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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

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Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Unioninae

tribe UNIONINI Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics
     5 subtribes

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 93 (115 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: subtribe) = 5
analyzed in 274 cladograms in 154 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 66 (mean = 8.1, median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) = 5 (mean = 1.93, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 234
maximum number of included terminals = 66, (mean = 9.31 median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) = 5 (mean = 2.09, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.84

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 128
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subtribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 66 (mean = 12.73, median = 10.5)
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) = 5 (mean = 2.87, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.77


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree


Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66747755669040
                                +----- Amuranodonta                
  +-----------------------------+                                  
  |                             |  +-- Anemina                     
  |                             +--+                               
  |                                +-- Buldowskia                  
  |                                                                
  |                                +-- Beringiana                  
  |                          +-----+                               
--+                          |     +-- Pletholophus                
  |  +-----------------------+                                     
  |  |                       |  +----- Mimo                        
  |  |                       +--+                                  
  |  |                          |  +-- Acudonta                    
  |  |                          +--+                               
  |  |                             +-- Sinanodonta                 
  |  |                                                             
  +--+  +----------------------------- Cristaria                   
     |  |                                                          
     |  |           +----------------- Lepidodesmini               
     |  |           |                                              
     |  |           |     +----------- Lanceolariini               
     |  |           |  +--+                                        
     |  |  +--------+  |  |  +-------- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__2 **
     |  |  |        |  |  +--+                                     
     +--+  |        |  |     |  +----- Acuticosta_chinensis__2     
        |  |        |  |     +--+                                  
        |  |        +--+        |  +-- Acuticosta_chinensis__1     
        |  |           |        +--+                               
        |  |           |           +-- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__1 **
        |  |           |                                           
        |  |           |  +----------- Globunio **                    
        |  |           +--+                                        
        |  |              |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **             
        +--+              +--+                                     
           |                 |  +----- Middendorffinaiina **          
           |                 +--+                                  
           |                    |  +-- Unionina **                    
           |                    +--+                               
           |                       +-- Oxynaiina **                   
           |                                                       
           |                 +-------- Pseudodontoideus            
           |  +--------------+                                     
           |  |              |  +----- Lasmigona                   
           |  |              +--+                                  
           |  |                 |  +-- Pterosyna                   
           +--+                 +--+                               
              |                    +-- Arcidens                    
              |                                                    
              |  +-------------------- Anodontina                  
              |  |                                                 
              +--+                 +-- Utterbackia                 
                 |  +--------------+                               
                 |  |              +-- Pyganodon                   
                 +--+                                              
                    |  +-------------- Utterbackiana               
                    |  |                                           
                    +--+  +----------- Simpsonaias                 
                       |  |                                        
                       |  |        +-- Alasminota                  
                       +--+  +-----+                               
                          |  |     +-- Alasmidonta                 
                          |  |                                     
                          +--+     +-- Prolasmidonta               
                             |  +--+                               
                             |  |  +-- Platynaias                  
                             +--+                                  
                                |  +-- Anodontoides                
                                +--+                               
                                   +-- Strophitus                  

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
48484642723365
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                 
--+           +-- Lanceolariini     
  |  +--------+                     
  |  |        +-- Anodontini        
  +--+                              
     |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Unionina **          
        +--+                        
           |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
           +--+                     
              +-- Oxynaiina **         

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46464459422463
  +----------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                    
  |           +----- Lanceolariini     
--+  +--------+                        
  |  |        |  +-- Acuticostini      
  |  |        +--+                     
  +--+           +-- Anodontini        
     |                                 
     |  +----------- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                              
        |  +-------- Globunionina **      
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Oxynaiina **         
           +--+                        
              |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
              +--+                     
                 +-- Unionina **          

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32323032018170
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wang et al., 2025 [Publ 4488], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32323043230369
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                 
--+           +-- Acuticostini      
  |  +--------+                     
  |  |        +-- Anodontini        
  +--+                              
     |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Unionina **          
        +--+                        
           |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
           +--+                     
              +-- Oxynaiina **         

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32323056333470
  +----------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                    
  |           +----- Anodontini        
--+  +--------+                        
  |  |        |  +-- Acuticostini      
  |  |        +--+                     
  +--+           +-- Lanceolariini     
     |                                 
     |  +----------- Globunionina **      
     +--+                              
        |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Unionina **          
           +--+                        
              |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
              +--+                     
                 +-- Oxynaiina **         

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29292732422369
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4825], fig. 6B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29292743634369
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                 
--+           +-- Lanceolariini     
  |  +--------+                     
  |  |        +-- Anodontini        
  +--+                              
     |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Unionina **          
        +--+                        
           |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
           +--+                     
              +-- Oxynaiina **         

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28282449443470
  +----------- Acuticostini      
  |                              
  +----------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                              
--+        +-- Lanceolariini     
  +--------+                     
  |        +-- Anodontini        
  |                              
  |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
  +--+                           
     |  +----- Middendorffinaiina **
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Unionina **          
        +--+                     
           +-- Oxynaiina **         

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27272535816467
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Lanceolariini  
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27272546015469
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                              
  |        +----- Anodontini     
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                           
     |  +-------- Globunionina **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Unionina **       
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **      

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624222170
  +----- Lepidodesmini     
--+                        
  |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
  +--+                     
     +-- Oxynaiina **         

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
262624222168
  +----- Lepidodesmini     
--+                        
  |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
  +--+                     
     +-- Oxynaiina **         

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
232320185181
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
232314185175
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23232131515469
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Lanceolariini  
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22221936924471
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22221936924471
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22222037324472
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22221937324473
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21211852314478
                                   +-- Anemina               
  +--------------------------------+                         
  |                                +-- Amuranodonta          
  |                                                          
  |                             +----- Pletholophus          
--+  +--------------------------+                            
  |  |                          |  +-- Sinanodonta           
  |  |                          +--+                         
  |  |                             +-- Beringiana            
  +--+                                                       
     |                             +-- Alasmidontina         
     |  +--------------------------+                         
     |  |                          +-- Anodontina            
     |  |                                                    
     +--+  +-------------------------- Lanceolaria_gladiola  
        |  |                                                 
        |  +-------------------------- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha
        |  |                                                 
        +--+-------------------------- Cristaria             
           |                                                 
           |  +----------------------- Acuticostini          
           |  |                                              
           |  +----------------------- Lepidodesmini         
           +--+                                              
              |  +-------------------- Globunionina **          
              |  |                                           
              +--+  +----------------- Aculamprotulina **       
                 |  |                                        
                 |  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina **    
                 +--+  +-----------+                         
                    |  |           +-- Nodularia **             
                    |  |                                     
                    +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis **             
                       |  |                                  
                       |  |        +-- Diaurora **              
                       +--+--------+                         
                          |        +-- Schistodesmus **         
                          |                                  
                          |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **       
                          +--+                               
                             |  +----- Inversiunio **           
                             +--+                            
                                |  +-- Tchangsinaia **          
                                +--+                         
                                   +-- Unionina **              

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
212117318027470
  +----------- Acuticostini   
  |                           
--+  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
  |  |                        
  |  |     +-- Lanceolariini  
  +--+-----+                  
     |     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21211652314473
                                   +----- Pletholophus      
  +--------------------------------+                        
  |                                |  +-- Sinanodonta       
  |                                +--+                     
  |                                   +-- Beringiana        
--+                                                         
  |  +----------------------------------- Cristaria         
  |  |                                                      
  |  |                                +-- Alasmidontina     
  |  +--------------------------------+                     
  +--+                                +-- Anodontina        
     |                                                      
     |  +-------------------------------- Lanceolariini     
     |  |                                                   
     +--+  +----------------------------- Lepidodesmini     
        |  |                                                
        +--+  +-------------------------- Acuticostini      
           |  |                                             
           +--+  +----------------------- Globunionina **      
              |  |                                          
              +--+  +-------------------- Aculamprotulina **   
                 |  |                                       
                 +--+  +----------------- Middendorffinaiina **
                    |  |                                    
                    +--+  +-------------- Nodularia **         
                       |  |                                 
                       +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis **         
                          |  |                              
                          |  |        +-- Diaurora **          
                          +--+--------+                     
                             |        +-- Schistodesmus **     
                             |                              
                             |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **   
                             +--+                           
                                |  +----- Unionina **          
                                +--+                        
                                   |  +-- Tchangsinaia **      
                                   +--+                     
                                      +-- Inversiunio **       

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2121193206475
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Lanceolariini  
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
214825318027491
  +-------- Acuticostini         
  |                              
  +-------- Alasmidonta          
  |                              
  +-------- Anodonta_anatina     
  |                              
  +-------- Anemina              
  |                              
  +-------- Anodonta_cygnea      
  |                              
  +-------- Cristaria            
  |                              
  +-------- Brachyanodon         
  |                              
  +-------- Lasmigona            
  |                              
  +-------- Lepidodesmini        
  |                              
  +-------- Pseudanodonta        
  |                              
  +-------- Pyganodon            
  |                              
--+-------- Simpsonaias          
  |                              
  +-------- Strophitus           
  |                              
  +-------- Utterbackia          
  |                              
  +-------- Schistodesmus **        
  |                              
  +-------- Unionina **             
  |                              
  +-------- Aculamprotulina **      
  |                              
  +-------- Lanceolariini        
  |                              
  |     +-- Pletholophus         
  +-----+                        
  |     +-- Sinanodonta          
  |                              
  |  +----- Cuneopsis_celtiformis **
  |  |                           
  |  +----- Tchangsinaia **         
  |  |                           
  +--+----- Cuneopsis_rufescens **  
     |                           
     +----- Nodularia **            
     |                           
     |  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii ** 
     +--+                        
        +-- Cuneopsis_heudei **     

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20201835315470
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
202018317927470
  +----------- Acuticostini   
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lanceolariini  
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini     

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_MtG

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
191917233272
     +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini   
--+                   
  |  +-- Oxynaiina **    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionina **     

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_AHE

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
191917233282
     +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini   
--+                   
  |  +-- Oxynaiina **    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionina **     

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18181542314479
                          +-- Anemina               
  +-----------------------+                         
  |                       +-- Amuranodonta          
  |                                                 
  |                    +----- Pletholophus          
  |  +-----------------+                            
--+  |                 |  +-- Sinanodonta           
  |  |                 +--+                         
  |  |                    +-- Beringiana            
  |  |                                              
  |  |  +-------------------- Lanceolaria_gladiola  
  +--+  |                                           
     |  +-------------------- Acuticostini          
     |  |                                           
     |  +-------------------- Lepidodesmini         
     |  |                                           
     |  +-------------------- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha
     |  |                                           
     +--+-------------------- Cristaria             
        |                                           
        |                 +-- Alasmidontina         
        +-----------------+                         
        |                 +-- Anodontina            
        |                                           
        |  +----------------- Aculamprotulina **       
        |  |                                        
        |  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina **    
        +--+  +-----------+                         
           |  |           +-- Nodularia **             
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis **             
              |  |                                  
              |  |        +-- Diaurora **              
              +--+--------+                         
                 |        +-- Schistodesmus **         
                 |                                  
                 |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **       
                 +--+                               
                    |  +----- Inversiunio **           
                    +--+                            
                       |  +-- Tchangsinaia **          
                       +--+                         
                          +-- Unionina **              

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18181542314479
  +----------------------- Acuticostini      
  |                                          
  |  +-------------------- Lepidodesmini     
--+  |                                       
  |  |                 +-- Lanceolariini     
  |  +-----------------+                     
  +--+                 +-- Anodontini        
     |                                       
     |  +----------------- Aculamprotulina **   
     |  |                                    
     |  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina **
     +--+  +-----------+                     
        |  |           +-- Nodularia **         
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis **         
           |  |                              
           |  |        +-- Diaurora **          
           +--+--------+                     
              |        +-- Schistodesmus **     
              |                              
              |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **   
              +--+                           
                 |  +----- Inversiunio **       
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-- Tchangsinaia **      
                    +--+                     
                       +-- Unionina **          

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18181642314476
              +-------- Globunionina **   
  +-----------+                        
  |           |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  |           +--+                     
  |              |  +-- Unionina **       
  |              +--+                  
--+                 +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |                                    
  |  +----------------- Acuticostini   
  |  |                                 
  |  |              +-- Alasmidontina  
  +--+  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Anodontina     
     |  |                              
     |  |        +----- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+  +-----+                     
        |  |     |  +-- Cristaria      
        |  |     +--+                  
        |  |        +-- Lanceolariini  
        +--+                           
           |        +-- Anemina        
           |  +-----+                  
           |  |     +-- Amuranodonta   
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Pletholophus   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Sinanodonta    
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Beringiana     

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18323042314486
  +-------------- Globunionina **   
  |                              
  |        +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                           
     |  +-------- Acuticostini   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lepidodesmini  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                  
              +-- Anodontini     

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18181633510470
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Lanceolariini  
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17242222915478
  +----------------- Anemina        
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Acuticostini   
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Sinanodonta    
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Cristaria      
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Lepidodesmini  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Oxynaiina **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17171523016473
  +----------------- Anemina        
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Sinanodonta    
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Acuticostini   
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Lepidodesmini  
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Cristaria      
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
              +--+                  
                 +-- Oxynaiina **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
161614193178
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15151335818475
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini  

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151816283176
  +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+                     
  |  +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15151335818475
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini  

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15151335317475
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini  

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412100068
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14141233919472
  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
--+  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  +--+                  
  |     +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |                        
  |  +----- Anodontini     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Acuticostini   
     +--+                  
        +-- Lanceolariini  

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3738], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141412200072
  +-- Oxynaiina **
--+            
  +-- Unionina ** 

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1414123335274
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1414123108376
  +----------------- Acuticostini          
  |                                        
--+              +-- Lanceolaria_lanceolata
  |  +-----------+                         
  |  |           +-- Lanceolaria_grayii    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------- Lanceolaria_gladiola  
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------- Anodontini            
        +--+                               
           |  +----- Unionina **              
           +--+                            
              |  +-- Aculamprotulina **       
              +--+                         
                 +-- Oxynaiina **             

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141410243172
  +----- Anodontini
--+                
  |  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Unionina **  

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
141493108373
  +----------- Acuticostini          
  |                                  
  |  +-------- Lanceolaria_grayii    
--+  |                               
  |  +-------- Lanceolaria_gladiola  
  |  |                               
  +--+-------- Lanceolaria_lanceolata
     |                               
     |  +----- Anodontini            
     |  |                            
     +--+  +-- Unionina **              
        |  |                         
        +--+-- Aculamprotulina **       
           |                         
           +-- Oxynaiina **             

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2e

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311355275
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311220073
           +----- Cuneopsis_rufescens **   
  +--------+                            
  |        |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **    
  |        +--+                         
--+           +-- Pseudocuneopsis **       
  |                                     
  |  +----------- Tchangsinaia **          
  |  |                                  
  +--+        +-- Cuneopsis_kiangsiensis **
     |  +-----+                         
     |  |     +-- Cuneopsis_celtiformis ** 
     +--+                               
        |  +----- Cuneopsis_szechenyii **  
        +--+                            
           |  +-- Cuneopsis_heudei **      
           +--+                         
              +-- Cuneopsis_demangei **    

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131133313476
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131335623374
                       +-- Anemina        
  +--------------------+                  
  |                    +-- Buldowskia     
  |                                       
--+                 +----- Pletholophus   
  |  +--------------+                     
  |  |              |  +-- Beringiana     
  |  |              +--+                  
  +--+                 +-- Sinanodonta    
     |                                    
     |  +----------------- Cristaria      
     |  |                                 
     +--+              +-- Anodontina     
        |  +-----------+                  
        |  |           +-- Alasmidontina  
        +--+                              
           |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                           
              |  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Unionina **       
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131133513476
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131435623374
                       +-- Anemina        
  +--------------------+                  
  |                    +-- Buldowskia     
  |                                       
--+                 +----- Sinanodonta    
  |  +--------------+                     
  |  |              |  +-- Pletholophus   
  |  |              +--+                  
  +--+                 +-- Beringiana     
     |                                    
     |  +----------------- Cristaria      
     |  |                                 
     +--+              +-- Anodontina     
        |  +-----------+                  
        |  |           +-- Alasmidontina  
        +--+                              
           |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                           
              |  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Unionina **       
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Oxynaiina **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131310100072
1

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131435623374
                       +-- Anemina        
  +--------------------+                  
  |                    +-- Buldowskia     
  |                                       
--+                 +----- Sinanodonta    
  |  +--------------+                     
  |  |              |  +-- Pletholophus   
  |  |              +--+                  
  +--+                 +-- Beringiana     
     |                                    
     |  +----------------- Cristaria      
     |  |                                 
     +--+              +-- Anodontina     
        |  +-----------+                  
        |  |           +-- Alasmidontina  
        +--+                              
           |  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
           +--+                           
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Unionina **       
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Oxynaiina **      

Sayenko et al., 2021 [Publ 4189], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311300077
  +-------- Unionina **          
--+                           
  |  +----- Inversiunio **       
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
     +--+                     
        +-- Nodularia **         

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1313113108377
  +-------------- Acuticostini   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Anodontini     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Unionina **       
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **      

Fukata & Iigo, 2019 [Publ 4108], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131715344273
        +-- Unionina **       
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Oxynaiina **      
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Acuticostini   
     +--+                  
        +-- Lanceolariini  

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131134115475
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                              
--+  +----------- Lanceolariini  
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Acuticostini   
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Anodontini     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Unionina **       
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **      

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1214104105481
  +----------- Acuticostini      
  |                              
  +----------- Cristariina       
  |                              
--+----------- Anodontina        
  |                              
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini     
  |  |                           
  |  |     +-- Aculamprotulina **   
  +--+-----+                     
     |     +-- Lepidodesmini     
     |                           
     |  +----- Unionina **          
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
        +--+                     
           +-- Oxynaiina **         

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121210200075.5
  +-- Aculamprotulina **
--+                  
  +-- Oxynaiina **      

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12121044421472
     +-------- Middendorffinaiina **
  +--+                           
  |  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **   
  |  +--+                        
  |     |  +-- Unionina **          
  |     +--+                     
--+        +-- Oxynaiina **         
  |                              
  |        +-- Lepidodesmini     
  |     +--+                     
  |     |  +-- Lanceolariini     
  +-----+                        
        |  +-- Acuticostini      
        +--+                     
           +-- Anodontini        

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121211200082
  +----------- Nodularia **    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Schistodesmus **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Cuneopsis **    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unionina **     
        +--+                
           +-- Tchangsinaia ** 

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121294105480
  +-------------------- Anodontina        
  |                                       
--+                 +-- Acuticostini      
  |  +--------------+                     
  |  |              +-- Cristariina       
  +--+                                    
     |  +-------------- Lepidodesmini     
     +--+                                 
        |  +----------- Lanceolariini     
        +--+                              
           |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
           +--+                           
              |  +----- Unionina **          
              +--+                        
                 |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
                 +--+                     
                    +-- Oxynaiina **         

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
121614365370
  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
  |                        
--+     +-- Acuticostini   
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11119163177
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11119100079
1

Prie et al., 2026 [Publ 4818], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11119100074
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1111837018275
        +-- Lanceolariini  
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1111934515473
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Unionina **       
     |                        
     |  +----- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini     

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1111938015475
  +----------- Acuticostini   
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lepidodesmini  
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini     

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1111938015475
  +-------------- Acuticostini   
  |                              
--+           +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Unionina **       
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **      

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11118243374
  +----- Lanceolariini
--+                   
  |  +-- Unionina **     
  +--+                
     +-- Oxynaiina **    

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111193197179
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1111932915473
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Unionina **       
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini  

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111311432279
  +----------- Unionina **          
  |                              
--+        +-- Middendorffinaiina **
  |  +-----+                     
  |  |     +-- Oxynaiina **         
  +--+                           
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Anodontini        
        +--+                     
           +-- Lepidodesmini     

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010833412372
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010836616277
        +-- Lanceolariini  
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010836616277
        +-- Lanceolariini  
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10108211174
  +----------- Lepidodesmini     
--+                              
  |  +-------- Tchangsinaia **      
  +--+                           
     |  +----- Pseudocuneopsis **   
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
        +--+                     
           +-- Cuneopsis **         

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010833812372
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10108312918277
        +-- Lanceolariini  
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101193265279
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Oxynaiina **      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Unionina **       
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini  

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010833412372
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10100311518279
     +-- Unio_crassus **            
     |                           
     +-- Unio_pictorum **           
     |                           
     +-- Unio_tumidus **            
     |                           
     +-- Aculamprotulina **         
     |                           
     +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii **    
  +--+                           
  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **            
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Cuneopsis_rufescens **     
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Nodularia_douglasiae **    
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Nodularia_nuxpersicae **   
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Schistodesmus **           
  |                              
  |  +-- Alasmidonta             
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Anodonta_anatina        
--+  |                           
  |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea         
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Brachyanodon            
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Lasmigona               
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Pseudanodonta           
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Pyganodon               
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Simpsonaias             
  |  |                           
  |  +-- Strophitus              
  +--+                           
     +-- Sinanodonta_lauta       
     |                           
     +-- Cristaria_plicata       
     |                           
     +-- Cristaria_radiata       
     |                           
     +-- Pletholophus            
     |                           
     +-- Sinanodonta_lucida      
     |                           
     +-- Sinanodonta_jourdyi     
     |                           
     +-- Lanceolaria_gladiola    
     |                           
     +-- Lanceolaria_grayii      
     |                           
     +-- Lanceolaria_danzhouensis

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10108100078
1

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010832811372.5
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Soroka & Burzynski, 2017 [Publ 3837], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010831313372
  +-------------- Anodontini     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Unionina **       

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
101083265276
  +----------- Lanceolariini  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10106312918277
     +----------- Unionina **            
     |                                
  +--+  +-------- Aculamprotulina **     
  |  |  |                             
  |  |  +-------- Schistodesmus **       
  |  +--+                             
  |     +-------- Nodularia **           
  |     |                             
  |     |  +----- Cuneopsis_szechenyii **
--+     +--+                          
  |        |  +-- Tchangsinaia **        
  |        +--+                       
  |           +-- Cuneopsis_rufescens ** 
  |                                   
  |     +-------- Lanceolariini       
  |     |                             
  |     +-------- Cristariina         
  +-----+                             
        |  +----- Anodonta_anatina    
        |  |                          
        |  +----- Pseudanodonta       
        +--+                          
           +----- Alasmidontina       
           |                          
           |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea     
           +--+                       
              +-- Brachyanodon        

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
996120077
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
995183179
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9973339171
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Unionina **       

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9973449378
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8862238381
           +----- Lanceolariini        
  +--------+                           
  |        |  +-- Acuticostini         
  |        +--+                        
  |           +-- Anodontini           
--+                                    
  |           +-- Schistodesmus **        
  |  +--------+                        
  |  |        +-- Aculamprotulina **      
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Tchangsinaia **         
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Cuneopsis_rufescens **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Nodularia **            
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii ** 
           +--+                        
              +-- Cuneopsis_celtiformis **

Marrone et al., 2019 [Publ 3907], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
884100076
1

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8863239272
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886110074
1

Klishko et al., 2018 [Publ 3945], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
885200073
  +-- Oxynaiina **
--+            
  +-- Unionina ** 

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
885332175
  +-------- Anodontini        
--+                           
  |  +----- Unionina **          
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
     +--+                     
        +-- Oxynaiina **         

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
814192238390
  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  |                        
--+     +-- Aculamprotulina **
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Anodontini     
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4827], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886240076
  +-- Globunionina **   
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
886220076
  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
--+                     
  +-- Oxynaiina **         

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8121312513484
  +-------------- Anodontini   
  |                            
  |           +-- Tchangsinaia ** 
--+  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Nodularia **    
  |  |                         
  +--+        +-- Schistodesmus **
     |  +-----+                
     |  |     +-- Acuticostini 
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Inversiunio **  
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lepidodesmini
           +--+                
              +-- Lanceolariini

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
776141178
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
784241178
  +----------- Oxynaiina **        
  |                             
  |        +-- Unio_gibbus **      
--+        |                    
  |  +-----+-- Unio_tumidus **     
  |  |     |                    
  |  |     +-- Anodontini       
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Unio_pictorum__1 ** 
     |  |                       
     |  +----- Unio_pictorum__2 ** 
     +--+                       
        +----- Unio_mancus **      
        |                       
        |  +-- Unio_tumidiformis **
        +--+                    
           +-- Unio_crassus **     

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
722522715493
  +----- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha__1
  |                               
  +----- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha__2
  |                               
  +----- Cristaria_plicata__1     
  |                               
  +----- Cristaria_plicata__2     
  |                               
  +----- Sinanodonta_lauta        
  |                               
  +----- Beringiana_japonica      
  |                               
  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__1  
  |                               
  +----- Beringiana_beringiana    
  |                               
  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__2  
  |                               
  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__3  
  |                               
  +----- Buldowskia_iwakawai__1   
  |                               
  +----- Buldowskia_iwakawai__2   
  |                               
  +----- Sinanodonta_tumens__1    
--+                               
  +----- Sinanodonta_tumens__2    
  |                               
  +----- Pletholophus             
  |                               
  +----- Anemina                  
  |                               
  +----- Lanceolaria_lanceolata   
  |                               
  +----- Cristaria_plicata__3     
  |                               
  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola     
  |                               
  +----- Sinanodonta_angula       
  |                               
  +----- Lepidodesmini            
  |                               
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **          
  +--+                            
  |  +-- Acuticostini             
  |                               
  |  +-- Cuneopsis **                
  +--+                            
  |  +-- Nodularia **                
  |                               
  |  +-- Schistodesmus **            
  +--+                            
     +-- Inversiunio **              

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775130077
1

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
776183177
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7753309477
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini     

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
71192146379
     +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **   
  |  +--+                  
--+     +-- Nodularia **      
  |                        
  |  +----- Schistodesmus **  
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                  
        +-- Acuticostini   

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
78633210478
  +----------- Anodontini     
  |                           
  |        +-- Acuticostini   
--+  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Lepidodesmini  
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775175383
  +-------- Anodontini   
--+                      
  |  +----- Oxynaiina **    
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Acuticostini 
     +--+                
        +-- Lanceolariini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775220073
  +-- Oxynaiina **      
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4825], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7171521210173
  +----- Oxynaiina **      
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Lanceolariini  

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77532411275
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775100079
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77532511275
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
775100075
1

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77532410373
     +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |  +--+                  
--+     +-- Unionina **       
  |                        
  |  +----- Anodontini     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Acuticostini   
     +--+                  
        +-- Lanceolariini  

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77534610480
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini  

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664183174
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664120079
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664141177
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
665200079
  +----- Nodularia **
--+               
  |  +-- Cuneopsis **
  +--+            
     +-- Unionina ** 

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664100075
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6643167176
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Klishko et al., 2017 [Publ 3946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
664200074
  +-- Oxynaiina **
--+            
  +-- Unionina ** 

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5533368275
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5533185277
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Oxynaiina **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553110077
1

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5533167175
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **      

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5642133276
  +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+                     
  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina **      

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
513113368283
  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
  |                        
--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                  
        +-- Anodontini     

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55427712276
     +-- Unionina **     
  +--+                
  |  +-- Oxynaiina **    
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini   

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5533175275
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5533175277
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Oxynaiina **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **       

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532290077
  +-- Unionina **       
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
554110080
1

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553175177
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Mabuchi et al., 2021 [Publ 4233], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553100079
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553290077
  +-- Unionina **       
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5533266275
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Acuticostini   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553255275
  +-------- Lanceolariini  
--+                        
  |  +----- Anodontini     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Unionina **       

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553140077
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532290077
  +-- Unionina **       
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5532155275
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Unionina **       

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55333114275
        +-- Lanceolariini     
  +-----+                     
  |     +-- Anodontini        
--+                           
  |  +----- Middendorffinaiina **
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Oxynaiina **         
     +--+                     
        +-- Unionina **          

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442155178
  +----- Anodonta_anatina
  |                      
  +----- Anodonta_cygnea 
--+                      
  +----- Pseudanodonta   
  |                      
  |  +-- Cristariina     
  +--+                   
     +-- Unionina **        

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442155178
  +----- Cristariina
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **   

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
441100077
1

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442153178
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422134176
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **       

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
442110076
1

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4423117278
  +-------------- Anodontini     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Schistodesmus **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Nodularia **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Unionina **       

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41082136384
  +----------- Unionina **     
--+                         
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Globunionina ** 
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini 
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini   

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4451179278
  +----- Anodontini   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
     +-- Oxynaiina **    

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4422122276
  +----- Lanceolariini  
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
  +--+                  
     +-- Aculamprotulina **

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3632106379
  +----------- Anodontini          
  |                                
--+  +-------- Oxynaiina **           
  |  |                             
  +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii  
     |  |                          
     +--+----- Acuticostini        
        |                          
        |  +-- Lanceolaria_gladiola
        +--+                       
           +-- Aculamprotulina **     

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353132179
  +-------- Unio_tumidus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_crassus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Unio_pictorum **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312545277
  +-------- Anodontini   
--+                      
  |  +----- Lanceolariini
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unionina **     
     +--+                
        +-- Oxynaiina **    

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311164177
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3422134278
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                  
        +-- Unionina **       

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3902121184
  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  |                  
  +-- Lamellidentini 
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini   

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311211177
  +-- Acuticostini
--+               
  +-- Oxynaiina **   

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331133177
  +----- Anodontina 
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristariina
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **   

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311156277
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
353132181
  +-------- Unio_crassus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Unio_pictorum **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini   

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331174177
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3402121179
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
--+                  
  +-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312103177
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **       

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
330143178
1

Dyduch-Falniowska & Koziol, 1989 [Publ 3814], fig. 5_7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331122179
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311164177
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
330144178
  +----- Cristariina
--+                 
  |  +-- Unionina **   
  +--+              
     +-- Anodontina 

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3972226184
  +-------------- Oxynaiina **       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Anodonta_cygnea 
  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Unio_pictorum__2 **
     |  |                         
     +--+     +-- Unio_pictorum__1 **
        |  +--+                   
        |  |  +-- Unio_caffer **     
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Anodonta        
           +--+                   
              +-- Alasmidontina   

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331122179
  +----- Cristariina
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **   

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3532131179
  +----------- Aculamprotulina **
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unio_pictorum **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamellidentini 

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3423111180
     +-- Oxynaiina **      
  +--+                  
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
--+                     
  |  +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **       

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331144177
        +-- Anodonta_anatina
  +-----+                   
  |     +-- Unionina **        
--+                         
  |  +----- Cristariina     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea 
     +--+                   
        +-- Pseudanodonta   

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311105179
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331133177
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312103177
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **       

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37513111483
  +----------- Anodontini   
  |                         
  |     +----- Acuticostini 
--+  +--+                   
  |  |  |  +-- Nodularia **    
  |  |  +--+                
  +--+     +-- Tchangsinaia ** 
     |                      
     |  +----- Lanceolariini
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Schistodesmus **
        +--+                
           +-- Lepidodesmini

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331143177
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3312545277
  +-------- Lanceolariini
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unionina **     
     +--+                
        +-- Oxynaiina **    

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
314513111488
  +-------- Strophitus   
  |                      
  +-------- Schistodesmus **
  |                      
  +-------- Lepidodesmini
  |                      
  +-------- Acuticostini 
  |                      
  +-------- Cristariina  
--+                      
  +-------- Lanceolariini
  |                      
  |     +-- Nodularia **    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Tchangsinaia ** 
  |                      
  |  +----- Utterbackia  
  |  |                   
  +--+----- Utterbackiana
     |                   
     |  +-- Alasmidonta  
     +--+                
        +-- Lasmigona    

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331133177
  +----- Cristariina
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **   

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331154179
1

Kilikowska et al., 2020 [Publ 4335], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331100077
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331155177
  +-------- Anodonta_anatina
  |                         
--+  +----- Cristariina     
  |  |                      
  +--+----- Unionina **        
     |                      
     |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea 
     +--+                   
        +-- Pseudanodonta   

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331133179
  +----- Anodontina 
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristariina
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **   

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34223112278
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Oxynaiina **      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                  
        +-- Aculamprotulina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331155179
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3311204177
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22022381--
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **       

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2501293181
  +----- Unio_pictorum **
--+                   
  |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini   

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22014541--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22014441--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220117152--
  +----- Anodontini   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
     +-- Unionina **     

Tomilova et al., 2020 [Publ 4097], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201661--
  +-- Unionina **   
  |              
--+-- Cristariina
  |              
  +-- Anodontina 

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4825], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220110101--
  +-- Oxynaiina **    
--+                
  +-- Lanceolariini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201931--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21702204192
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideini          
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina **    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina **           

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202531--
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Unionina **       
  +--+                  
     +-- Aculamprotulina **

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011621--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012931--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201111--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013421--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220133331--
  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012861--
1

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012811--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012861--
1

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220115151--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220137141--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2301106279
  +-------- Anodontini   
--+                      
  |  +----- Nodularia **    
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini
     +--+                
        +-- Inversiunio **  

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013231--
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201111--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012811--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2501293181
  +-- Unio_pictorum **
  |                
--+-- Unio_tumidus ** 
  |                
  +-- Anodontini   

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21002238186
  +----- Unionina **       
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Anodontini     

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202531--
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Unionina **       
  +--+                  
     +-- Aculamprotulina **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012931--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22012931--
1

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201842--
  +-- Lanceolariini
--+                
  +-- Oxynaiina **    

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22014541--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201931--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22014441--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22011081--
  +-- Oxynaiina **    
--+                
  +-- Lanceolariini

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22013421--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2201821--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22021872--
  +-------- Anodontini   
--+                      
  |  +----- Lepidodesmini
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Oxynaiina **    
     +--+                
        +-- Unionina **     

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22022700--
  +-- Unionina **       
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101831--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011900--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101931--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4805], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110133331--
  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012141--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011561--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011111--
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012700--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011000--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130281--
  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011611--
-- Unio **

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101911--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011200--
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101400--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101521--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011831--
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110117171--
  +----------------- Anodonta_cygnea            
  |                                             
  +----------------- Pyganodon                  
  |                                             
  +----------------- Alasminota                 
  |                                             
  +----------------- Anodonta_anatina           
  |                                             
  +----------------- Unionina **                   
  |                                             
  +----------------- Cristariina                
  |                                             
  |              +-- Brachyanodon_nuttalliana   
--+--------------+                              
  |              +-- Brachyanodon_californiensis
  |                                             
  |              +-- Pseudodontoideus           
  |              |                              
  +--------------+-- Alasmidonta                
  |              |                              
  |              +-- Pterosyna                  
  |                                             
  |  +-------------- Pseudanodonta              
  |  |                                          
  |  |        +----- Strophitus                 
  |  +--------+                                 
  +--+        |  +-- Prolasmidonta              
     |        +--+                              
     |           +-- Platynaias                 
     |                                          
     |  +----------- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__4
     +--+                                       
        |  +-------- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__3
        +--+                                    
           |  +----- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__2
           +--+                                 
              |  +-- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__1
              +--+                              
                 +-- Brachyanodon_kennerlyi     

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011361--
  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101311--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014411--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011011--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101511--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101800--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011311--
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **  

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101200--
-- Unio_tumidus **

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011111--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101800--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101500--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012700--
-- Unio_pictorum **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013921--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101700--
-- Unio **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011011--
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini
 
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