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Bivalvia | Unionoida | Etherioidea | Iridinidae | Iridininae | Mutela

species Mutela dubia (Gmelin, 1791): synonymy

334 specimens

Synonymy

Mytilus dubius Gmelin, 1791

Adanson, 1757. Hist. Nat. Sénégal, Coquillages: 234, pl. 17, fig. 21 [as ‘le mutel’]. [pre-linnaean]
Gmelin, 1791. Syst. Nat. 1(6): 3363, sp. 56.
(renamed Anodonta adansonii Gray, 1825)
Type(s): HOLOTYPE MNHN_UNCATALOGED, “lacs d’eau douce de l’intérieur du Sénégal”.

Mutela (s.s.) dubiaSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969), Haas (1969)
Mutela dubiaThiele (1934), Modell (1942), Franc (1949), Appleton (1979), Van Damme (1984), ... Wu et al. (2023), Wu et al. (2024), Galal-Khallaf et al. (2024), Dai et al. (2025), Chen et al. (2025)
Mutela dubiusLévèque (1967), Kenmuir (1980)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007)
Mutela dubia niloticaIbrahim et al. (1999)

Iridina exotica Lamarck, 1819

specimen image from publicationBruguière, 1797. Encycl. Méth. 2: pl. 204, figs. 1a-b [as Anodontites sp.].
Lamarck, 1819. Hist. Natur. Anim. sans Vert. 6: 89, sp. 1.

Mutela (s.s.) exoticaSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1904), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914)
Mutela exoticaE.A. Smith (1904)
Iridina (s.s.) exoticaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Thiele (1934), Haas (1969), Haas (1969)
Iridina exoticaModell (1942), Graf (2000)
Mutela dubia var. exoticaFranc (1949)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Iridina elongata Sowerby & Sowerby, 1821

Sowerby & Sowerby, 1821. Genera of Shells 2: 40, pl. 90.
Sowerby, 1839. Conch. Man.: 54, fig. 150.

Mutela (s.s.) exoticaSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Mutela exoticaE.A. Smith (1904)
Mutela (s.s.) exotica var. elongataKobelt (1910)
Iridina (s.s.) exoticaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

image of type lot

Iridina nilotica Cailliaud, 1823

Cailliaud, 1823. Voyage à Meroe, Atlas 2: pl. 60, fig. 11.
Sowerby, 1824. Zool. Jour. 1: 53, pl. 2.
Type(s): SYNTYPE MNHN_MP_0280, Bahr Yousef, Egypte.

Mutela (s.s.) niloticaSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela niloticaPallary (1903), Pallary (1909), Haas (1929), Graf (2000)
Mutela (Mutelina) niloticaKobelt (1904)
Mutela exoticaE.A. Smith (1904)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia niloticaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Ibrahim et al. (1999), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)

Iridina striata Swainson, 1823

Swainson, 1823. Philos. Mag. & J. 61: 112.
Oken, 1834. Isis (Oken) 27(5): 458.

Mutela (s.s.) exoticaSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) exoticaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

Anodonta adansonii Gray, 1825

Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil. 9: 138.
(new name for Mytilus dubius Gmelin, 1791)

Anodonta purpurea Deshayes, 1826

Deshayes, 1826. Nouv. Bull. Sci. 1826: 61.
Férussac, 1826. Bull. Sci. Nat. et Géol. 9: 250.

Mutela oudnoei Koenig, 1826

Koenig, 1826. [in] Denham & Clapperton, Narr. Travels Africa, Appendix: 254.

Mutela (s.s.) oudnoeiPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaHaas (1969)

Iridina mutel Rang, 1835

Adanson, 1757. Hist. Nat. Sénégal, Coquillages: 234, pl. 17, fig. 21 [as ‘le mutel’]. [pre-linnaean]
Rang, 1835. Nouv. Ann. Mus. 4(3): 314.

Mutela (s.s.) dubiaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)

Spatha (Mutela) plicata Martens, 1866

‘Parreyss in collect.’ Martens, 1866. Malak. Blatt. 13: 10.

Mutela plicataPallary (1909)
Mutela (s.s.) plicataPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) niloticaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia niloticaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Ibrahim et al. (1999)

Iridina angustata Sowerby, 1868

specimen image from publicationSowerby, 1868. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 2, sp. 5.

Mutela (s.s.) angustataSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela nilotica var. angustataPallary (1909)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaSimpson (1914), Haas (1969)
Mutela niloticaHaas (1929)
Mutela dubia var. angustataFranc (1949)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)
Mutela dubia niloticaIbrahim et al. (1999)

image of type lot

Mycetopus plicatus Sowerby, 1868

specimen image from publication‘Gray?, MS” Sowerby, 1868. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 2, sp. 3.
(homonym of Spatha (Mutela) plicata Martens, 1866)
Type(s): MANUSCRIPT NAME BMNH_46-7-24-18, Syene, Egypt.

Mutela (Pseudomutela) plicataSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914)
Mutela niloticaPallary (1903)
Mutela plicataPallary (1909), Pallary (1909)
Pseudomutela plicataPallary (1924)
Mutela (s.s.) plicataPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela dubia niloticaDaget (1998)

Mutela elongata Morgan, 1897

‘Sowerby’ Morgan, 1897. Recherch. origin. Egypte II: 99.
(reference to Iridina elongata Sowerby & Sowerby, 1821)

Mutela dubia niloticaDaget (1998)

image of type lot

Mutela nilotica var. emini Martens, 1897

Martens, 1897. Besch. Weich. Deutsch Ost Afr. 4: 253.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Iridina nilotica Cailliaud, 1823)
Type(s): SYNTYPES ZMB_108807, Kassenye, Albert Nyanza.

Mutela (s.s.) nilotica var. eminiSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) eminiPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela dubia var. eminiFranc (1949)
Mutela (s.s.) niloticaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia eminiMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)

image of type lot

Mutela chevalieri Germain, 1904

Germain, 1904. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 10: 469.
Germain, 1907. L’Afrique Centrale Française: 566, lithograph, fig. 1.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE MNHN_MP_0203, Haut Oubangui.

Mutela (s.s.) chevalieriKobelt (1910), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984), IUCN (2010), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

image of type lot

Mutela angustata var. curta Germain, 1906

Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 174.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Iridina angustata Sowerby, 1868)
Type(s): SYNTYPES MNHN_MP_0197, Lac Tchad.

Mutela (s.s.) dubia var. curtaSimpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) angustata var. curtaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)
Mutela dubia niloticaIbrahim et al. (1999)

image of type lot

Mutela angustata var. ponderosa Germain, 1906

Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 56, Abb. 1.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Iridina angustata Sowerby, 1868)
Type(s): SYNTYPES MNHN_MP_0292, Lac Chad.

Mutela (s.s.) dubia var. ponderosaSimpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) angustata var. ponderosaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)

Pliodon (Cameronia) hardeleti Germain, 1906

Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 57, fig. 2.

Pleiodon (Cameronia) hardeletiSimpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) hardeletiPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) exoticaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

image of type lot

Pliodon (Cameronia) tchadiensis Germain, 1906

Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 60, fig. 4.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE MNHN_MP_0301, Lac Tchad.

Pleiodon (Cameronia) tchadiensisSimpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) tchadiensisPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) exoticaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

image of type lot

Pliodon (Cameronia) hardeleti var. molli Germain, 1906

Germain, 1906. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 58, Abb. 3.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Pliodon (Cameronia) hardeleti Germain, 1906)
Type(s): HOLOTYPE MNHN_MP_0225, Lac Tchad.

Pleiodon (Cameronia) hardeleti var. molliSimpson (1914)
Iridina (s.s.) hardeleti var. molliPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) exoticaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)

image of type lot

Mutelina falemeensis Germain, 1907

Germain, 1907. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 13: 67.
Germain, 1907. L’Afrique Centrale Française: 569, fig. 96.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE MNHN_MP_0245, Fleuve Faleme, Senegal.

Mutelina falemeensisGermain (1907)
Mutela (s.s.) falemeensisSimpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaHaas (1969)
Mutela rostrataVan Damme (1984), Mandahl-Barth (1988), Ibrahim et al. (1999)
Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)
Mutela dubiaGraf & Cummings (2011)

Mutelina mabillei [sic] var. frasi Germain, 1907

Germain, 1907. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 13: 68.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Mutelina mabilli Rochebrune, 1886)

Mutelina mabillei [sic] variété frasiGermain (1907)
Mutela (s.s.) mabilli var. frasiSimpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaHaas (1969)
Mutela rostrataVan Damme (1984)
Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)

Mutela angustata mut. grisea Germain, 1917

Germain, 1917. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 23: 520.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Iridina angustata Sowerby, 1868)

Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)

image of type lot

Mutelina singularis Pallary, 1924

specimen image from publicationPallary, 1924. Mém. Inst. Égypte 7 (n.s.): 53, pl. 4, fig. 17.
Type(s): UNKNOWN UMMZ_111999, Canal Mahmoudich, Egypt.

Mutelina singularisPallary (1924)
Mutela (s.s.) singularisPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) niloticaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia niloticaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Ibrahim et al. (1999), Graf & Cummings (2007)
Mutela singularisIbrahim et al. (1999)

image of type lot

Mutela (s.s.) garambae Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927

specimen image from publicationPilsbry & Bequaert, 1927. Bull. AMNH 53: 431, pl. 40, figs. 1-2.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) AMNH_72067, Middle Garambe River, Belgian Congo (Zaire), Africa.

Mutela (s.s.) garambaePilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela niloticaHaas (1929)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubiaVan Damme (1984), Graf & Cummings (2011)
Mutela dubia garambaeMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)

image of type lot

Mutela (s.s.) garambae praetenuis Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927

specimen image from publicationPilsbry & Bequaert, 1927. Bull. AMNH 53: 432, pl. 40, fig. 3 [as ‘prætenuis’].
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Mutela (s.s.) garambae Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927)
Type(s): HOLOTYPE (ORIG. DESIG.) AMNH_72066, Aba River, Africa.

Mutela (s.s.) garambae praetenuisPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela niloticaHaas (1929)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaHaas (1969)
Mutela dubia garambaeMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998)

image of type lot

Mutela voltae Odei, 1974

Odei, 1974. Rev. Zool. Afr. 88(2): 446, figs. 1-4.
Type(s): PARATYPES MRAC_799163, Ghana: lac Volta, Zikpo.

Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)

image of type lot

Iridina nilensis of Authors, unknown year

in MNHN Coll. of Authors.
Type(s): MANUSCRIPT NAME MNHN_MP_0577, [no locality available - Africa].

Scapha elongata Humphrey, 1797

Humphrey, 1797. Mus. Col.: 59. [nomen nudum]

Spatha cailliaudi Martens, 1866

‘Parr.’ Martens, 1866. Malak. Blatt. 13: 10.
(intro'd as syn of Iridina nilotica Cailliaud, 1823)

Mutela adansoni Jousseaume, 1886

‘Bourguignat’ Jousseaume, 1886. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 11: 488.
(reference to Anodonta adansonii Gray, 1825)

Mutela (s.s.) dubiaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)

Mutela chambardi Servain, 1890

Servain, 1890. Bull. Soc. Malac. France 7: 303. [nomen nudum]

Mutela conica Servain, 1890

Servain, 1890. Bull. Soc. Malac. France 7: 303. [nomen nudum]

Mutela letourneuxi Servain, 1890

Servain, 1890. Bull. Soc. Malac. France 7: 303. [nomen nudum]

Mutela saulcyi Servain, 1890

Servain, 1890. Bull. Soc. Malac. France 7: 303. [nomen nudum]

Iridina tschadiensis Jaeckel, 1972

‘Germain’ Jaeckel, 1972. Zeitschr. f. Geomorphol. 16: 225.
(error for Pliodon (Cameronia) tchadiensis Germain, 1906)

Mutela dubia dubiaDaget (1998)

Taxonomic History (since 1900)

Mutela (s.s.) exoticaSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1904), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) dubiaSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969), Haas (1969)
Mutela (s.s.) niloticaSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Haas (1969)
Mutela (s.s.) nilotica var. eminiSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) angustataSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (Pseudomutela) plicataSimpson (1900), Kobelt (1910), Simpson (1914)
Mutela niloticaPallary (1903), Pallary (1909), Haas (1929), Graf (2000)
Mutela (Mutelina) niloticaKobelt (1904)
Mutela exoticaE.A. Smith (1904)
Mutelina falemeensisGermain (1907)
Mutelina mabillei [sic] variété frasiGermain (1907)
Mutela nilotica var. angustataPallary (1909)
Mutela plicataPallary (1909), Pallary (1909)
Mutela (s.s.) chevalieriKobelt (1910), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) exotica var. elongataKobelt (1910)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia var. curtaSimpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) dubia var. ponderosaSimpson (1914)
Mutela (s.s.) mabilli var. frasiSimpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) falemeensisSimpson (1914), Pilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Pleiodon (Cameronia) tchadiensisSimpson (1914)
Pleiodon (Cameronia) hardeletiSimpson (1914)
Pleiodon (Cameronia) hardeleti var. molliSimpson (1914)
Pseudomutela plicataPallary (1924)
Mutelina singularisPallary (1924)
Mutela (s.s.) garambaePilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) garambae praetenuisPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) eminiPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) angustata var. curtaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) angustata var. ponderosaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) oudnoeiPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) plicataPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela (s.s.) singularisPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) exoticaPilsbry & Bequaert (1927), Thiele (1934), Haas (1969), Haas (1969)
Iridina (s.s.) hardeletiPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) hardeleti var. molliPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Iridina (s.s.) tchadiensisPilsbry & Bequaert (1927)
Mutela dubiaThiele (1934), Modell (1942), Franc (1949), Appleton (1979), Van Damme (1984), ... Wu et al. (2023), Wu et al. (2024), Galal-Khallaf et al. (2024), Dai et al. (2025), Chen et al. (2025)
Iridina exoticaModell (1942), Graf (2000)
Mutela dubia var. angustataFranc (1949)
Mutela dubia var. eminiFranc (1949)
Mutela dubia var. exoticaFranc (1949)
Mutela dubiusLévèque (1967), Kenmuir (1980)
Mutela rostrataVan Damme (1984), Mandahl-Barth (1988), Ibrahim et al. (1999)
Mutela dubia dubiaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007)
Mutela dubia niloticaMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Ibrahim et al. (1999), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)
Mutela dubia eminiMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)
Mutela dubia garambaeMandahl-Barth (1988), Daget (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007), IUCN (2010)
Mutela singularisIbrahim et al. (1999)

 
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