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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae

subfamily UNIONINAE Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics
     5 tribes

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 227 (278 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: tribe) = 5
analyzed in 416 cladograms in 231 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 157 (mean = 12.08, median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 2.07, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 369
maximum number of included terminals = 157, (mean = 13.49 median = 8)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 2.21, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.92

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 177
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (tribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 157 (mean = 18.17, median = 13)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 3.19, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.88


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree


Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
157158168547541030
                                +----- Amuranodonta **                
  +-----------------------------+                                  
  |                             |  +-- Anemina **                     
  |                             +--+                               
  |                                +-- Buldowskia **                  
  |                                                                
  |                                +-- Beringiana **                  
  |                          +-----+                               
  |                          |     +-- Pletholophus **                
--+  +-----------------------+                                     
  |  |                       |  +----- Mimo **                        
  |  |                       +--+                                  
  |  |                          |  +-- Acudonta **                    
  |  |                          +--+                               
  |  |                             +-- Sinanodonta **                 
  |  |                                                             
  |  |  +----------------------------- Cristaria **                   
  +--+  |                                                          
     |  |           +----------------- Lepidodesmini **               
     |  |           |                                              
     |  |           |     +----------- Lanceolariini **               
     |  |           |  +--+                                        
     |  |  +--------+  |  |  +-------- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__2 **
     |  |  |        |  |  +--+                                     
     |  |  |        |  |     |  +----- Acuticosta_chinensis__2 **     
     +--+  |        |  |     +--+                                  
        |  |        +--+        |  +-- Acuticosta_chinensis__1 **     
        |  |           |        +--+                               
        |  |           |           +-- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__1 **
        |  |           |                                           
        |  |           |  +----------- Globunio **                    
        |  |           +--+                                        
        |  |              |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **             
        |  |              +--+                                     
        +--+                 |  +----- Middendorffinaiina **          
           |                 +--+                                  
           |                    |  +-- Unionina **                    
           |                    +--+                               
           |                       +-- Oxynaiina **                   
           |                                                       
           |                 +-------- Pseudodontoideus **            
           |  +--------------+                                     
           |  |              |  +----- Lasmigona **                   
           |  |              +--+                                  
           |  |                 |  +-- Pterosyna **                   
           |  |                 +--+                               
           +--+                    +-- Arcidens **                    
              |                                                    
              |  +-------------------- Anodontina **                  
              |  |                                                 
              |  |     +-------------- Utterbackia **                 
              |  |  +--+                                           
              +--+  |  |  +----------- Pyganodon_grandis **           
                 |  |  +--+                                        
                 |  |     |  +-------- Pyganodon_lacustris **         
                 |  |     +--+                                     
                 |  |        |  +----- Pyganodon_cataracta__2 **      
                 +--+        +--+                                  
                    |           |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta__1 **      
                    |           +--+                               
                    |              +-- Ambleminae                  
                    |                                              
                    |  +-------------- Utterbackiana **               
                    |  |                                           
                    +--+  +----------- Simpsonaias **                 
                       |  |                                        
                       |  |        +-- Alasminota **                  
                       +--+  +-----+                               
                          |  |     +-- Alasmidonta **                 
                          |  |                                     
                          +--+     +-- Prolasmidonta **               
                             |  +--+                               
                             |  |  +-- Platynaias **                  
                             +--+                                  
                                |  +-- Anodontoides **                
                                +--+                               
                                   +-- Strophitus **                  

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7272704421155
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unionini **     
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
717159551403147
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
  |           +----- Acuticostini **   
  |           |                     
--+           +----- Lepidodesmini **  
  |  +--------+                     
  |  |        +----- Unionini **       
  |  |        |                     
  |  |        |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
  +--+        +--+                  
     |           +-- Anodontini **     
     |                              
     |  +----------- Rectidentini   
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini      

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
696967572453160
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Anodontini **   

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
666664530281156
  +-------------- Gonideinae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unionini **     
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Anodontini **   
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Lanceolariini **

Wang et al., 2025 [Publ 4488], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6363614200154
  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini **   

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5252504200160
  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini **   

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5151492221161
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
47472451531143156
  +-------------- Parreysiinae         
  |                                    
  |  +----------- Chamberlainia        
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Megalonaias          
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Uniomerus            
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Quadrulina           
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis        
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Lamprotulini         
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Gonideini            
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini        
  |  |                                 
  |  +----------- Rectidentini         
--+  |                                 
  |  |  +-------- Amblema              
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  +-------- Toxolasma            
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  +-------- Pleurobemini         
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  |     +-- Obliquaria           
  |  |  +-----+                        
  |  |  |     +-- Plectomerus          
  |  +--+                              
  |  |  |  +----- Ellipsaria           
  |  |  |  |                           
  |  |  |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon   
  |  |  |  |                           
  |  |  |  +----- Medionidus           
  |  |  |  |                           
  |  |  |  +----- Potamilus_alatus     
  |  |  |  |                           
  +--+  |  +----- Ptychobranchus       
     |  +--+                           
     |     +----- Truncilla            
     |     |                           
     |     +----- Venustaconcha        
     |     |                           
     |     +----- Cambarunio           
     |     |                           
     |     +----- Leaunio              
     |     |                           
     |     |  +-- Ortmanniana          
     |     +--+                        
     |        +-- Lampsilis            
     |                                 
     |  +-------- Acuticostini **         
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Alasmidonta **          
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Anodonta_anatina **     
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Anemina **              
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Anodonta_cygnea **      
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Cristaria **            
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Brachyanodon **         
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Lasmigona **            
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **        
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Pseudanodonta **        
     |  |                              
     |  +-------- Pyganodon **            
     |  |                              
     +--+-------- Simpsonaias **          
        |                              
        +-------- Strophitus **           
        |                              
        +-------- Utterbackia **          
        |                              
        +-------- Lanceolariini **        
        |                              
        +-------- Schistodesmus **        
        |                              
        +-------- Unionina **             
        |                              
        +-------- Aculamprotulina **      
        |                              
        |     +-- Pletholophus **         
        +-----+                        
        |     +-- Sinanodonta **          
        |                              
        |  +----- Cuneopsis_celtiformis **
        |  |                           
        |  +----- Tchangsinaia **         
        |  |                           
        +--+----- Cuneopsis_rufescens **  
           |                           
           +----- Nodularia **            
           |                           
           |  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii ** 
           +--+                        
              +-- Cuneopsis_heudei **     

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
474744545393160
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Anodontini **   
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Lanceolariini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
47473751531143154
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
  |           +-------- Acuticostini **   
  |           |                        
--+  +--------+  +----- Lepidodesmini **  
  |  |        |  |                     
  |  |        +--+----- Unionini **       
  |  |           |                     
  +--+           |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
     |           +--+                  
     |              +-- Anodontini **     
     |                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Gonideini      
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pseudodontini  

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
474744545393160
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Anodontini **   
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
474742549383162
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Anodontini **   
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
474745549383161
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Anodontini **   
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Lanceolariini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46464351521133159
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                       
--+  +-------------------- Pseudodontini  
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------------- Rectidentini   
     |  |                                 
     |  |        +-------- Chamberlainiini
     +--+  +-----+                        
        |  |     |  +----- Ambleminae     
        |  |     +--+                     
        |  |        |  +-- Lamprotulini   
        +--+        +--+                  
           |           +-- Gonideini      
           |                              
           |  +----------- Acuticostini **   
           +--+                           
              |  +-------- Unionini **       
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini **  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Anodontini **     

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
444442542332154
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Anodontini **   

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
434341545362155
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4141421000154
1

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3939375000157
  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionini **     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini **   

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3639325973162
  +----------------------- Gonideinae   
  |                                     
--+  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  +--+  |                               
     |  |              +-- Anemina **      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Amuranodonta ** 
     +--+                               
        |           +----- Pletholophus ** 
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta **  
        |  |        +--+                
        |  |           +-- Beringiana **   
        +--+                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria **    
           |  |                         
           |  |        +-- Alasmidontina **
           +--+--------+                
              |        +-- Anodontina **   
              |                         
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini **
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini **     

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3636305973166
                    +-- Gonideinae            
  +-----------------+                         
  |                 +-- Ambleminae            
  |                                           
--+  +----------------- Parreysiinae          
  |  |                                        
  |  |              +-- Anemina **               
  +--+  +-----------+                         
     |  |           +-- Amuranodonta **          
     |  |                                     
     |  |        +----- Pletholophus **          
     +--+  +-----+                            
        |  |     |  +-- Sinanodonta **           
        |  |     +--+                         
        |  |        +-- Beringiana **            
        +--+                                  
           |        +-- Alasmidontina **         
           |  +-----+                         
           |  |     +-- Anodontina **            
           |  |                               
           +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
              |  |                            
              |  +----- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha **
              |  |                            
              +--+----- Cristaria **             
                 |                            
                 |  +-- Acuticostini **          
                 |  |                         
                 +--+-- Lepidodesmini **         
                    |                         
                    +-- Unionini **              

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
363634538292156
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Perkins et al., 2025 [Publ 4447], fig. 2_mtDNA-ITS

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3636371000162
1

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3535332000163
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353536433103150
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                                     
  |                    +-- Ambleminae   
--+  +-----------------+                
  |  |                 +-- Gonideinae   
  |  |                                  
  +--+                 +-- Anemina **      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Buldowskia **   
     |  |                               
     +--+           +----- Pletholophus ** 
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Beringiana **   
        |  |        +--+                
        +--+           +-- Sinanodonta **  
           |                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria **    
           |  |                         
           +--+        +-- Anodontina **   
              |  +-----+                
              |  |     +-- Alasmidontina **
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lanceolariini **
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini **     

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353537433103146
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                                     
  |                    +-- Ambleminae   
--+  +-----------------+                
  |  |                 +-- Gonideinae   
  |  |                                  
  +--+                 +-- Anemina **      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Buldowskia **   
     |  |                               
     +--+           +----- Sinanodonta **  
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Pletholophus ** 
        |  |        +--+                
        +--+           +-- Beringiana **   
           |                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria **    
           |  |                         
           +--+        +-- Anodontina **   
              |  +-----+                
              |  |     +-- Alasmidontina **
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini **
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Lanceolariini **
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini **     

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353537433103148
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                       
  |              +-------- Chamberlainiini
  |  +-----------+                        
--+  |           |  +----- Ambleminae     
  |  |           +--+                     
  |  |              |  +-- Lamprotulini   
  |  |              +--+                  
  +--+                 +-- Gonideini      
     |                                    
     |                 +-- Anemina **        
     |  +--------------+                  
     |  |              +-- Buldowskia **     
     |  |                                 
     +--+           +----- Sinanodonta **    
        |  +--------+                     
        |  |        |  +-- Pletholophus **   
        |  |        +--+                  
        +--+           +-- Beringiana **     
           |                              
           |  +----------- Cristaria **      
           |  |                           
           +--+        +-- Anodontina **     
              |  +-----+                  
              |  |     +-- Alasmidontina **  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Lanceolariini **  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Lepidodesmini **  
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Unionini **       

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4805], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434322000158
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
343432540292162
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
343432540292162
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
333328520182158
  +----------------- Quadrulini     
  |                                 
  +----------------- Pleurobemini   
  |                                 
  |              +-- Amblemini      
--+--------------+                  
  |              +-- Lampsilini     
  |                                 
  |              +-- Lamprotulini   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Gonideini      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Lepidodesmini **  
        |  |                        
        +--+-------- Unionini **       
           |                        
           |  +----- Anodontini **     
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Acuticostini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Lanceolariini **  

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
333331536252163
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
333331523223157
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
--+           +-- Ambleminae   
  |  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unionini **     
     |  |                      
     +--+     +-- Lepidodesmini **
        |  +--+                
        |  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
333338514121163
  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Anemina **      
  |  |                            
  +--+  +----------- Sinanodonta **  
     |  |                         
     +--+  +-------- Acuticostini ** 
        |  |                      
        +--+     +-- Lepidodesmini **
           |  +--+                
           |  |  +-- Cristaria **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                
                 +-- Unionini **     

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3232245973166
                 +-- Gonideinae            
  +--------------+                         
  |              +-- Ambleminae            
  |                                        
--+  +-------------- Parreysiinae          
  |  |                                     
  |  |           +-- Anemina **               
  +--+  +--------+                         
     |  |        +-- Amuranodonta **          
     |  |                                  
     |  |     +----- Pletholophus **          
     +--+  +--+                            
        |  |  |  +-- Sinanodonta **           
        |  |  +--+                         
        |  |     +-- Beringiana **            
        |  |                               
        +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
           |  |                            
           |  +----- Acuticostini **          
           |  |                            
           |  +----- Lepidodesmini **         
           |  |                            
           +--+----- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha **
              |                            
              +----- Cristaria **             
              |                            
              +----- Unionini **              
              |                            
              |  +-- Alasmidontina **         
              +--+                         
                 +-- Anodontina **            

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3232305973172
                    +-- Gonideinae     
  +-----------------+                  
  |                 +-- Ambleminae     
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Globunionina **   
     |  |                              
     |  |        +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+  +-----+                     
        |  |     |  +-- Unionina **       
        |  |     +--+                  
        +--+        +-- Oxynaiina **      
           |                           
           |  +-------- Acuticostini **   
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lepidodesmini **  
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Anodontini **     

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3232305973170
                          +-- Ambleminae   
  +-----------------------+                
  |                       +-- Gonideinae   
--+                                        
  |  +----------------------- Parreysiinae 
  |  |                                     
  +--+  +-------------------- Unionini **     
     |  |                                  
     +--+  +----------------- Acuticostini ** 
        |  |                               
        |  |              +-- Alasmidontina **
        +--+  +-----------+                
           |  |           +-- Anodontina **   
           |  |                            
           |  |        +----- Lepidodesmini **
           +--+  +-----+                   
              |  |     |  +-- Cristaria **    
              |  |     +--+                
              |  |        +-- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                         
                 |        +-- Anemina **      
                 |  +-----+                
                 |  |     +-- Amuranodonta ** 
                 +--+                      
                    |  +----- Pletholophus ** 
                    +--+                   
                       |  +-- Sinanodonta **  
                       +--+                
                          +-- Beringiana **   

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3232285973172
              +-- Gonideinae   
  +-----------+                
  |           +-- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Parreysiinae 
  |  |                         
  +--+  +-------- Acuticostini ** 
     |  |                      
     +--+  +----- Lepidodesmini **
        |  |                   
        +--+----- Unionini **     
           |                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
313129514121167
                       +-- Lamprotulini   
  +--------------------+                  
  |                    +-- Gonideini      
--+                                       
  |  +-------------------- Chamberlainiini
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------------- Anemina **        
     |  |                                 
     +--+  +-------------- Acuticostini **   
        |  |                              
        +--+  +----------- Sinanodonta **    
           |  |                           
           +--+  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
              |  |                        
              +--+     +-- Cristaria **      
                 |  +--+                  
                 |  |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Lepidodesmini **  
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Oxynaiina **      

Dai et al., 2026 [Publ 4757], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3030291421155
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Anodontini **  

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2929262200155
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2828192332164
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Unionini **    

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2828262000160
  +-- Lepidodesmini **
--+                
  +-- Unionini **     

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
282825352413169
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                          
  |                    +----- Unionini **       
--+  +-----------------+                     
  |  |                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |                 +--+                  
  +--+                    +-- Anodontini **     
     |                                       
     |  +-------------------- Rectidentini   
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Parvasolenaia  
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Pseudodontini  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Sinosolenaia   
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia     

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2828262000158
  +-- Lepidodesmini **
--+                
  +-- Unionini **     

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2828271000160
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
282826525232164
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Anodontini **   

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
282826526232164
              +-- Ambleminae   
  +-----------+                
  |           +-- Gonideinae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
282826514142168
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Anodontini **   

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2828252332170
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Unionini **    

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2727253111863168
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Rectidentini   
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini  
     |  |                              
     |  |        +----- Unionini **       
     +--+  +-----+                     
        |  |     |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
        |  |     +--+                  
        +--+        +-- Anodontini **     
           |                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini   

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27272397973171
  +----------------- Parreysiinae          
  |                                        
  |  +-------------- Pseudodontini         
  |  |                                     
--+  |  +----------- Rectidentini          
  |  |  |                                  
  |  |  |     +----- Ambleminae            
  |  |  |     |                            
  |  |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainia         
  +--+  |     |  |                         
     |  |     |  +-- Sinohyriopsis         
     |  |     |  |                         
     |  |     |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata    
     |  |  +--+  |                         
     |  |  |  |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii      
     |  |  |  |  |                         
     +--+  |  |  +-- Potomida              
        |  |  |  |                         
        |  |  |  +-- Pronodularia          
        |  |  |  |                         
        |  |  +--+-- Gonidea               
        |  |     |                         
        |  |     +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi  
        |  |     |                         
        |  |     +-- Leguminaia            
        |  |     |                         
        |  |     +-- Microcondylaea        
        |  |     |                         
        +--+     +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata 
           |     |                         
           |     +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora 
           |     |                         
           |     +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita
           |                               
           |  +----- Unionini **              
           |  |                            
           |  |  +-- Alasmidonta **           
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Anodonta_anatina **      
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea **       
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Brachyanodon **          
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Lasmigona **             
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pseudanodonta **         
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pyganodon **             
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Simpsonaias **           
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Strophitus **            
              +--+                         
                 +-- Sinanodonta_lauta **     
                 |                         
                 +-- Cristaria_plicata **     
                 |                         
                 +-- Cristaria_radiata **     
                 |                         
                 +-- Pletholophus **          
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinanodonta_lucida **    
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinanodonta_jourdyi **   
                 |                         
                 +-- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
                 |                         
                 +-- Lanceolaria_grayii__1 ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Lanceolaria_grayii__2 ** 

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2727251000174
1

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2727183111863165
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
  |                                     
  |     +-------------- Rectidentini    
  |  +--+                               
--+  |  |  +----------- Ambleminae      
  |  |  +--+                            
  |  |     |  +-------- Pseudodontini   
  |  |     +--+                         
  |  |        |  +----- Gonideini       
  +--+        +--+                      
     |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini 
     |           +--+                   
     |              +-- Lamprotulini    
     |                                  
     |     +----------- Unionini **        
     |     |                            
     +-----+  +-------- Lanceolariini **   
           |  |                         
           |  +-------- Cristariina **     
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Anodonta_anatina **
              |  |                      
              |  +----- Pseudanodonta **   
              +--+                      
                 +----- Alasmidontina **   
                 |                      
                 |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Brachyanodon **    

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2727241421154
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Anodontini **  

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2727251421155
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Anodontini **  

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
272725522142164
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2727251111159
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Anodontini **  

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624520142165
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624565483170
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
  |        +----------- Acuticostini **   
  |  +-----+                           
--+  |     |  +-------- Unionini **       
  |  |     +--+                        
  |  |        |  +----- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |        +--+                     
  +--+           |  +-- Lepidodesmini **  
     |           +--+                  
     |              +-- Anodontini **     
     |                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624565483168
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
  |           +-------- Acuticostini **   
  |           |                        
--+  +--------+     +-- Lepidodesmini **  
  |  |        |  +--+                  
  |  |        |  |  +-- Unionini **       
  |  |        +--+                     
  +--+           |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
     |           +--+                  
     |              +-- Anodontini **     
     |                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624530202166
              +-- Gonideinae   
  +-----------+                
  |           +-- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unionini **     
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624350402171
  +-------------------- Pseudodontini  
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Rectidentini   
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Gonideini      
     |  |                              
     +--+           +-- Chamberlainiini
        |  +--------+                  
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini   
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Unionini **       
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Anodontini **     

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624514112160
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624350402169
  +-------------------- Pseudodontini  
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Rectidentini   
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Gonideini      
     |  |                              
     +--+           +-- Chamberlainiini
        |  +--------+                  
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini   
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Unionini **       
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Anodontini **     

Soroka & Burzynski, 2017 [Publ 3837], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2323214000159
  +-------- Anodontini **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **     

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_MtG

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2222203000163
  +----- Unionini **     
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **   

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
222220426232162
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_AHE

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2222203000173
  +----- Unionini **     
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **   

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2222551281178
  +-------- Gonideinae             
  |                                
  |  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii__1 **  
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii__2 **  
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Cristaria_plicata__1 **   
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Cristaria_plicata__2 **   
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Sinanodonta_lauta **      
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_japonica **    
--+  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__1 **
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_beringiana **  
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__2 **
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__3 **
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Buldowskia_iwakawai__1 ** 
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Buldowskia_iwakawai__2 ** 
  |  |                             
  |  +----- Sinanodonta_tumens__1 **  
  +--+                             
     +----- Sinanodonta_tumens__2 **  
     |                             
     +----- Pletholophus **           
     |                             
     +----- Anemina **                
     |                             
     +----- Lanceolaria_lanceolata ** 
     |                             
     +----- Cristaria_plicata__3 **   
     |                             
     +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **   
     |                             
     +----- Sinanodonta_angula **     
     |                             
     +----- Lepidodesmini **          
     |                             
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **        
     +--+                          
     |  +-- Acuticostini **           
     |                             
     |  +-- Cuneopsis **              
     +--+                          
     |  +-- Nodularia **              
     |                             
     |  +-- Schistodesmus **          
     +--+                          
        +-- Inversiunio **            

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2222154221163
  +----------- Gonideinae            
  |                                  
--+  +-------- Acuticostini **          
  |  |                               
  +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii **    
     |  |                            
     |  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
     +--+                            
        +----- Lanceolaria_lanceolata **
        |                            
        |  +-- Anodontini **            
        +--+                         
           +-- Unionini **              

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
222220422192164
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
222220422192164
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2222204221168
  +-------------- Gonideinae            
  |                                     
--+  +----------- Acuticostini **          
  |  |                                  
  +--+        +-- Lanceolaria_lanceolata **
     |  +-----+                         
     |  |     +-- Lanceolaria_grayii **    
     +--+                               
        |  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola **  
        +--+                            
           |  +-- Anodontini **            
           +--+                         
              +-- Unionini **              

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
212119417142163.5
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unionini **     
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21212251281176
  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Anodontini **   
  |  |                            
  |  |           +-- Tchangsinaia ** 
  +--+  +--------+                
     |  |        +-- Nodularia **    
     |  |                         
     +--+        +-- Schistodesmus **
        |  +-----+                
        |  |     +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Inversiunio **  
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2121194221167
  +----------- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Acuticostini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Anodontini **   
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20200185842171
  +----- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
191917328222163
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1919172661167
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
191917317132163
  +-------- Gonideinae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
181816314112162
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1818102000172
  +----------------- Anodonta_cygnea **            
  |                                             
  +----------------- Pyganodon **                  
  |                                             
  +----------------- Alasminota **                 
  |                                             
  +----------------- Anodonta_anatina **           
  |                                             
  +----------------- Unionini **                   
  |                                             
  +----------------- Cristariina **                
  |                                             
  |              +-- Brachyanodon_nuttalliana **   
--+--------------+                              
  |              +-- Brachyanodon_californiensis **
  |                                             
  |              +-- Pseudodontoideus **           
  |              |                              
  +--------------+-- Alasmidonta **                
  |              |                              
  |              +-- Pterosyna **                  
  |                                             
  |  +-------------- Pseudanodonta **              
  |  |                                          
  |  |        +----- Strophitus **                 
  |  +--------+                                 
  +--+        |  +-- Prolasmidonta **              
     |        +--+                              
     |           +-- Platynaias **                 
     |                                          
     |  +----------- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__4 **
     +--+                                       
        |  +-------- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__3 **
        +--+                                    
           |  +----- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__2 **
           +--+                                 
              |  +-- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__1 **
              +--+                              
                 +-- Brachyanodon_kennerlyi **     

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
181816224142160
     +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1818162531166
  +-------- Gonideinae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Anodontini **     
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
181816313112162
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1818161000166
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
181816212112170
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **  

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
181816435333171
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Unionini **     
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                
                 +-- Anodontini **   

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2e

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1818163000164
  +----- Anodontini **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Unionini **     

Smith et al., 2018 [Publ 3790], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1818171000165
1

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1717152000161
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1718164111162
           +-- Gonideinae     
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Lepidodesmini **  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Acuticostini **   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
171716365653170
  +----------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                                
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini 
  |  |                             
  |  |  +----------- Rectidentini  
  +--+  |                          
     |  |     +----- Unionini **      
     |  |  +--+                    
     |  |  |  |  +-- Lanceolariini ** 
     +--+  |  +--+                 
        |  |     +-- Anodontini **    
        |  |                       
        |  |     +-- Lamprotula    
        |  |     |                 
        |  |     +-- Potomida      
        +--+     |                 
           |     +-- Pronodularia  
           |     |                 
           |     +-- Gonidea       
           |     |                 
           |     +-- Leguminaia    
           |     |                 
           |     +-- Microcondylaea
           |     |                 
           +-----+-- Amblemini     
                 |                 
                 +-- Ortmanniana   
                 |                 
                 +-- Lampsilis     
                 |                 
                 +-- Cambarunio    
                 |                 
                 +-- Elliptio      
                 |                 
                 +-- Pleurobema    
                 |                 
                 +-- Quadrulini    

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
171715536342172
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Anodontini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lanceolariini **

Fukata & Iigo, 2019 [Publ 4108], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1717153000165
        +-- Unionina **       
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Oxynaiina **      
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Acuticostini **   
     +--+                  
        +-- Lanceolariini **  

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
171715414142163
           +-- Ambleminae   
  +--------+                
  |        +-- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionini **     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Lanceolariini **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
171715522203169
                 +-- Ambleminae     
  +--------------+                  
  |              +-- Gonideinae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Anodontini **     
     |  |                           
     |  |        +-- Acuticostini **   
     +--+  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Lanceolariini **  
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Lepidodesmini **  
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Unionina **       
              +--+                  
                 +-- Oxynaiina **      

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1717153200167
  +----- Anodontini **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Unionini **     

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1717132100161
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
171715314142161
        +-- Ambleminae   
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Gonideinae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **     

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1717145531175
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
--+  +----------- Anodontina **   
  |  |                         
  +--+        +-- Acuticostini ** 
     |  +-----+                
     |  |     +-- Cristariina **  
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **
           +--+                
              +-- Unionini **     

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1717115531174
  +-------------- Parreysiinae      
  |                                 
  |  +----------- Acuticostini **      
--+  |                              
  |  +----------- Cristariina **       
  |  |                              
  +--+----------- Anodontina **        
     |                              
     |  +-------- Lanceolariini **     
     |  |                           
     |  |     +-- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+-----+                     
        |     +-- Lepidodesmini **     
        |                           
        |  +----- Unionina **          
        +--+                        
           |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
           +--+                     
              +-- Oxynaiina **         

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1616101000170
1

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1616131000173
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
161614521193172
  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
--+                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                               
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                            
        |  +----------- Lepidodesmini **
        +--+                         
           |  +-------- Unionini **     
           +--+                      
              |  +----- Lanceolariini **
              +--+                   
                 |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
                 +--+                
                    +-- Anodontini **   

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
161614415152173
           +-- Gonideinae   
  +--------+                
  |        +-- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionini **     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini **   

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
161621415152180
     +-------- Chamberlainiini
  +--+                        
  |  |  +----- Lamprotulini   
  |  +--+                     
  |     |  +-- Gonideini      
--+     +--+                  
  |        +-- Ambleminae     
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Aculamprotulina **
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Acuticostini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Anodontini **     
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
161615223181162
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
153432319182196
                       +----- Prolasmidonta **           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta **             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina **                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Oxynaiina **               
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini **           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotulina **         
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias **              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis **  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon **               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta **             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria **               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina **              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis **
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Gibbosulinae            
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii      

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151513321202167
        +-- Ambleminae   
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Gonideinae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **     

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1515131000173
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1515131000173
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151521000175
1

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151513321202169
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae     
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Anodontini **     
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Unionina **       
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
              +--+                  
                 +-- Lanceolariini **  

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1414131652162
  +-------- Amblemini   
  |                     
  +-------- Pleurobemini
--+                     
  +-------- Lampsilini  
  |                     
  |  +----- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideinae  
     +--+               
        +-- Anodontini **  

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1414121000160
1

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3738], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1414121000164
1

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412520182179
     +----------- Sinosolenaia   
  +--+                           
  |  |  +-------- Lamprotulini   
  |  +--+                        
  |     |  +----- Chamberlainiini
  |     +--+                     
  |        |  +-- Ptychorhynchus 
--+        +--+                  
  |           +-- Ambleminae     
  |                              
  |  +----------- Anodontini **     
  |  |                           
  |  |     +----- Acuticostini **   
  +--+  +--+                     
     |  |  |  +-- Nodularia **      
     |  |  +--+                  
     +--+     +-- Tchangsinaia **   
        |                        
        |  +----- Lanceolariini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Schistodesmus **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Lepidodesmini **  

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1414122322166
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **  

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1415124111168
        +-- Lanceolariini **
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionini **     
--+                      
  |  +----- Acuticostini ** 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae   

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14145520182176
           +-- Ptychorhynchus 
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini
           |                  
  +--------+-- Lamprotulini   
  |        |                  
  |        +-- Sinosolenaia   
  |        |                  
  |        +-- Ambleminae     
  |                           
  |  +-------- Strophitus **     
--+  |                        
  |  +-------- Schistodesmus **  
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Lepidodesmini **  
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Acuticostini **   
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Cristariina **    
  +--+                        
     +-------- Lanceolariini **  
     |                        
     |     +-- Nodularia **      
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Tchangsinaia **   
     |                        
     |  +----- Utterbackia **    
     |  |                     
     +--+----- Utterbackiana **  
        |                     
        |  +-- Alasmidonta **    
        +--+                  
           +-- Lasmigona **      

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313143841169
  +-------- Gonideinae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **     

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313101000164
1

Douda et al., 2024 [Publ 4364], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313121100163
1

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313111221165
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131132882161
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313112992167
     +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311115111171
1

Sayenko et al., 2021 [Publ 4189], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313111000169
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131132882165
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
--+  +----------- Gonideinae     
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Anodontini **     

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1319174851177
  +----------------- Anodontini **             
  |                                         
  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini        
  |  +--+                                   
--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii       
  |  |  +--+                                
  |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata     
  |  |     +--+                             
  |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae           
  +--+        +--+                          
     |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae
     |                                      
     |        +----- Aculamprotulina **        
     |     +--+                             
     |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **           
     |     |  +--+                          
     +-----+     +-- Nodularia **              
           |                                
           |  +----- Schistodesmus **          
           +--+                             
              |  +-- Lanceolariini **          
              +--+                          
                 +-- Acuticostini **           

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313113111171
  +-------------- Parreysiinae      
  |                                 
--+  +----------- Unionina **          
  |  |                              
  +--+        +-- Middendorffinaiina **
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     +-- Oxynaiina **         
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **   
        +--+                        
           |  +-- Anodontini **        
           +--+                     
              +-- Lepidodesmini **     

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 10

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121281200164
1

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212104221172
  +----------- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Anodontini **   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unionini **     
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Lanceolariini **

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212102111166
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **   

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212111000174
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121282521168
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212121000174
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121291100167
1

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212101000167.5
1

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121211126212164
  +-------------- Quadrulina     
  |                              
  |        +----- Lamprotulini   
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Anodontini **     
     |                           
     |  +-------- Megalonaias    
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pleurobemini   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Amblemini      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lampsilini     

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121291000165
1

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212102992166
     +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111192861169
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini **   

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11119320183167
  +----------- Parreysiinae
  |                        
--+        +-- Ambleminae  
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Anodontini **  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Acuticostini **
        +--+               
           +-- Unionini **    

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111191000171
1

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111192000165
  +-- Lepidodesmini **
--+                
  +-- Unionini **     

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111193442169
        +-- Gonideinae   
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Ambleminae   
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **     

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101072100165
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101083000166
  +----- Lanceolariini **
--+                   
  |  +-- Anodontini **   
  +--+                
     +-- Unionini **     

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101082221168
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10105123211172.5
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10108313102166
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101091631166
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010731082165
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010831272166
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010821592166
     +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101082200164
  +-- Unionini **     
--+                
  +-- Lanceolariini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010831272166
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101082532167
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **  

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010821592168
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Gonideinae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Unionina **       
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini **     

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101084752174
  +----------------- Ambleminae   
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Unionina **     
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Globunionina ** 
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Acuticostini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Anodontini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101081000170
1

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9971000169
1

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
997216163173
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae    
  |                                                 
  |                 +-------------- Oxynaiina **       
  |                 |                               
  |  +--------------+  +----------- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
--+  |              |  |                            
  |  |              +--+  +-------- Unio_pictorum__2 **
  |  |                 |  |                         
  |  |                 +--+     +-- Unio_pictorum__1 **
  |  |                    |  +--+                   
  |  |                    |  |  +-- Unio_caffer **     
  +--+                    +--+                      
     |                       |  +-- Anodonta **        
     |                       +--+                   
     |                          +-- Alasmidontina **   
     |                                              
     |  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini    
     |  |                                           
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini      
        |  |                                        
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini       
           |  |                                     
           |  |              +----- Eurynia         
           +--+  +-----------+                      
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio      
              |  |           +--+                   
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus  
              +--+                                  
                 |              +-- Amblemini       
                 |  +-----------+                   
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema      
                 +--+                               
                    |  +----------- Truncilla       
                    |  |                            
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis       
                       |  +-----+                   
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma      
                       +--+                         
                          |  +----- Ligumia         
                          +--+                      
                             |  +-- Obliquaria      
                             +--+                   
                                +-- Ortmanniana     

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
996129291174
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9961222169
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9972532165
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **  

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9952000169
  +----- Anodonta_anatina **
  |                      
  +----- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
--+                      
  +----- Pseudanodonta **   
  |                      
  |  +-- Cristariina **     
  +--+                   
     +-- Unionini **        

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
997311102167
  +----- Anodontini **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lepidodesmini **
  +--+                
     +-- Unionini **     

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9971200167
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9972000165
  +----- Cristariina **
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina ** 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **   

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
918113982178
  +----------- Cristariina **    
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodonta **       
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Unionini **       
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Alasmidontina **  
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Pseudanodonta **  
     |                        
     |  +----- Ambleminae     
     |  |                     
     +--+  +-- Velesunioninae 
        |  |                  
        +--+-- Lamprotulini   
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9964441170
  +-------------- Gonideinae          
  |                                   
--+  +----------- Anodontini **          
  |  |                                
  +--+  +-------- Oxynaiina **           
     |  |                             
     +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii **  
        |  |                          
        +--+----- Acuticostini **        
           |                          
           |  +-- Lanceolaria_gladiola **
           +--+                       
              +-- Aculamprotulina **     

Tomilova et al., 2020 [Publ 4097], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8852000165
  +-- Unionini **   
  |              
--+-- Cristariina **
  |              
  +-- Anodontina ** 

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8852000167
  +-------- Anodonta_anatina **
  |                         
--+  +----- Cristariina **     
  |  |                      
  +--+----- Unionini **        
     |                      
     |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
     +--+                   
        +-- Pseudanodonta **   

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8872322169
  +-------- Gonideinae
--+                   
  |  +----- Ambleminae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **  

Bauer et al., 2021 [Publ 4365], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8851000165
1

Bespalaya et al., 2018 [Publ 3811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8871200171
1

Kondakov et al., 2018 [Publ 3914], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8861000164
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8842322171
  +----------------- Ambleminae       
  |                                   
--+  +-------------- Gonideinae       
  |  |                                
  +--+  +----------- Oxynaiina **        
     |  |                             
     |  |        +-- Unio_gibbus **      
     +--+        |                    
        |  +-----+-- Unio_tumidus **     
        |  |     |                    
        |  |     +-- Anodontini **       
        +--+                          
           |  +----- Unio_pictorum__1 ** 
           |  |                       
           |  +----- Unio_pictorum__2 ** 
           +--+                       
              +----- Unio_mancus **      
              |                       
              |  +-- Unio_tumidiformis **
              +--+                    
                 +-- Unio_crassus **     

Klishko et al., 2018 [Publ 3945], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8851000165
1

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
81816310102175
  +-------------- Sinanodonta **    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Cristaria **      
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Gonideinae     
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Acuticostini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **      

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8861111166
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
82519222171189
  +----- Unionini **  
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8861200168
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886349423170
  +-------------- Ambleminae   
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Parreysiinae 
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Unionini **     
           +--+                
              +-- Anodontini **   

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8862000170
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
82523222171189
  +----- Unionini **  
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Vikhrev et al., 2017 [Publ 3810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8861200164
1

Marrone et al., 2019 [Publ 3907], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8841000168
1

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8862551170
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8883441175
  +----------- Gonideinae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Anodontini **   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Nodularia **    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Inversiunio **  

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886349423168
  +----------- Ambleminae   
  |                         
--+----------- Gonideinae   
  |                         
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **
        +--+                
           +-- Unionini **     

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8862972166
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **  

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
712102752179
           +-- Anodontina ** 
  +--------+              
  |        +-- Utterbackia **
  |                       
--+        +-- Gonideinae 
  |  +-----+              
  |  |     +-- Ambleminae 
  +--+                    
     |  +----- Unionini **   
     +--+                 
        |  +-- Pyganodon **  
        +--+              
           +-- Cristariina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7751200165
1

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7752982169
     +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
  |  +-- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7753972171
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Gonideinae     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Anodontini **     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lepidodesmini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Unionina **       

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7751000171
1

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7842100171
  +----- Anodontina **      
  |                      
--+  +-- Cristariina **     
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Margaritiferinae
     |                   
     +-- Unionini **        

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775212112167
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7721111172
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7751331169
  +-- Parreysiinae
--+               
  +-- Unionini **    

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7751000167
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7752322168
  +-------- Gonideinae
--+                   
  |  +----- Ambleminae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **  

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7742000168
  +----- Cristariina **
--+                 
  |  +-- Unionini **   
  +--+              
     +-- Anodontina ** 

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775212112167
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7752321167
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7752000169
        +-- Anodonta_anatina **
  +-----+                   
  |     +-- Unionini **        
--+                         
  |  +----- Cristariina **     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea ** 
     +--+                   
        +-- Pseudanodonta **   

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7752221169
  +-------- Gonideini   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lamprotulini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Unionini **    

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775216152167
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Hoeh et al., 1995 [Publ 3391], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7741000170
1

Smith et al., 2023 [Publ 4291], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7751000167
1

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
663196942169
        +-- Chamberlainiini
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini **     
--+                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini   

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6973431169
  +-------- Anodontini **   
--+                      
  |  +----- Gonideinae   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini **
     +--+                
        +-- Unionini **     

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6631321167
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6722100169
  +-- Margaritiferinae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **        

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6631000168
1

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6742100167
  +-- Margaritiferinae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **        

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664241193168
  +-------- Pseudodontini
  |                      
  |  +----- Parreysiinae 
--+  |                   
  |  +----- Rectidentini 
  |  |                   
  +--+  +-- Unionini **     
     +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **   
     |                   
     |  +-- Gonideini    
     +--+                
        +-- Ambleminae   

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6181216122183.5
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina **    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina **           

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6651000171
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6642000170
  +----- Anodontina ** 
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristariina **
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **   

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664240183168
  +----------- Pseudodontini
  |                         
--+  +-------- Rectidentini 
  |  |                      
  +--+     +-- Unionini **     
     |  +--+                
     |  |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664241193168
           +-- Unionini **     
  +--------+                
  |        +-- Anodontini **   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Ambleminae   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini    
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6642000166
  +----- Cristariina **
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina ** 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **   

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6642000168
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641000170
1

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
662129291168
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641100166
1

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664196942172
  +-------- Chamberlainiini
  |                        
--+-------- Anodontini **     
  |                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini   

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61614310102175
  +-------- Anodontini **   
  |                      
--+     +-- Lanceolariini **
  |  +--+                
  |  |  +-- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Ambleminae   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae   

Klishko et al., 2017 [Publ 3946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641000166
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641200171
1

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664122181175.5
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641000167
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641200170
1

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664121181175
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6642772166
     +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
  |  +-- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664240183168
  +----------- Pseudodontini
  |                         
--+  +-------- Rectidentini 
  |  |                      
  +--+     +-- Unionini **     
     |  +--+                
     |  |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6642772166
     +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
  |  +-- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 4042], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6641000170
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6642000168
  +----- Anodontina ** 
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristariina **
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **   

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3732], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6651200171
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532642167
     +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
  |  +-- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51510226133179
  +-------------------- Amblemini              
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae           
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Eurynia                
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Fusconaia              
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Gonideinae             
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Pleurobema             
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Quadrulini             
--+                                            
  |        +----------- Ortmanniana            
  +--------+                                   
  |        |  +-------- Glebula                
  |        +--+                                
  |           |  +----- Potamilus              
  |           +--+                             
  |              |  +-- Ligumia                
  |              +--+                          
  |                 +-- Toxolasma              
  |                                            
  |  +----------------- Cyrtonaias             
  |  |                                         
  +--+  +-------------- Unionini **               
     |  |                                      
     |  |  +----------- Anodontini **             
     +--+  |                                   
        |  |     +----- Iridininae             
        |  |     |                             
        +--+  +--+  +-- Anodontites_guanarensis
           |  |  |  |                          
           |  |  +--+-- Anodontites_trigona    
           |  |     |                          
           +--+     +-- Monocondylaeinae       
              |                                
              |  +----- Rhipidodontini         
              |  |                             
              |  +----- Echyridella            
              +--+                             
                 +----- Lortiella              
                 |                             
                 |  +-- Castaliini             
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Velesunio              

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531962169
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553226133169
  +----------- Ambleminae   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonideinae   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unio_pictorum **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini **   

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553226133167
  +-------- Parreysiinae
  |                     
--+     +-- Unionini **    
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Anodontini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideinae  
     +--+               
        +-- Ambleminae  

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55312963169
     +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unionini **    

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532221167
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532100169
  +-------- Unio_tumidus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_crassus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Unio_pictorum **

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531100169
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5541000171
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532000169
  +----- Cristariina **
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina ** 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionini **   

Dyduch-Falniowska & Koziol, 1989 [Publ 3814], fig. 5_7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532000169
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5541000173
1

Mabuchi et al., 2021 [Publ 4233], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531000171
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532100171
  +-------- Unio_crassus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Unio_pictorum **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini **   

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532221167
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5181217132184
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini **           

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531100167
1

Nagel et al., 1996 [Publ 3400], fig. 351

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5541000173
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531441169
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55311182169
  +-------- Anodontini **  
  |                     
--+     +-- Pleurobemini
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini  

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55312963169
     +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unionini **    

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51912229133185
  +-------- Anodontini **      
  |                         
--+  +----- Gonideinae      
  |  |                      
  +--+----- Unionini **        
     |                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferinae
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae      

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5541100172
1

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
552226133168
  +-------- Gonideinae   
  |                      
--+  +----- Ambleminae   
  |  |                   
  +--+  +-- Unio_pictorum **
     |  |                
     +--+-- Unio_tumidus ** 
        |                
        +-- Anodontini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531200169
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5531000167
1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553226133169
  +----------------------------- Gonideinae  
  |                                          
--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia   
     |  |                                    
     |  +----------------------- Amblemini   
     +--+                                    
        |  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema  
           |  |                              
           |  |  +-------------- Eurynia     
           +--+  |                           
              |  |        +----- Cyrtonaias  
              |  +--------+                  
              +--+        |  +-- Unionini **    
                 |        +--+               
                 |           +-- Anodontini **  
                 |                           
                 |  +----------- Ortmanniana 
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-------- Glebula     
                    +--+                     
                       |  +----- Potamilus   
                       +--+                  
                          |  +-- Ligumia     
                          +--+               
                             +-- Toxolasma   

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532642167
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5541000171
1

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000170
1

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442220202168
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Acuticostini **
     +--+               
        +-- Unionini **    

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000168
1

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421111168
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000168
1

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45321263173
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotulina **        
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum **          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini **             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus  

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2D

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000172
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4411662171
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4411000169
1

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44221093172
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                              
--+  +----------- Ambleminae     
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Gonideinae     
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Anodontini **     
           +--+                  
              +-- Unionina **       

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44021153170
  +----- Pleurobemini   
  |                     
  +----- Lampsilini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Anodontini **     
  |  |                  
  |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unio_pictorum **  
     |                  
     +-- Aculamprotulina **

Sayenko et al., 2017 [Publ 3760], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000168
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422652168
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000168
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421200168
1

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422552168
  +-------- Ambleminae
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unionini **  
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442232203168
  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Rectidentini 
  |  |                            
  +--+  +----------- Pseudodontini
     |  |                         
     +--+        +-- Anodontini **   
        |  +-----+                
        |  |     +-- Unionini **     
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Gonideini    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lamprotulini 
              +--+                
                 +-- Ambleminae   

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422642168
  +-------- Gonideinae
--+                   
  |  +----- Ambleminae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unionini **  

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421852168
  +----- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421852168
  +-------- Anodontini **
--+                   
  |  +----- Lampsilini
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini
     +--+             
        +-- Gonideinae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4431000171
1

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442232203168
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
  |           +-- Pseudodontini
--+  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini 
  |  |                         
  +--+        +-- Anodontini **   
     |  +-----+                
     |  |     +-- Unionini **     
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideini    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lamprotulini 
           +--+                
              +-- Ambleminae   

Bulakhova et al., 2023 [Publ 4325], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000170
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421111172
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000170
1

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44221482168
  +----------- Pseudodontini
  |                         
--+  +-------- Rectidentini 
  |  |                      
  +--+     +-- Unionini **     
     |  +--+                
     |  |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
49021153175
  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini **     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini   

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4152215122180
  +-------- Gonideinae         
  |                            
  |     +-- Elliptio           
  |     |                      
  |     +-- Fusconaia          
  |     |                      
--+  +--+-- Amblemini          
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Pleurobema         
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Unionini **           
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
  +--+  |                      
     |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Utterbackia **        
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
     +--+                      
        +-- Megalonaias        
        |                      
        +-- Obliquaria         
        |                      
        +-- Theliderma         
        |                      
        +-- Quadrula           
        |                      
        +-- Uniomerus          

Klishko et al., 2016 [Publ 3733], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000168
1

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000168
1

Klishko et al., 2014 [Publ 3666], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4421000168
1

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33122711169
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Moyer & Díaz-Ferguson, 2012 [Publ 3375], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311331169
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33122711169
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331143411171
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Krebs et al., 2019 [Publ 4092], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311000171
1

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331117133169
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Parreysiinae
     +--+               
        +-- Anodontini **  

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111292171.5
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111292171.5
  +----------- Pseudodontini
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Anodontini **   
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33111292171.5
  +----------- Pseudodontini
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Anodontini **   
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae   

Hinzmann et al., 2013 [Publ 3541], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311000171
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312000169
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311211169
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331144421171
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311552169
  +----- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311331169
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2016 [Publ 3757], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311000171
1

Kilikowska et al., 2020 [Publ 4335], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311000169
1

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311992169
        +-- Gonideini      
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Lamprotulini   
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Ambleminae     
     +--+                  
        +-- Anodontini **     

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312321170.5
  +-------- Lamprotulini
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideini   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Unionini **    
     +--+               
        +-- Anodontini **  

Froufe et al., 2014 [Publ 3592], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311000169
1

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331237273169
  +-------- Parreysiinae
  |                     
--+     +-- Unionini **    
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Anodontini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae  
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideinae  

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311111169
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4663], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331145431171
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312000169
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311111169
  +-- Ambleminae
--+             
  +-- Anodontini **

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202811--
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202200--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220243413--
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
  |        +-------- Parreysiinae   
  |        |                        
--+  +-----+     +-- Anodontini **     
  |  |     |  +--+                  
  |  |     |  |  +-- Unionini **       
  |  |     +--+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini
  +--+        +--+                  
     |           +-- Discomya       
     |                              
     |  +----------- Rectidentini   
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Schepmaniini   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Pseudodontini  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Caudiculatus   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Potomida       
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini      

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013482--
1

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201221--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23021011171.5
  +-- Unionini **  
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2401211172
  +-------- Cristaria **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Sinanodonta **     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferinae
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae      

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201000--
1

Hoeh et al., 1996 [Publ 2694], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201211--
     +-- None__1   
  +--+             
  |  +-- None__2   
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201000--
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201542--
  +-------- Quadrulini
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Lampsilini
     +--+             
        +-- Anodontini **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201761--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012743--
  +-------- Gonideinae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unionini **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae  
     +--+               
        +-- Parreysiinae

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201000--
1

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201552--
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201642--
  +-- Gonideinae
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201000--
1

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201761--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202921--
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021011--
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201642--
  +-- Gonideinae
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021211--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Unionini **  

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202911--
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011091--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24021542172
  +-------- Unionini **    
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini  

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2801662175
  +-------------- Cristariina **  
--+                            
  |  +----------- Alasmidontina **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lampsilis    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideinae   
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Venustaconcha
           +--+                
              +-- Quadrulini   

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2401442172
  +----- Gonideinae   
  |                   
--+  +-- Cristariina **  
  |  |                
  |  +-- Lampsilini   
  +--+                
     +-- Alasmidontina **
     |                
     +-- Quadrulini   

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201331--
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Anodontini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202411--
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Unionini **  
  +--+             
     +-- Anodontini **

Xia et al., 2016 [Publ 3712], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2301111171
  +----- Sinanodonta **
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristaria **  
  +--+              
     +-- Gonideinae 

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201542--
  +-------- Quadrulini
--+                   
  |  +----- Lampsilini
  +--+                
     |  +-- Anodontini **
     +--+             
        +-- Gonideinae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220126241--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011282--
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201442--
  +----- Anodontini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220124221--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220127251--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201000--
1

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110116162--
  +-- Gonideinae
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012722--
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113121--
-- Anodonta_cygnea **

Metzger et al., 2018 [Publ 3952], fig. 1C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101221--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101800--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011422--
  +----- Unionini **    
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Ambleminae  

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011900--
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Hewitt et al., 2019 [Publ 3962], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101981--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101332--
  +-- Anodontini **
  |             
--+-- Ambleminae
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae

Campbell, 2000 [Publ 2724], fig. 1-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101211--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011091--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110118162--
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini **
  +--+                
     +-- Gonideinae   

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101221--
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101332--
  +-- Ambleminae
  |             
--+-- Anodontini **
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110156551--
-- Pyganodon_grandis **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101800--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113121--
-- Anodonta_cygnea **

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110137371--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113121--
        +-- Quadrulini  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Anodontini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini   
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011211--
  +-- Unionini **  
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101521--
  +-- Pleurobemini
  |               
--+-- Lampsilini  
  |               
  +-- Unionini **    

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101441--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011091--
-- Pyganodon_grandis **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110140401--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101411--
-- Anodonta_cygnea **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113121--
-- Anodonta_cygnea **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110141411--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101411--
-- Anodonta_cygnea **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011422--
  +----- Unionini **    
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae

Peng et al., 2012 [Publ 3689], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101221--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101700--
-- Unio **

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101331--
  +----- Lampsilini
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini

Zanatta & Harris, 2013 [Publ 3530], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101441--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101700--
-- Anodonta **

Pieri et al., 2018 [Publ 3867], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110119191--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101331--
  +----- Quadrulini
--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini **
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012722--
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Unionini **  

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3579], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101800--
-- Pyganodon_grandis **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113121--
-- Anodonta_cygnea **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110155541--
  +-- Anodontini **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Unio_pictorum **
 
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