Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Unioninae | Anodontini | Alasmidontina

genus Strophitus Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics

5 Recent valid species (8 total species)

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 5 (8 total)
analyzed in 54 cladograms in 37 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 5 (mean = 1.48, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 8
maximum number of included terminals = 5, (mean = 4.25 median = 4.5)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 1

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Strophitus cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Strophitus cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Perkins et al., 2025 [Publ 4447], fig. 2_mtDNA-ITS

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 5 7 31 28 14 0 
           +-------------- Utterbackiana                
  +--------+                                            
  |        |  +----------- Alasminota                   
  |        +--+                                         
  |           |  +-------- Pseudodontoideus             
  |           +--+                                      
  |              |  +----- Lasmigona                    
  |              +--+                                   
  |                 |  +-- Pterosyna                    
  |                 +--+                                
--+                    +-- Arcidens                     
  |                                                     
  |                    +-- Prolasmidonta                
  |                 +--+                                
  |                 |  +-- Platynaias                   
  |  +--------------+                                   
  |  |              |  +-- Ligodonta                    
  |  |              +--+                                
  |  |                 +-- Alasmidonta                  
  |  |                                                  
  +--+              +----- Sulcularia                   
     |  +-----------+                                   
     |  |           |  +-- Pyganodon                    
     |  |           +--+                                
     |  |              +-- Utterbackia                  
     +--+                                               
        |  +-------------- Anodontoides                 
        |  |                                            
        |  |        +----- Strophitus_undulatus__2 **      
        +--+  +-----+                                   
           |  |     |  +-- Strophitus_howellsi **          
           |  |     +--+                                
           +--+        +-- Strophitus_undulatus__1 **      
              |                                         
              |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
              +--+                                      
                 |  +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
                 +--+                                   
                    |  +-- Strophitus_williamsi **         
                    +--+                                
                       +-- Strophitus_radiatus **

Smith et al., 2018 [Publ 3790], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 6 13 12 7 3 
                 +-- Utterbackia               
  +--------------+                             
  |              +-- Pyganodon                 
  |                                            
  |              +-- Alasmidonta               
  |           +--+                             
--+           |  +-- Alasminota                
  |  +--------+                                
  |  |        |  +-- Pseudodontoideus          
  |  |        +--+                             
  |  |           +-- Utterbackiana             
  +--+                                         
     |  +----------- Anodontoides              
     |  |                                      
     |  |     +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
     +--+  +--+                                
        |  |  |  +-- Strophitus_radiatus **       
        |  |  +--+                             
        +--+     +-- Strophitus_williamsi **      
           |                                   
           |  +----- Strophitus_howellsi__2 **    
           +--+                                
              |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **      
              +--+                             
                 +-- Strophitus_howellsi__1 **

Smith et al., 2023 [Publ 4291], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 5 2 2 1 2 
  +----------- Anodontoides              
  |                                      
--+        +-- Strophitus_undulatus **      
  |  +-----+                             
  |  |     +-- Strophitus_howellsi **       
  +--+                                   
     |  +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
     +--+                                
        |  +-- Strophitus_radiatus **       
        +--+                             
           +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 5 7 626 31 13 4 
  +-------------------------- Utterbackiana                
  |                                                        
--+  +----------------------- Simpsonaias                  
  |  |                                                     
  |  |                    +-- Alasminota                   
  +--+  +-----------------+                                
     |  |                 +-- Alasmidonta                  
     |  |                                                  
     +--+                 +-- Prolasmidonta                
        |  +--------------+                                
        |  |              +-- Platynaias                   
        |  |                                               
        +--+  +-------------- Anodontoides                 
           |  |                                            
           |  |        +----- Strophitus_undulatus__2 **      
           +--+  +-----+                                   
              |  |     |  +-- Strophitus_howellsi **          
              |  |     +--+                                
              +--+        +-- Strophitus_undulatus__1 **      
                 |                                         
                 |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
                 +--+                                      
                    |  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **          
                    +--+                                   
                       |  +-- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
                       +--+                                
                          +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 5 37 29 13 5 
                          +-- Utterbackia                  
  +-----------------------+                                
  |                       +-- Pyganodon                    
  |                                                        
  |                 +-------- Utterbackiana                
  |                 |                                      
  |  +--------------+     +-- Lasmigona                    
--+  |              |  +--+                                
  |  |              |  |  +-- Pseudodontoideus             
  |  |              +--+                                   
  |  |                 |  +-- Pterosyna                    
  |  |                 +--+                                
  |  |                    +-- Arcidens                     
  +--+                                                     
     |                    +-- Prolasmidonta                
     |                 +--+                                
     |                 |  +-- Platynaias                   
     |  +--------------+                                   
     |  |              |  +-- Alasminota                   
     |  |              +--+                                
     +--+                 +-- Alasmidonta                  
        |                                                  
        |  +----------------- Sulcularia                   
        +--+                                               
           |  +-------------- Anodontoides                 
           +--+                                            
              |  +----------- Strophitus_undulatus **         
              +--+                                         
                 |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
                 +--+                                      
                    |  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **          
                    +--+                                   
                       |  +-- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
                       +--+                                
                          +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 5 24 23 11 3 
  +----------------------------- Utterbackiana                
  |                                                           
  |                          +-- Utterbackia                  
--+  +-----------------------+                                
  |  |                       +-- Pyganodon                    
  |  |                                                        
  |  |                    +----- Alasmidonta                  
  +--+  +-----------------+                                   
     |  |                 |  +-- Arcidens                     
     |  |                 +--+                                
     |  |                    +-- Pseudodontoideus             
     +--+                                                     
        |  +-------------------- Alasminota                   
        |  |                                                  
        |  |              +----- Sulcularia                   
        +--+  +-----------+                                   
           |  |           |  +-- Platynaias                   
           |  |           +--+                                
           +--+              +-- Prolasmidonta                
              |                                               
              |  +-------------- Anodontoides                 
              +--+                                            
                 |  +----------- Strophitus_undulatus **         
                 +--+                                         
                    |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__2 **
                    +--+                                      
                       |  +----- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis__1 **
                       +--+                                   
                          |  +-- Strophitus_radiatus **          
                          +--+                                
                             +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 4 23 21 10 5 
  +----------------------- Sulcularia                
  |                                                  
  |              +-------- Utterbackiana             
--+  +-----------+                                   
  |  |           |  +----- Alasminota                
  |  |           +--+                                
  |  |              |  +-- Arcidens                  
  +--+              +--+                             
     |                 +-- Pseudodontoideus          
     |                                               
     |  +----------------- Alasmidonta               
     |  |                                            
     +--+  +-------------- Platynaias                
        |  |                                         
        |  |        +----- Pyganodon                 
        +--+  +-----+                                
           |  |     |  +-- Utterbackia               
           |  |     +--+                             
           +--+        +-- Anodontoides              
              |                                      
              |  +-------- Strophitus_pascagoulaensis **
              +--+                                   
                 |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **      
                 +--+                                
                    |  +-- Strophitus_radiatus **       
                    +--+                             
                       +-- Strophitus_williamsi **

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 31 7 7 -- 
  +-- Strophitus_radiatus ** 
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 123 4 4 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 75 4 4 -- 
        +-- Alasmidonta         
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Pyganodon           
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                       
        +-- Simpsonaias

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 5 5 -- 
  +-------- Pyganodon           
  |                             
  |     +-- Platynaias          
--+-----+                       
  |     +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                             
  |  +----- Lasmigona           
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Arcidens            
     +--+                       
        +-- Pterosyna

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 104 15 9 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 199 6 5 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 52 4 3 -- 
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                          
--+  +-- Platynaias          
  |  |                       
  +--+-- Alasmidonta         
     |                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 7 7 -- 
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+                          
  |  +-- Prolasmidonta       
  +--+                       
     +-- Platynaias

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 13 8 -- 
     +-------- Pseudodontoideus    
  +--+                             
  |  |  +----- Lasmigona           
  |  +--+                          
  |     |  +-- Pterosyna           
--+     +--+                       
  |        +-- Arcidens            
  |                                
  |  +-------- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |  |                             
  +--+     +-- Pyganodon           
     |  +--+                       
     |  |  +-- Utterbackia         
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Platynaias          
        +--+                       
           +-- Alasmidonta

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 5 4 -- 
     +-- Pterosyna           
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Prolasmidonta       
  |  |                       
  +--+-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     |                       
     +-- Platynaias

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 75 4 4 -- 
        +-- Pyganodon           
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Simpsonaias         
--+                             
  |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Alasmidonta         
     +--+                       
        +-- Lasmigona

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 23 2 2 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 197 6 5 -- 
  +-- Simpsonaias         
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+                       
  +-- Pyganodon

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 121 4 4 -- 
  +----- Pyganodon           
  |                          
  +----- Simpsonaias         
--+                          
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                          
  |  +-- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                       
     +-- Lasmigona

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                       
        +-- Pyganodon

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 137 4 4 -- 
        +-- Lasmigona           
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Alasmidonta         
--+                             
  |  +----- Simpsonaias         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Pyganodon           
     +--+                       
        +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 46 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                       
        +-- Pyganodon

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 4 3 -- 
     +-- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 37 10 6 -- 
           +-- Pterosyna           
  +--------+                       
  |        +-- Lasmigona           
--+                                
  |  +-------- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |  |                             
  +--+     +-- Platynaias          
     |  +--+                       
     |  |  +-- Alasmidonta         
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Pyganodon           
        +--+                       
           +-- Utterbackia

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 81 4 4 -- 
  +----------- Pyganodon           
--+                                
  |  +-------- Simpsonaias         
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Alasmidonta         
        +--+                       
           +-- Lasmigona

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 23 2 2 -- 
  +----- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 5 -- 
  +----------- Pyganodon           
  |                                
--+        +-- Lasmigona           
  |  +-----+                       
  |  |     +-- Pterosyna           
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Prolasmidonta       
        +--+                       
           +-- Platynaias

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 34 5 5 -- 
  +----- Alasmidonta         
  |                          
  +----- Pyganodon           
  |                          
--+  +-- Pterosyna           
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Lasmigona           
  |                          
  |  +-- Platynaias          
  +--+                       
     +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 4 3 -- 
     +-- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                       
  |  +-- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
     +--+                       
        +-- Pyganodon

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 9 5 -- 
        +-- Alasmidonta         
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Pterosyna           
  |                             
--+     +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |  +--+                       
  |  |  +-- Platynaias          
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Pyganodon           
     +--+                       
        +-- Utterbackia

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 90 2 2 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 38 10 6 -- 
           +-- Pyganodon           
  +--------+                       
  |        +-- Utterbackia         
  |                                
--+        +-- Lasmigona           
  |  +-----+                       
  |  |     +-- Pterosyna           
  +--+                             
     |  +----- Alasmidonta         
     +--+                          
        |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
        +--+                       
           +-- Platynaias

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 26 5 4 -- 
        +-- Utterbackia        
  +-----+                      
  |     +-- Utterbackiana      
--+                            
  |  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
  +--+                         
     |  +-- Lasmigona          
     +--+                      
        +-- Alasmidonta

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 4 4 -- 
  +----------- Utterbackiana      
--+                               
  |  +-------- Utterbackia        
  +--+                            
     |  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
     +--+                         
        |  +-- Alasmidonta        
        +--+                      
           +-- Lasmigona

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 2 2 -- 
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+                          
  |  +-- Platynaias          
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 199 6 5 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 4 4 -- 
-- Strophitus_radiatus **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 46 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Lasmigona           
--+                             
  |  +----- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Pyganodon           
     +--+                       
        +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 90 2 2 -- 
  +-- Pyganodon           
--+                       
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 37 8 8 -- 
  +-------------- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                                   
  |        +----- Pterosyna           
--+  +-----+                          
  |  |     |  +-- Lasmigona           
  |  |     +--+                       
  +--+        +-- Arcidens            
     |                                
     |  +-------- Utterbackia         
     |  |                             
     +--+-------- Alasmidonta         
        |                             
        |  +----- Pyganodon           
        +--+                          
           |  +-- Anodontoides        
           +--+                       
              +-- Platynaias

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 22 2 2 -- 
  +----- Lasmigona           
--+                          
  |  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 137 4 4 -- 
  +----- Pyganodon           
  |                          
  +----- Simpsonaias         
--+                          
  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |                          
  |  +-- Alasmidonta         
  +--+                       
     +-- Lasmigona

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 3 3 -- 
  +----- Lasmigona           
  |                          
--+  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
  |  |                       
  +--+-- Alasmidonta         
     |                       
     +-- Pyganodon

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 79 4 4 -- 
        +-- Pyganodon           
  +-----+                       
  |     +-- Simpsonaias         
--+                             
  |  +----- Strophitus_undulatus **
  +--+                          
     |  +-- Alasmidonta         
     +--+                       
        +-- Lasmigona

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 4 4 -- 
  +----- Strophitus_radiatus **
--+                         
  |  +-- Lasmigona          
  +--+                      
     +-- Alasmidonta

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 1 1 -- 
-- Strophitus_undulatus **

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 1 1 -- 
  +-- Strophitus_undulatus **
--+                       
  +-- Pyganodon