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Page last updated
Wed 1 October 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Unioninae | Anodontini | Cristariina

genus Pletholophus Simpson, 1900: cladomics
     4 Recent valid species (4 total species)

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 4 (4 total)
analyzed in 34 cladograms in 17 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 4 (mean = 1.44, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 7
maximum number of included terminals = 4, (mean = 3.14 median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.86


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree


Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 2

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
412104312970
  +----------------- Cristaria                  
  |                                             
  |           +----- Beringiana                 
--+  +--------+                                 
  |  |        |  +-- Acudonta                   
  |  |        +--+                              
  |  |           +-- Sinanodonta                
  +--+                                          
     |        +----- Pletholophus_guangzhouensis **
     |  +-----+                                 
     |  |     |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **        
     |  |     +--+                              
     +--+        +-- Pletholophus_reinianus **     
        |                                       
        |  +-------- Pletholophus_honglinhensis ** 
        +--+                                    
           |  +----- Anemina                    
           +--+                                 
              |  +-- Amuranodonta               
              +--+                              
                 +-- Buldowskia                 

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4424272368
              +----- Amuranodonta               
  +-----------+                                 
  |           |  +-- Anemina                    
  |           +--+                              
--+              +-- Buldowskia                 
  |                                             
  |  +-------------- Cristaria                  
  |  |                                          
  +--+           +-- Beringiana                 
     |  +--------+                              
     |  |        +-- Sinanodonta                
     +--+                                       
        |  +-------- Pletholophus_honglinhensis ** 
        +--+                                    
           |  +----- Pletholophus_guangzhouensis **
           +--+                                 
              |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **        
              +--+                              
                 +-- Pletholophus_reinianus **     

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4424272368
              +----- Amuranodonta               
  +-----------+                                 
  |           |  +-- Anemina                    
  |           +--+                              
--+              +-- Buldowskia                 
  |                                             
  |  +-------------- Cristaria                  
  |  |                                          
  +--+           +-- Beringiana                 
     |  +--------+                              
     |  |        +-- Sinanodonta                
     +--+                                       
        |  +-------- Pletholophus_honglinhensis ** 
        +--+                                    
           |  +----- Pletholophus_guangzhouensis **
           +--+                                 
              |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **        
              +--+                              
                 +-- Pletholophus_reinianus **     

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33133229
  +----------- Cristaria                 
--+                                      
  |  +-------- Sinanodonta               
  +--+                                   
     |  +----- Pletholophus_honglinhensis **
     +--+                                
        |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **       
        +--+                             
           +-- Pletholophus_reinianus **    

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3313252479
           +----- Pletholophus_honglinhensis ** 
  +--------+                                 
  |        |  +-- Pletholophus_guangzhouensis **
  |        +--+                              
  |           +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **        
--+                                          
  |        +----- Beringiana                 
  |  +-----+                                 
  |  |     |  +-- Mimo                       
  |  |     +--+                              
  +--+        +-- Sinanodonta                
     |                                       
     |  +-------- Cristaria                  
     +--+                                    
        |  +----- Anemina                    
        +--+                                 
           |  +-- Amuranodonta               
           +--+                              
              +-- Buldowskia                 

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2202422--
  +-------- Cristaria             
--+                               
  |  +----- Sinanodonta           
  +--+                            
     |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **   
     +--+                         
        +-- Pletholophus_reinianus **

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220229256--
  +----------- Cristaria                 
  |                                      
  |     +----- Amuranodonta              
--+  +--+                                
  |  |  |  +-- Anemina                   
  |  |  +--+                             
  |  |     +-- Buldowskia                
  +--+                                   
     |     +-- Pletholophus_honglinhensis **
     |  +--+                             
     |  |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **       
     +--+                                
        |  +-- Beringiana                
        +--+                             
           +-- Sinanodonta               

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014455--
  +----- Pletholophus_reinianus **
--+                            
  |  +-- Sinanodonta           
  +--+                         
     +-- Beringiana            

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110112452--
-- Pletholophus_tenuis **

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110117174--
        +-- Beringiana            
  +-----+                         
  |     +-- Sinanodonta           
--+                               
  |  +----- Pletholophus_reinianus **
  +--+                            
     |  +-- Cristaria             
     +--+                         
        +-- Buldowskia            

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110119883--
  +-------- Anemina            
--+                            
  |  +----- Cristaria          
  +--+                         
     |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
     +--+                      
        +-- Sinanodonta        

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110119883--
  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
--+                      
  +-- Sinanodonta        

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101652--
  +----- Cristaria                 
--+                                
  |  +-- Sinanodonta               
  +--+                             
     +-- Pletholophus_honglinhensis **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113852--
  +----- Cristaria          
--+                         
  |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
  +--+                      
     +-- Sinanodonta        

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110167105--
  +----- Pletholophus_reinianus **
--+                            
  |  +-- Beringiana            
  +--+                         
     +-- Sinanodonta           

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013284--
        +-- Cristaria             
  +-----+                         
  |     +-- Buldowskia            
--+                               
  |  +----- Beringiana            
  +--+                            
     |  +-- Pletholophus_reinianus **
     +--+                         
        +-- Sinanodonta           

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11017542--
  +----- Cristaria          
--+                         
  |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
  +--+                      
     +-- Sinanodonta        

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11014455--
  +----- Pletholophus_reinianus **
--+                            
  |  +-- Sinanodonta           
  +--+                         
     +-- Beringiana            

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11017943--
  +-------- Cristaria          
--+                            
  |  +----- Anemina            
  +--+                         
     |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
     +--+                      
        +-- Sinanodonta        

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101922--
  +----- Sinanodonta        
--+                         
  |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
  +--+                      
     +-- Beringiana         

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110112112--
  +----- Pletholophus_honglinhensis **
--+                                
  |  +-- Cristaria                 
  +--+                             
     +-- Sinanodonta               

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110113852--
  +----- Cristaria          
--+                         
  |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
  +--+                      
     +-- Sinanodonta        

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110111114--
        +-- Beringiana            
  +-----+                         
  |     +-- Sinanodonta           
--+                               
  |  +----- Pletholophus_reinianus **
  +--+                            
     |  +-- Cristaria             
     +--+                         
        +-- Buldowskia            

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013395--
-- Pletholophus_reinianus **

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012074--
        +-- Cristaria             
  +-----+                         
  |     +-- Buldowskia            
--+                               
  |  +----- Pletholophus_reinianus **
  +--+                            
     |  +-- Sinanodonta           
     +--+                         
        +-- Beringiana            

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013955--
  +----------- Cristaria          
  |                               
--+        +-- Anemina            
  |  +-----+                      
  |  |     +-- Amuranodonta       
  +--+                            
     |  +----- Pletholophus_tenuis **
     +--+                         
        |  +-- Sinanodonta        
        +--+                      
           +-- Beringiana         

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110167105--
  +----- Sinanodonta           
--+                            
  |  +-- Pletholophus_reinianus **
  +--+                         
     +-- Beringiana            

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110116147--
  +----------- Cristaria                  
  |                                       
  |     +----- Amuranodonta               
--+  +--+                                 
  |  |  |  +-- Anemina                    
  |  |  +--+                              
  |  |     +-- Buldowskia                 
  +--+                                    
     |     +-- Beringiana                 
     |  +--+                              
     |  |  +-- Pletholophus_guangzhouensis **
     +--+                                 
        |  +-- Acudonta                   
        +--+                              
           +-- Sinanodonta                

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101120236--
  +-------- Cristaria          
  |                            
  |  +----- Anemina            
  +--+                         
--+  |  +-- Amuranodonta       
  |  +--+                      
  |     +-- Buldowskia         
  |                            
  |  +----- Pletholophus_tenuis **
  +--+                         
     |  +-- Beringiana         
     +--+                      
        +-- Sinanodonta        

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11017542--
  +----- Cristaria          
--+                         
  |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
  +--+                      
     +-- Sinanodonta        

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110167105--
  +----- Sinanodonta           
--+                            
  |  +-- Pletholophus_reinianus **
  +--+                         
     +-- Beringiana            

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11018232--
  +----- Cristaria          
--+                         
  |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
  +--+                      
     +-- Sinanodonta        

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11013955--
  +----- Pletholophus_tenuis **
--+                         
  |  +-- Sinanodonta        
  +--+                      
     +-- Beringiana         

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110119683--
  +-------- Anemina            
--+                            
  |  +----- Cristaria          
  +--+                         
     |  +-- Pletholophus_tenuis **
     +--+                      
        +-- Sinanodonta        
 
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