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Data last updated
Mon 1 Dec 2025

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Unioninae | Anodontini | Alasmidontina

genus Strophitus Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics

5 Recent valid species (8 total species)

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 5 (8 total)
analyzed in 53 cladograms in 36 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 5 (mean = 1.42, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 7
maximum number of included terminals = 5, (mean = 4.14 median = 4)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 1

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Strophitus cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Strophitus cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Perkins et al., 2025 [Publ 4447], fig. 2_mtDNA-ITS

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 5 7 31 28 14 0 
           +-------------- Utterbackiana                
  +--------+                                            
  |        |  +----------- Alasminota                   
  |        +--+                                         
  |           |  +-------- Pseudodontoideus             
  |           +--+                                      
  |              |  +----- Lasmigona                    
  |              +--+                                   
  |                 |  +-- Pterosyna                    
  |                 +--+                                
--+                    +-- Arcidens                     
  |                                                     
  |                    +-- Prolasmidonta                
  |                 +--+                                
  |                 |  +-- Platynaias                   
  |  +--------------+                                   
  |  |              |  +-- Ligodonta                    
  |  |              +--+                                
  |  |                 +-- Alasmidonta                  
  |  |                                                  
  +--+              +----- Sulcularia                   
     |  +-----------+                                   
     |  |           |  +-- Pyganodon                    
     |  |           +--+                                
     |  |              +-- Utterbackia                  
     +--+                                               
        |  +-------------- Anodontoides                 
        |  |                                            
        |  |        +----- Strophitus_undulatus__2 **      
        +--+  +-----+                                   
           |  |     |  +-- Strophitus_howellsi **          
           |  |     +--+                                
           +--+        +-- Strophitus_undulatus__1 **      
              |                                         
              |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
              +--+                                      
                 |  +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
                 +--+                                   
                    |  +-- Strophitus_williamsi **         
                    +--+                                
                       +-- Strophitus_radiatus **

Smith et al., 2018 [Publ 3790], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 6 13 12 7 3 
                 +-- Utterbackia               
  +--------------+                             
  |              +-- Pyganodon                 
  |                                            
  |              +-- Alasmidonta               
  |           +--+                             
--+           |  +-- Alasminota                
  |  +--------+                                
  |  |        |  +-- Pseudodontoideus          
  |  |        +--+                             
  |  |           +-- Utterbackiana             
  +--+                                         
     |  +----------- Anodontoides              
     |  |                                      
     |  |     +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
     +--+  +--+                                
        |  |  |  +-- Strophitus_radiatus **       
        |  |  +--+                             
        +--+     +-- Strophitus_williamsi **      
           |                                   
           |  +----- Strophitus_howellsi__2 **    
           +--+                                
              |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **      
              +--+                             
                 +-- Strophitus_howellsi__1 **

Smith et al., 2023 [Publ 4291], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 5 2 2 1 2 
  +----------- Anodontoides              
  |                                      
--+        +-- Strophitus_undulatus **      
  |  +-----+                             
  |  |     +-- Strophitus_howellsi **       
  +--+                                   
     |  +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
     +--+                                
        |  +-- Strophitus_radiatus **       
        +--+                             
           +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 5 37 29 13 5 
                          +-- Utterbackia                  
  +-----------------------+                                
  |                       +-- Pyganodon                    
  |                                                        
  |                 +-------- Utterbackiana                
  |                 |                                      
  |  +--------------+     +-- Lasmigona                    
--+  |              |  +--+                                
  |  |              |  |  +-- Pseudodontoideus             
  |  |              +--+                                   
  |  |                 |  +-- Pterosyna                    
  |  |                 +--+                                
  |  |                    +-- Arcidens                     
  +--+                                                     
     |                    +-- Prolasmidonta                
     |                 +--+                                
     |                 |  +-- Platynaias                   
     |  +--------------+                                   
     |  |              |  +-- Alasminota                   
     |  |              +--+                                
     +--+                 +-- Alasmidonta                  
        |                                                  
        |  +----------------- Sulcularia                   
        +--+                                               
           |  +-------------- Anodontoides                 
           +--+                                            
              |  +----------- Strophitus_undulatus **         
              +--+                                         
                 |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
                 +--+                                      
                    |  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **          
                    +--+                                   
                       |  +-- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
                       +--+                                
                          +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 5 24 23 11 3 
  +----------------------------- Utterbackiana                
  |                                                           
  |                          +-- Utterbackia                  
--+  +-----------------------+                                
  |  |                       +-- Pyganodon                    
  |  |                                                        
  |  |                    +----- Alasmidonta                  
  +--+  +-----------------+                                   
     |  |                 |  +-- Arcidens                     
     |  |                 +--+                                
     |  |                    +-- Pseudodontoideus             
     +--+                                                     
        |  +-------------------- Alasminota                   
        |  |                                                  
        |  |              +----- Sulcularia                   
        +--+  +-----------+                                   
           |  |           |  +-- Platynaias                   
           |  |           +--+                                
           +--+              +-- Prolasmidonta                
              |                                               
              |  +-------------- Anodontoides                 
              +--+                                            
                 |  +----------- Strophitus_undulatus **         
                 +--+                                         
                    |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
                    +--+                                      
                       |  +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
                       +--+                                   
                          |  +-- Strophitus_radiatus **          
                          +--+                                
                             +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 4 23 21 10 5 
  +----------------------- Sulcularia                
  |                                                  
  |              +-------- Utterbackiana             
--+  +-----------+                                   
  |  |           |  +----- Alasminota                
  |  |           +--+                                
  |  |              |  +-- Arcidens                  
  +--+              +--+                             
     |                 +-- Pseudodontoideus          
     |                                               
     |  +----------------- Alasmidonta               
     |  |                                            
     +--+  +-------------- Platynaias                
        |  |                                         
        |  |        +----- Pyganodon                 
        +--+  +-----+                                
           |  |     |  +-- Utterbackia               
           |  |     +--+                             
           +--+        +-- Anodontoides              
              |                                      
              |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
              +--+                                   
                 |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **      
                 +--+                                
                    |  +-- Strophitus_radiatus **       
                    +--+                             
                       +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 31 7 7 -- 
  +-- Strophitus_radiatus ** 
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 9 5 -- 
        +-- Alasmidonta        
  +-----+                      
  |     +-- Pterosyna          
  |                            
--+     +-- Strophitus_howellsi **
  |  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Platynaias         
  +--+                         
     |  +-- Pyganodon          
     +--+                      
        +-- Utterbackia

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 36 10 6 -- 
           +-- Pterosyna           
  +--------+                       
  |        +-- Lasmigona           
--+                                
  |  +-------- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |  |                             
  +--+     +-- Platynaias          
     |  +--+                       
     |  |  +-- Alasmidonta         
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Pyganodon           
        +--+                       
           +-- Utterbackia

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 5 4 -- 
     +-- Pterosyna           
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Prolasmidonta       
  |  |                       
  +--+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     |                       
     +-- Platynaias

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 121 4 4 -- 
  +----- Pyganodon           
  |                          
  +----- Simpsonaias         
--+                          
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                          
  |  +-- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                       
     +-- Lasmigona

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 4 4 -- 
  +----------- Utterbackiana      
--+                               
  |  +-------- Utterbackia        
  +--+                            
     |  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
     +--+                         
        |  +-- Alasmidonta        
        +--+                      
           +-- Lasmigona

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 198 6 5 -- 
  +-- Simpsonaias         
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 52 4 3 -- 
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                          
--+  +-- Platynaias          
  |  |                       
  +--+-- Alasmidonta         
     |                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 34 5 5 -- 
  +----- Alasmidonta         
  |                          
  +----- Pyganodon           
  |                          
--+  +-- Pterosyna           
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Lasmigona           
  |                          
  |  +-- Platynaias          
  +--+                       
     +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 75 4 4 -- 
        +-- Pyganodon           
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Simpsonaias         
--+                             
  |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Alasmidonta         
     +--+                       
        +-- Lasmigona

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 4 3 -- 
     +-- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 26 5 4 -- 
        +-- Utterbackia        
  +-----+                      
  |     +-- Utterbackiana      
--+                            
  |  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
  +--+                         
     |  +-- Lasmigona          
     +--+                      
        +-- Alasmidonta

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 1 1 -- 
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+                       
  +-- Pyganodon

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 138 4 4 -- 
        +-- Lasmigona           
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Alasmidonta         
--+                             
  |  +----- Simpsonaias         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Pyganodon           
     +--+                       
        +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 4 3 -- 
     +-- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 5 5 -- 
  +-------- Pyganodon           
  |                             
  |     +-- Platynaias          
--+-----+                       
  |     +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                             
  |  +----- Lasmigona           
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Arcidens            
     +--+                       
        +-- Pterosyna

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 90 2 2 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 23 2 2 -- 
  +----- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 138 4 4 -- 
  +----- Pyganodon           
  |                          
  +----- Simpsonaias         
--+                          
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                          
  |  +-- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                       
     +-- Lasmigona

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 23 2 2 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                       
        +-- Pyganodon

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 82 4 4 -- 
  +----------- Pyganodon           
--+                                
  |  +-------- Simpsonaias         
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Alasmidonta         
        +--+                       
           +-- Lasmigona

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 5 -- 
  +----------- Pyganodon           
  |                                
--+        +-- Lasmigona           
  |  +-----+                       
  |  |     +-- Pterosyna           
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Prolasmidonta       
        +--+                       
           +-- Platynaias

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 37 10 6 -- 
           +-- Pyganodon           
  +--------+                       
  |        +-- Utterbackia         
  |                                
--+        +-- Lasmigona           
  |  +-----+                       
  |  |     +-- Pterosyna           
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Alasmidonta         
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
        +--+                       
           +-- Platynaias

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 13 8 -- 
     +-------- Pseudodontoideus    
  +--+                             
  |  |  +----- Lasmigona           
  |  +--+                          
  |     |  +-- Pterosyna           
--+     +--+                       
  |        +-- Arcidens            
  |                                
  |  +-------- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |  |                             
  +--+     +-- Pyganodon           
     |  +--+                       
     |  |  +-- Utterbackia         
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Platynaias          
        +--+                       
           +-- Alasmidonta

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 3 3 -- 
  +----- Lasmigona           
  |                          
--+  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |  |                       
  +--+-- Alasmidonta         
     |                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 22 2 2 -- 
  +----- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                       
        +-- Pyganodon

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 103 15 9 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 2 2 -- 
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+                          
  |  +-- Platynaias          
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 37 8 8 -- 
  +-------------- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                                   
  |        +----- Pterosyna           
--+  +-----+                          
  |  |     |  +-- Lasmigona           
  |  |     +--+                       
  +--+        +-- Arcidens            
     |                                
     |  +-------- Utterbackia         
     |  |                             
     +--+-------- Alasmidonta         
        |                             
        |  +----- Pyganodon           
        +--+                          
           |  +-- Anodontoides        
           +--+                       
              +-- Platynaias

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 200 6 5 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 4 4 -- 
-- Strophitus_radiatus **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 200 6 5 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 46 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Pyganodon           
     +--+                       
        +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 4 4 -- 
  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
--+                         
  |  +-- Lasmigona          
  +--+                      
     +-- Alasmidonta

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 7 7 -- 
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+                          
  |  +-- Prolasmidonta       
  +--+                       
     +-- Platynaias

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 75 4 4 -- 
        +-- Alasmidonta         
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Pyganodon           
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                       
        +-- Simpsonaias

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 124 4 4 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+                       
  +-- Pyganodon

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 79 4 4 -- 
        +-- Pyganodon           
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Simpsonaias         
--+                             
  |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Alasmidonta         
     +--+                       
        +-- Lasmigona

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 46 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                       
        +-- Pyganodon

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 90 2 2 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
 
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