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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Unioninae | Unionini

subtribe UNIONINA Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics
     1 genus

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 229 (280 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: genus) = 1
analyzed in 222 cladograms in 131 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 23 (mean = 3.3, median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 1 (mean = 1, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 154
maximum number of included terminals = 23, (mean = 4.32 median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 1 (mean = 1, median = 1)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.94

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220143204--
  +----------------------- Globunionina      
  |                                          
--+  +-------------------- Aculamprotulina   
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +----------------- Middendorffinaiina
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +-------------- Nodularia         
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis         
           |  |                              
           |  |        +-- Diaurora          
           +--+--------+                     
              |        +-- Schistodesmus     
              |                              
              |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis   
              +--+                           
                 |  +----- Unio **              
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-- Tchangsinaia      
                    +--+                     
                       +-- Inversiunio

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2323141800--
1

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2323201800--
1

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
191917157303--
  +-------- Aculamprotulina   
--+                           
  |  +----- Unio **              
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Middendorffinaiina
     +--+                     
        +-- Oxynaiina

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_MtG

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1717151521--
  +-- Oxynaiina
--+            
  +-- Unio **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_AHE

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1717151521--
  +-- Oxynaiina
--+            
  +-- Unio **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1616141900--
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1414121000--
1

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131391511--
  +-- Oxynaiina
--+            
  +-- Unio **

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3738], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212101221--
  +-- Oxynaiina
--+            
  +-- Unio **

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111191600--
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101081000--
1

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9961200--
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9951800--
1

Marrone et al., 2019 [Publ 3907], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8841000--
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7751000--
1

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7761800--
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7761400--
1

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
663190172--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664182223--
  +-------- Globunionina   
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unio **           
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664186172--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664186172--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664136162--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664190172--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641400--
1

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641800--
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664148242--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664147272--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6731511--
  +----------- Oxynaiina        
  |                             
  |        +-- Unio_gibbus **      
--+        |                    
  |  +-----+-- Unio_tumidus **     
  |  |     |                    
  |  |     +-- Anodontina       
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Unio_pictorum__1 ** 
     |  |                       
     |  +----- Unio_pictorum__2 ** 
     +--+                       
        +----- Unio_mancus **      
        |                       
        |  +-- Unio_tumidiformis **
        +--+                    
           +-- Unio_crassus **

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531700--
1

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5541100--
1

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531100--
1

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4411742--
  +----- Unio **              
--+                        
  |  +-- Middendorffinaiina
  +--+                     
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44212732--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421500--
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44214062--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Klishko et al., 2018 [Publ 3945], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4411441--
  +-- Oxynaiina
--+            
  +-- Unio **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442182242--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44212742--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44214292--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442165122--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442170172--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44213852--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Wang et al., 2025 [Publ 4488], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442161293--
  +-------- Aculamprotulina   
--+                           
  |  +----- Unio **              
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Middendorffinaiina
     +--+                     
        +-- Oxynaiina

Soroka & Burzynski, 2017 [Publ 3837], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44211962--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442145102--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44215272--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421500--
1

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44211611--
  +-- Aculamprotulina
--+                  
  +-- Unio **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421195162--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4411000--
1

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421197172--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44215092--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44214462--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421100--
1

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442170122--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44213462--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44111171--
  +-- Unio **     
--+            
  +-- Oxynaiina

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44213672--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44117672--
  +----- Unio **           
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442135202--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44211482--
  +-- Unio **     
--+            
  +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442170122--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421611--
  +-- Aculamprotulina
--+                  
  +-- Unio **

Klishko et al., 2017 [Publ 3946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421221--
  +-- Oxynaiina
--+            
  +-- Unio **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44214062--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Fukata & Iigo, 2019 [Publ 4108], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44211392--
  +-- Unio **     
--+            
  +-- Oxynaiina

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421197172--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421500--
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4411118243--
  +-------- Aculamprotulina   
--+                           
  |  +----- Middendorffinaiina
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Unio **              
     +--+                     
        +-- Oxynaiina

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33113822--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3100112272--
  +-- Unio_crassus **         
  |                        
  +-- Unio_pictorum **        
  |                        
  +-- Unio_tumidus **         
  |                        
  +-- Aculamprotulina      
  |                        
  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii 
--+                        
  +-- Tchangsinaia         
  |                        
  +-- Cuneopsis_rufescens  
  |                        
  +-- Nodularia_douglasiae 
  |                        
  +-- Nodularia_nuxpersicae
  |                        
  +-- Schistodesmus

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33112022--
  +----- Oxynaiina      
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111411--
  +-- Aculamprotulina
--+                  
  +-- Unio **

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311400--
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111600--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311300--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311500--
1

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331165102--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311300--
1

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33117372--
  +----- Unio **           
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111000--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311400--
1

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33115393--
  +-------- Middendorffinaiina
--+                           
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina   
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Unio **              
     +--+                     
        +-- Oxynaiina

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3301400--
1

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331165102--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Dyduch-Falniowska & Koziol, 1989 [Publ 3814], fig. 5_7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311200--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311300--
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3531300--
  +-------- Unio_crassus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Unio_pictorum **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontina

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3301400--
1

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311500--
1

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33113322--
  +----- Middendorffinaiina
--+                        
  |  +-- Oxynaiina         
  +--+                     
     +-- Unio **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111922--
  +----- Oxynaiina      
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111500--
1

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331165102--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2e

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331115102--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331113672--
  +----------- Unio **                
  |                                
--+  +-------- Aculamprotulina     
  |  |                             
  |  +-------- Schistodesmus       
  +--+                             
     +-------- Nodularia           
     |                             
     |  +----- Cuneopsis_szechenyii
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Tchangsinaia        
        +--+                       
           +-- Cuneopsis_rufescens

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33112000--
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33113822--
  +-- Oxynaiina
--+            
  +-- Unio **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311700--
1

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33117372--
  +----- Unio **           
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33118021--
  +-- Unio **     
--+            
  +-- Oxynaiina

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311500--
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111922--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina      
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111600--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311200--
1

Kilikowska et al., 2020 [Publ 4335], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311000--
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3531300--
  +-------- Unio_tumidus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontina   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_crassus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Unio_pictorum **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311300--
1

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331113672--
  +----- Unio **           
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22014500--
1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012900--
1

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011111--
  +-- Aculamprotulina
--+                  
  +-- Unio **

Sayenko et al., 2021 [Publ 4189], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220111112--
  +-------- Unio **              
--+                           
  |  +----- Inversiunio       
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Middendorffinaiina
     +--+                     
        +-- Nodularia

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22014400--
1

Tomilova et al., 2020 [Publ 4097], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201600--
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201900--
1

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013200--
1

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22018992--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25012900--
  +-------- Unio_pictorum **
--+                      
  |  +----- Unio_tumidus ** 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontina   
     +--+                
        +-- Alasmidontina

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013600--
1

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013400--
1

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220143204--
  +-------------------- Globunionina      
  |                                       
--+  +----------------- Aculamprotulina   
  |  |                                    
  |  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina
  +--+  +-----------+                     
     |  |           +-- Nodularia         
     |  |                                 
     +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis         
        |  |                              
        |  |        +-- Diaurora          
        +--+--------+                     
           |        +-- Schistodesmus     
           |                              
           |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis   
           +--+                           
              |  +----- Inversiunio       
              +--+                        
                 |  +-- Tchangsinaia      
                 +--+                     
                    +-- Unio **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25012900--
  +----- Unio_pictorum **
  |                   
--+----- Unio_tumidus ** 
  |                   
  |  +-- Anodontina   
  +--+                
     +-- Alasmidontina

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139163--
  +-------- Globunionina   
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unio **           
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24011411--
  +----------- Aculamprotulina
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unio_pictorum **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Anodontina     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamellidens

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012800--
1

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012800--
1

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22018992--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24011311--
  +-- Anodontina     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
--+                  
  +-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011111--
  +-- Aculamprotulina
--+                  
  +-- Unio **

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011700--
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220151122--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139163--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139163--
  +----------------- Aculamprotulina   
  |                                    
  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina
--+  +-----------+                     
  |  |           +-- Nodularia         
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis         
     |  |                              
     |  |        +-- Diaurora          
     +--+--------+                     
        |        +-- Schistodesmus     
        |                              
        |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis   
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Inversiunio       
           +--+                        
              |  +-- Tchangsinaia      
              +--+                     
                 +-- Unio **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012952--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220151162--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011600--
1

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22014400--
1

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012800--
1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012900--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201100--
1

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013400--
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201900--
1

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012800--
1

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012900--
1

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27012311--
  +-------- Unio_pictorum__2 **
  |                         
--+     +-- Unio_pictorum__1 **
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Unio_caffer **     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodontina      
     +--+                   
        +-- Alasmidontina

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22014500--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201100--
1

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220139163--
  +----------------- Aculamprotulina   
  |                                    
  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina
--+  +-----------+                     
  |  |           +-- Nodularia         
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis         
     |  |                              
     |  |        +-- Diaurora          
     +--+--------+                     
        |        +-- Schistodesmus     
        |                              
        |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis   
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Inversiunio       
           +--+                        
              |  +-- Tchangsinaia      
              +--+                     
                 +-- Unio **

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011500--
1

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29011311--
  +-- Aculamprotulina
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilis      
  |                  
  +-- Potomida       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontina     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  |                  
  +-- Lamellidens    
  |                  
  +-- Elliptio

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201800--
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013052--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013341--
  +-- Unio **           
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012411--
  +-- Aculamprotulina
--+                  
  +-- Unio **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011600--
-- Unio **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101900--
-- Unio_delphinus **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012700--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101611--
  +-- Unio **           
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012111--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011521--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013662--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11015262--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012042--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011000--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012411--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110123132--
  +----- Unio **           
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio **

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011200--
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110121113--
  +----- Unio **              
--+                        
  |  +-- Middendorffinaiina
  +--+                     
     +-- Oxynaiina

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101900--
-- Unio_delphinus **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011000--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011800--
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011700--
-- Unio_tumidus **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11015621--
  +-- Unio **     
--+            
  +-- Oxynaiina

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011341--
  +-- Unio **           
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11015282--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011911--
  +-- Oxynaiina
--+            
  +-- Unio **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013341--
  +-- Unio **           
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110122122--
  +----- Unio **           
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013862--
  +-- Unio **     
--+            
  +-- Oxynaiina

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011100--
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012700--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110121113--
  +-------- Aculamprotulina   
--+                           
  |  +----- Unio **              
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Middendorffinaiina
     +--+                     
        +-- Oxynaiina

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011300--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011432--
  +-------- Aculamprotulina
--+                        
  |  +----- Schistodesmus  
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Nodularia      
     +--+                  
        +-- Unio **

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_delphinus **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101800--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101300--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101611--
  +-- Unio **           
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011000--
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101800--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110129102--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012811--
  +-- Unio **           
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101800--
-- Unio_delphinus **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101551--
  +----- Nodularia
--+               
  |  +-- Cuneopsis
  +--+            
     +-- Unio **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11015621--
  +-- Unio **     
--+            
  +-- Oxynaiina

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014500--
-- Unio_crassus **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113103--
-- Unio_crassus **

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011322--
-- Unio_delphinus **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110123132--
  +-- Unio **           
  |                  
--+-- Aculamprotulina
  |                  
  +-- Oxynaiina

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011900--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013900--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101700--
-- Unio **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110111111--
  +----------- Nodularia    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Schistodesmus
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Cuneopsis    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unio **         
        +--+                
           +-- Tchangsinaia

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101200--
-- Unio_tumidus **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012152--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011100--
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013042--
  +----- Aculamprotulina
--+                     
  |  +-- Unio **           
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012100--
-- Unio_pictorum **
 
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