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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionida | Etherioidea

family IRIDINIDAE Swainson, 1840: cladomics
     2 subfamilies

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 39 (53 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: subfamily) = 2
analyzed in 75 cladograms in 42 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 7 (mean = 2.04, median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 1.35, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 40
maximum number of included terminals = 7, (mean = 2.95 median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 1.65, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.48

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 25
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subfamily) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 7 (mean = 3.44, median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 2, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.16

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7201926251420
  +----------------------------- Iridininae **             
  |                                                     
--+  +-------------------------- Aspathariinae **          
  |  |                                                  
  +--+  +----------------------- Etheria                
     |  |                                               
     +--+  +-------------------- Anodontites_trapesialis
        |  |                                            
        +--+  +----------------- Mulleria               
           |  |                                         
           +--+  +-------------- Lamproscapha           
              |  |                                      
              +--+           +-- Monocondylaea          
                 |  +--------+                          
                 |  |        +-- Tamsiella              
                 +--+                                   
                    |  +-------- Mycetopodinae          
                    |  |                                
                    +--+     +-- Anodontites_guanarensis
                       |  +--+                          
                       |  |  +-- Fossula                
                       +--+                             
                          |  +-- Anodontites_trigona    
                          +--+                          
                             +-- Anodontites_elongata

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
510621955219
  +-------- Etheriidae      
  |                         
  +-------- Aspathariinae **   
  |                         
--+     +-- Anodontites     
  +-----+                   
  |     +-- Iridininae **      
  |                         
  |  +----- Mycetopodinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
     +--+                   
        +-- Lamproscapha

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
510821955219
           +-- Anodontites     
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Iridininae **      
  |                            
--+        +-- Etheriidae      
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Aspathariinae **   
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Mycetopodinae   
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamproscapha

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
510821935219
           +-- Anodontites     
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Iridininae **      
  |                            
--+        +-- Etheriidae      
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Aspathariinae **   
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Mycetopodinae   
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamproscapha

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4412436217
        +-- Chambardia **   
        |                
  +-----+-- Aspatharia **   
  |     |                
--+     +-- Iridininae **   
  |                      
  |  +----- Etheria      
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mulleria     
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422436217
  +-------- Etheriidae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Aspathariinae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridininae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422426217
  +-------------- Pseudomulleria
--+                             
  |  +----------- Mulleria      
  +--+                          
     |  +-------- Etheria       
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Mycetopodidae 
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Iridininae **    
           +--+                 
              +-- Aspathariinae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422426217
  +-------- Etheriidae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridininae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Aspathariinae **

Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422240017
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Aspathariinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642773215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642123219
  +-------- Aspathariinae **
--+                      
  |  +----- Etheriidae   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridininae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3532332118
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Iridininae **   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642653215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642313215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3532332118
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Iridininae **   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3972336214
  +----------- Iridininae **   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Etheria      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Aspathariinae **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Mulleria     
        +--+                
           +-- Mycetopodidae

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642123219
  +-------- Aspathariinae **
--+                      
  |  +----- Etheriidae   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridininae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642653215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642263215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642653215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642313215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642253215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3642253215
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22018932--
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22018932--
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012822--
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220113622--
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                
     +-- Etheriidae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2702395118
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Iridininae **   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012822--
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012931--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012931--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220113622--
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012432--
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012931--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013262--
  +-------- Iridininae **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Etheria      
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mulleria     
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220112032--
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27021395116
  +----- Iridininae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012931--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012931--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2702395116
  +----- Iridininae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Mutela_rostrata **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11019511--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013922--
  +----- Etheriidae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013022--
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11016811--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11018711--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014811--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011922--
  +----- Aspathariinae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae
  +--+                
     +-- Etheriidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11015511--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11015622--
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Mutela_rostrata **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11019111--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014111--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11019511--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11017311--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11017311--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012900--
-- Mutela_rostrata **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11018511--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11015622--
  +----- Mycetopodidae
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae   
  +--+                
     +-- Aspathariinae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012411--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014500--
-- Mutela_dubia **

Elderkin et al., 2016 [Publ 3693], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101211--
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011911--
  +-- Etheriidae   
--+                
  +-- Aspathariinae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012411--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101511--
  +-- Etheriidae   
--+                
  +-- Aspathariinae **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011642--
  +----- Iridininae **   
  |                   
--+  +-- Anodontitinae
  |  |                
  +--+-- Mycetopodinae
     |                
     +-- Etheriidae

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012900--
-- Mutela_rostrata **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11017311--
  +-- Iridininae **   
--+                
  +-- Mycetopodidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Aspatharia_pfeifferiana **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11019111--
  +-- Mycetopodidae
--+                
  +-- Iridininae **
 
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