species Mutela dubia (Gmelin, 1791): synonymy

Mytilus dubius Gmelin, 1791

(renamed Anodonta adansonii Gray, 1825)
Adanson, 1757. Hist. Nat. Sénégal, Coquillages: 234, pl. 17, fig. 21 [as ‘le mutel’]. [pre-linnaean]
Gmelin, 1791. Syst. Nat. 1(6): 3363, sp. 56.
HOLOTYPE MNHN_UNCATALOGED, “lacs d’eau douce de l’intérieur du Sénégal”.

Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Simpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969), Haas (1969)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) dubia — Simpson (1914)
Mutela dubia — Thiele (1934), Modell (1942), Franc (1949), Van Damme (1984), Curtis & Appleton (1987), ... Galal-Khallaf et al. (2024), Dai et al. (2025), Chen et al. (2025), Campbell & Lydeard (2026), Li et al. (2026)
Mutela dubius — Lévèque (1967)
“Mutela dubia” ** — Appleton (1979)
“Mutela dubius” ** — Kenmuir (1980)
Mutela dubia dubia — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007)
Mutela dubia nilotica — Ibrahim et al. (1999)

Iridina exotica Lamarck, 1819

Bruguière, 1797. Encycl. Méth. 2: pl. 204, figs. 1a-b [as Anodontites sp.].
Lamarck, 1819. Hist. Natur. Anim. sans Vert. 6: 89, sp. 1.
HOLOTYPE MHNG-MOLL-50592, les rivières des climates chauds.

Mutela (s.s.) exotica — Simpson (1900), Kobelt (1904), Kobelt (1910)
“Mutela exotica” ** — E.A. Smith (1904)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) exotica — Simpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) exotica — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Thiele (1934), Haas (1969), Haas (1969)
Iridina exotica — Modell (1942), R.I. Johnson (1952), Graf (2000)
Mutela dubia var. exotica — Franc (1949)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubia — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Iridina elongata G.B. Sowerby, 1821

G.B. Sowerby, 1821. Genera of Shells 2: 40, pl. 90.
Sowerby, 1839. Conch. Man.: 54, fig. 150.

Mutela (s.s.) exotica — Simpson (1900)
Mutela exotica — E.A. Smith (1904)
Mutela (s.s.) exotica var. elongata — Kobelt (1910)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) exotica — Simpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) exotica — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubia — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Iridina nilotica Cailliaud, 1823

Cailliaud, 1823. Voyage à Meroe, Atlas 2: pl. 60, fig. 11.
Sowerby, 1824. Zool. Jour. 1: 53, pl. 2.
SYNTYPE MNHN_MP_0280, Bahr Yousef, Egypte.

Mutela (s.s.) nilotica — Simpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela nilotica — Pallary (1903), Pallary (1909), Haas (1929), Graf (2000)
Mutela (Mutelina) nilotica — Kobelt (1904)
Mutela exotica — E.A. Smith (1904)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) nilotica — Simpson (1914)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia nilotica — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Ibrahim et al. (1999), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)

Iridina striata Swainson, 1823

Swainson, 1823. Philos. Mag. & J. 61: 112.
Oken, 1834. Isis (Oken) 27(5): 458.

Mutela (s.s.) exotica — Simpson (1900)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) exotica — Simpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) exotica — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubia — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Anodonta adansonii Gray, 1825

(new name for Mytilus dubius Gmelin, 1791)
Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil. 9: 138.

Mutela oudnoei Koenig, 1826

Koenig, 1826. [in] Denham & Clapperton, Narr. Travels Africa, Appendix: 254.

Mutela (s.s.) oudnoei — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)

Anodonta purpurea Deshayes, 1826

Deshayes, 1826. Nouv. Bull. Sci. 1826: 61.
Férussac, 1826. Bull. Sci. Nat. et Géol. 9: 250.

Iridina mutel Rang, 1835

Adanson, 1757. Hist. Nat. Sénégal, Coquillages: 234, pl. 17, fig. 21 [as ‘le mutel’]. [pre-linnaean]
Rang, 1835. Nouv. Ann. Mus. 4(3): 314.

Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)

Spatha (Mutela) plicata ‘Parreyss in collect.’ Martens, 1866

‘Parreyss in collect.’ Martens, 1866. Malak. Blatt. 13: 10.

Mutela plicata — Pallary (1909)
Mutela (s.s.) plicata — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) nilotica — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia nilotica — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Ibrahim et al. (1999)

Mycetopus plicatus Sowerby, 1868

(homonym of Spatha (Mutela) plicata ‘Parreyss in collect.’ Martens, 1866)
‘Gray?, MS” Sowerby, 1868. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 2, sp. 3.
MANUSCRIPT NAME BMNH_46-7-24-18, Syene, Egypt.

Mutela (Pseudomutela) plicata — Simpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914)
Mutela nilotica — Pallary (1903)
Mutela plicata — Pallary (1909), Pallary (1909)
Pseudomutela plicata — Pallary (1924)
Mutela (s.s.) plicata — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela dubia nilotica — Daget (1998)

Iridina angustata Sowerby, 1868

Sowerby, 1868. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 2, sp. 5.

Mutela (s.s.) angustata — Simpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela nilotica var. angustata — Pallary (1909)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) dubia — Simpson (1914)
Mutela nilotica — Haas (1929)
Mutela dubia var. angustata — Franc (1949)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubia — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)
Mutela dubia nilotica — Ibrahim et al. (1999)

Mutela nilotica var. emini Martens, 1897

(intro'd as intra-sp. of Iridina nilotica Cailliaud, 1823)
Martens, 1897. Besch. Weich. Deutsch Ost Afr. 4: 253.
SYNTYPES ZMB_108807, Kassenye, Albert Nyanza.

Mutela (s.s.) nilotica var. emini — Simpson (1900), Kobelt (1910)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) nilotica var. emini — Simpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) emini — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela dubia var. emini — Franc (1949)
Mutela (s.s.) nilotica — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia emini — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)

Mutela elongata Morgan, 1897

(reference to Iridina elongata G.B. Sowerby, 1821)
‘Sowerby’ Morgan, 1897. Recherch. origin. Egypte II: 99.

Mutela dubia nilotica — Daget (1998)

Mutela chevalieri Germain, 1904

Germain, 1904. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 10: 469.
Germain, 1907. L’Afrique Centrale Française: 566, lithograph, fig. 1.
HOLOTYPE MNHN_MP_0203, Haut Oubangui.

Mutela (s.s.) chevalieri — Kobelt (1910), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984), IUCN (2010), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia dubia — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Mutela angustata var. ponderosa Germain, 1906

(intro'd as intra-sp. of Iridina angustata Sowerby, 1868)
Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 12: 56, Abb. 1.
SYNTYPES MNHN_MP_0292, Lac Chad.

Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) dubia var. ponderosa — Simpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) angustata var. ponderosa — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)

Mutela angustata var. curta Germain, 1906

(intro'd as intra-sp. of Iridina angustata Sowerby, 1868)
Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 12: 174.
SYNTYPES MNHN_MP_0197, Lac Tchad.

Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. exotica) dubia var. curta — Simpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) angustata var. curta — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)
Mutela dubia nilotica — Ibrahim et al. (1999)

Pliodon (Cameronia) hardeleti Germain, 1906

Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 12: 57, fig. 2.

Pleiodon (Cameronia) hardeleti — Simpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) hardeleti — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) exotica — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubia — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Pliodon (Cameronia) hardeleti var. molli Germain, 1906

(intro'd as intra-sp. of Pliodon (Cameronia) hardeleti Germain, 1906)
Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 12: 58, Abb. 3.
HOLOTYPE MNHN_MP_0225, Lac Tchad.

Pleiodon (Cameronia) hardeleti var. molli — Simpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) hardeleti var. molli — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) exotica — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)

Pliodon (Cameronia) tchadiensis Germain, 1906

Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 12: 60, fig. 4.
HOLOTYPE MNHN_MP_0301, Lac Tchad.

Pleiodon (Cameronia) tchadiensis — Simpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) tchadiensis — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) exotica — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia dubia — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Mutelina falemeensis Germain, 1907

Germain, 1907. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 13: 67.
Germain, 1907. L’Afrique Centrale Française: 569, fig. 96.
HOLOTYPE MNHN_MP_0245, Fleuve Faleme, Senegal.

Mutelina falemeensis — Germain (1907)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. rostrata) falemeensis — Simpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) falemeensis — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)
Mutela rostrata — Van Damme (1984), Mandahl-Barth (1988), Ibrahim et al. (1999)
Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)
Mutela dubia — Graf & Cummings (2011)

Mutelina mabillei [sic] var. frasi Germain, 1907

(intro'd as intra-sp. of Mutelina mabilli Rochebrune, 1886)
Germain, 1907. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 13: 68.

Mutelina mabillei [sic] variété frasi — Germain (1907)
Mutela (s.s.) (Group of M. rostrata) mabilli var. frasi — Simpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) mabilli var. frasi — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)
Mutela rostrata — Van Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)

Mutela angustata mut. grisea Germain, 1917

(intro'd as intra-sp. of Iridina angustata Sowerby, 1868)
Germain, 1917. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. 23: 520.

Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)

Mutelina singularis Pallary, 1924

Pallary, 1924. Mém. Inst. Égypte 7 (n.s.): 53, pl. 4, fig. 17.
UNKNOWN UMMZ_111999, Canal Mahmoudich, Egypt.

Mutelina singularis — Pallary (1924)
Mutela (s.s.) singularis — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) nilotica — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia nilotica — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Ibrahim et al. (1999), Graf & Cummings (2007)
Mutela singularis — Ibrahim et al. (1999)

Mutela (s.s.) garambae Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927

Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927. Bull. AMNH 53: 431, pl. 40, figs. 1-2.
HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) AMNH_72067, Middle Garambe River, Belgian Congo (Zaire), Africa.

Mutela (s.s.) garambae — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela nilotica — Haas (1929)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia — Van Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia garambae — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)

Mutela (s.s.) garambae praetenuis Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927

(intro'd as intra-sp. of Mutela (s.s.) garambae Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927)
Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927. Bull. AMNH 53: 432, pl. 40, fig. 3 [as ‘prætenuis’].
HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) AMNH_72066, Aba River, Africa.

Mutela (s.s.) garambae praetenuis — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela nilotica — Haas (1929)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia garambae — Mandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Mutela voltae Odei, 1974

Odei, 1974. Rev. Zool. Afr. 88(2): 446, figs. 1-4.
PARATYPES MRAC_799163, Ghana: lac Volta, Zikpo.

Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)

Iridina nilensis in MNHN Coll. of Authors

in MNHN Coll. of Authors.
MANUSCRIPT NAME MNHN_MP_0577, [no locality available - Africa].

Scapha elongata Humphrey, 1797

Humphrey, 1797. Mus. Col.: 59. [nomen nudum]

Spatha cailliaudi Martens, 1866

(intro'd as syn of Iridina nilotica Cailliaud, 1823)
‘Parr.’ Martens, 1866. Malak. Blatt. 13: 10.

Mutela adansoni Jousseaume, 1886

(reference to Anodonta adansonii Gray, 1825)
‘Bourguignat’ Jousseaume, 1886. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 11: 488.

Mutela (s.s.) dubia — Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)

Mutela chambardi Servain, 1891

Servain, 1891. Bull. Soc. Malac. France 7: 303. [nomen nudum]

Mutela saulcyi Servain, 1891

Servain, 1891. Bull. Soc. Malac. France 7: 303. [nomen nudum]

Mutela letourneuxi Servain, 1891

Servain, 1891. Bull. Soc. Malac. France 7: 303. [nomen nudum]

Mutela conica Servain, 1891

Servain, 1891. Bull. Soc. Malac. France 7: 303. [nomen nudum]

Iridina tschadiensis Jaeckel, 1972

(error for Pliodon (Cameronia) tchadiensis Germain, 1906)
‘Germain’ Jaeckel, 1972. Zeitschr. f. Geomorphol. 16: 225.

Mutela dubia dubia — Daget (1998)