
887100044
1

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 8A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886100044
1

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88633832246
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88632323246
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88641110242
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **  

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88732221247
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886200048
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Gonideini **   

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88736037346
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Inversidens **    
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Obovalis **       

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88641110242
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **  

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88632622151
  +-------- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Gonideini **      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                  
        +-- Chamberlainiini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88736037346
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Inversidens **    
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Obovalis **       
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3911], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8914311146
     +-- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                
  |  +-- Parreysiinae 
--+                   
  |  +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Contradentini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88633424246
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88634133246
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
89836037347
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Ambleminae     
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88632521149
  +----------- Unioninae      
  |                           
  |        +-- Obovalis **       
--+  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Inversidens **    
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88632323246
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Goncalves et al., 2022 [Publ 4253], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
776200046
  +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77532422245
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775100045
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
773200042.5
  +-- Contradentini **
--+                
  +-- Rectidentini ** 

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77531613245
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77533330245
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77532522245
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3727], fig. 3_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
773200045
  +----- Potomida **      
  |                    
--+  +-- Pronodularia **  
  |  |                 
  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
  +--+                 
     +-- Leguminaia **    
     |                 
     +-- Microcondylaea **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
71210355249
        +-- Gonideini **      
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Ambleminae     
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae      

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775399246
  +-------------- Anodontini     
  |                              
--+           +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Unionini       
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66431515245
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66421919145
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **   

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66431413245
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                  
        +-- Gonideini **      

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66023026243
  +----- Unioninae     
  |                    
  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
--+  |                 
  |  +-- Potomida **      
  |  |                 
  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
  +--+                 
     +-- Gonidea **       
     |                 
     +-- Leguminaia **    
     |                 
     +-- Microcondylaea **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
665220045
  +----- Chamberlainia **
--+                   
  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **
  +--+                
     +-- Lamprotulini ** 

Zieritz et al., 2016 [Publ 3804], fig. S2-1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
663100042
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66431616245
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6151343018351
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
--+           +-- Pseudodontini **
  |  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Contradentini **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unioninae    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideini **    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Ambleminae   

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6151243018351
  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Contradentini **
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Pseudodontini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unioninae    
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Gonideini **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Ambleminae   

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553296244
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55332014244
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553144146
  +-- Unioninae
--+            
  +-- Gonideini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55332014244
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
554100043
1

Bolotov et al., 2019 [Publ 3974], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55311313143
  +-- Contradentini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553298341
  +----------- Parreysiinae
--+                        
  |  +-------- Ambleminae  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Unioninae   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Gonideini **   
        +--+               
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55331513243
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553388243
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
56421613146
  +----------------- Anodontini             
  |                                         
  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini **        
  |  +--+                                   
--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii **       
  |  |  +--+                                
  |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata **     
  |  |     +--+                             
  |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae           
  +--+        +--+                          
     |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae **
     |                                      
     |        +----- Aculamprotula          
     |     +--+                             
     |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia           
     |     |  +--+                          
     +-----+     +-- Nodularia              
           |                                
           |  +----- Schistodesmus          
           +--+                             
              |  +-- Lanceolariini          
              +--+                          
                 +-- Acuticostini           

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553388243
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44015757142
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44015454142
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4232034220359
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Contradentini **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4231734220359
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Contradentini **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442220044
  +-- Gonideini **   
--+               
  +-- Lamprotulini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4181634321352
  +----------- Unioninae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Contradentini **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Ambleminae   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudodontini **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4181633028259
  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Sinosolenaia **   
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
           +--+                  
              +-- Ambleminae     

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44231713145
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Obovalis **       
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Inversidens **    
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442388145
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Obovalis **       
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Inversidens **    
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
412103148248
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Contradentini **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422307343
        +-- Ambleminae  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44221311243
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44221813243
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44223717243
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44015454142
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
410090398962143
        +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422307343
        +-- Ambleminae  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44015757142
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442299144
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **   

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44015454142
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44231211243
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44221813243
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44223717243
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
443120044
1

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
418733028258
  +----- Unioninae      
  |                     
  |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
--+  |                  
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |                  
  +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
     |                  
     +-- Sinosolenaia **   
     |                  
     +-- Ambleminae     

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4251934321359
  +-------- Pseudodontini **
  |                      
--+  +----- Parreysiinae 
  |  |                   
  |  +----- Contradentini **
  +--+                   
     +----- Unioninae    
     |                   
     |  +-- Gonideini **    
     +--+                
        +-- Ambleminae   

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4100101398962143
  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                        
--+-------- Unioninae      
  |                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 6A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331100040
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31083129249
  +-------------- Unioninae       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini **    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini **       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferinae

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331255243
  +-------------- Cristariina    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Alasmidontina  
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Lampsilis      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Venustaconcha  
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Quadrulini     
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Chamberlainiini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111917143
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34121514244
  +----------- Cristariina    
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  |  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodonta       
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Unionini       
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Alasmidontina  
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Pseudanodonta  
     |                        
     |  +----- Ambleminae     
     |  |                     
     +--+  +-- Velesunioninae 
        |  |                  
        +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
312102129250.5
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea **      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unioninae    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111515244
  +----------------- Sinanodonta  
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Cristaria    
  |  |                            
  +--+           +-- Lamprotulini ** 
     |  +--------+                
     |  |        +-- Ambleminae   
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Aculamprotula
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Acuticostini 
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Nodularia    
              +--+                
                 +-- Cuneopsis    

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33131713341
  +----------- Ambleminae     
  |                           
--+        +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Contradentini **  
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **   

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
312102129250.5
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea **      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unioninae    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331276242
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331255242
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Shirai et al., 2010 [Publ 3353], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331200043
  +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331276143
  +----------- Anodontini   
  |                         
--+        +-- Lanceolariini
  |  +-----+                
  |  |     +-- Unionini     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Obovalis **     
        +--+                
           +-- Lamprotulini ** 

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331266242
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202542--
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Lampsilini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Unioninae   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **   

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202442--
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220217152--
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202871--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202882--
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideini **   

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
250243143
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220214112--
  +----------- Unioninae   
  |                        
--+        +-- Lampsilini  
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **   

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220143413--
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220212121--
  +----- Unioninae      
--+                     
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220215121--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **   

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021282--
     +-- Gonideini **    
  +--+                
  |  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                   
  |  +-- Unioninae    
  +--+                
     +-- Ambleminae   

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139373--
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202222--
  +----- Unioninae      
  |                     
--+----- Ambleminae     
  |                     
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                  
     +-- Lamprotulini **   

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
290277145
  +----- Gonideini **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22023482--
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Gonideini **    
  +--+                
     +-- Pseudodontini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202642--
  +----- Unioninae   
  |                  
--+----- Ambleminae  
  |                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202642--
  +----- Unioninae   
  |                  
--+----- Ambleminae  
  |                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021072--
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Lampsilini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Quadrulini  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **   

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021072--
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideini **   

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220213132--
  +-------- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201442--
  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  |                     
--+  +-- Cristariina    
  |  |                  
  |  +-- Lampsilini     
  +--+                  
     +-- Alasmidontina  
     |                  
     +-- Quadrulini     

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220143413--
  +----------------------- Lamprotulini ** 
  |                                     
--+  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  +--+  |                               
     |  |              +-- Anemina      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Amuranodonta 
     +--+                               
        |           +----- Pletholophus 
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta  
        |  |        +--+                
        |  |           +-- Beringiana   
        +--+                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria    
           |  |                         
           |  |        +-- Alasmidontina
           +--+--------+                
              |        +-- Anodontina   
              |                         
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Acuticostini 
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini     

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202542--
  +-------- Quadrulini  
  |                     
--+     +-- Lamprotulini **
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+               
        +-- Unioninae   

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220222221--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220112102--
           +-- Anodontina 
  +--------+              
  |        +-- Utterbackia
  |                       
--+        +-- Gonideini **  
  |  +-----+              
  |  |     +-- Ambleminae 
  +--+                    
     |  +----- Unionini   
     +--+                 
        |  +-- Pyganodon  
        +--+              
           +-- Cristariina

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202222--
  +----- Ambleminae     
  |                     
--+----- Unioninae      
  |                     
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220222221--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139373--
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
215022323354
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae     
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini **  
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini    
        |  |                                      
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini **     
           |  |                                   
           |  |              +----- Eurynia       
           +--+  +-----------+                    
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio    
              |  |           +--+                 
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus
              +--+                                
                 |              +-- Amblemini     
                 |  +-----------+                 
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema    
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Truncilla     
                    |  |                          
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis     
                       |  +-----+                 
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma    
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Ligumia       
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Obliquaria    
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Ortmanniana   

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2901148346
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula **             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida **               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotula          
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus  

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012743--
  +-------- Lamprotulini **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae  
     +--+               
        +-- Parreysiinae

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2901137347
  +-- Aculamprotula  
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula **     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida **       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini   

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
214023530254
  +-------------- Quadrulina     
  |                              
  |        +----- Lamprotulini **   
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Unioninae      
     |                           
     |  +-------- Megalonaias    
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pleurobemini   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Amblemini      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lampsilini     

Peng et al., 2012 [Publ 3689], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201111--
  +-- Unioninae      
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220113131--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201111--
  +-- Unioninae      
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220221211--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011373--
1

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220210101--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **   

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202552--
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **   

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110162621--
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae 

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110133173--
-- Gonidea_angulata **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110121172--
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideini **          
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotula      
     |                      
     +-- Unio               

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101441--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110110102--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Välilä et al., 2017 [Publ 3793], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101200--
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae 

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110120201--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae  

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110116152--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101300--
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113112--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Ambleminae  

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110114122--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110116162--
  +-- Gonideini ** 
  |             
--+-- Unioninae 
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101881--
  +-- Gonideini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110120201--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae  

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101982--
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101431--
  +-- Gonideini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101111--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae  

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130302--
  +----- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011082--
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Ambleminae  

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 1_2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011200--
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011031022--
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012722--
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101321--
-- Lamprotula_leaii **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011082--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110114141--
        +-- Lanceolariini
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionini     
--+                      
  |  +----- Acuticostini 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideini **    

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012722--
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110117171--
                 +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--------------+                  
  |              +-- Lepidodesmini  
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Aculamprotula  
  |  |                              
  +--+           +-- Acuticostini   
     |  +--------+                  
     |  |        +-- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Unio           
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Nodularia      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Cuneopsis      
              +--+                  
                 +-- Schistodesmus  

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +----------------------------- Gonideini **   
  |                                          
--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia   
     |  |                                    
     |  +----------------------- Amblemini   
     +--+                                    
        |  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema  
           |  |                              
           +--+  +-------------- Eurynia     
              |  |                           
              |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias  
              +--+-----------+               
                 |           +-- Unioninae   
                 |                           
                 |  +----------- Ortmanniana 
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-------- Glebula     
                    +--+                     
                       |  +----- Potamilus   
                       +--+                  
                          |  +-- Ligumia     
                          +--+               
                             +-- Toxolasma   

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011092--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101972--
  +----- Gonideini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae 

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110115132--
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101200--
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Xia et al., 2016 [Publ 3712], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101221--
  +----- Sinanodonta    
--+                     
  |  +-- Cristaria      
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130302--
  +----- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110126261--
  +-- Gonideini ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011092--
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae   

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012511--
  +-- Ambleminae  
--+               
  +-- Lamprotulini **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
-- Gonidea_angulata **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110121172--
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideini **          
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini           

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101521--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110119182--
  +-------- Amblemini   
  |                     
  +-------- Pleurobemini
--+                     
  +-------- Lampsilini  
  |                     
  |  +----- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Unioninae   

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110118152--
  +-------- Gonideini **          
  |                            
  |     +-- Elliptio           
  |     |                      
  |     +-- Fusconaia          
  |     |                      
--+  +--+-- Amblemini          
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Pleurobema         
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Unionini           
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  +--+  |                      
     |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Utterbackia        
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
     +--+                      
        +-- Megalonaias        
        |                      
        +-- Obliquaria         
        |                      
        +-- Theliderma         
        |                      
        +-- Quadrula           
        |                      
        +-- Uniomerus          

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130301--
  +-- Gonideini ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101921--
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae   

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +----- Gonideini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae
 
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