Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae

tribe AMBLEMINI Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics

3 genera

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 7 (16 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: genus) = 3
analyzed in 140 cladograms in 92 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 5 (mean = 1.76, median = 1)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3 (mean = 1.44, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 55
maximum number of included terminals = 5, (mean = 2.95 median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3 (mean = 2.11, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.38

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 45
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (genus) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 5 (mean = 3.11, median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3 (mean = 2.36, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.24

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Amblemini cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Amblemini cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 82 59 3 99 77 4 0 
  +-------- Reginaia **           
  |                            
  +-------- Amblema **            
  |                            
  |     +-- Quadrulini         
  +-----+                      
  |     +-- Pleurobemini       
--+                            
  |  +----- Popenaiadini       
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Dromus             
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Epioblasma         
  |  |  |                      
  +--+  +-- Glebula            
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lemiox             
     +--+                      
        +-- Obliquaria         
        |                      
        +-- Obovaria_olivaria  
        |                      
        +-- Obovaria_unicolor  
        |                      
        +-- Plectomerus **        
        |                      
        +-- Potamilus_alatus   
        |                      
        +-- Potamilus_capax

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 49 52 3 97 85 4 176 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilini  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 21 15 3 68 68 4 173 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilini  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 11 8 3 37 37 4 169 
  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
  |                                 
--+  +----------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                              
  +--+              +-- Reginaia **    
     |  +-----------+               
     |  |           +-- Amblema **     
     +--+                           
        |  +----------- Popenaiadini
        |  |                        
        +--+  +-------- Cyrtonaias  
           |  |                     
           +--+-------- Plectomerus ** 
              |                     
              |  +----- Lemiox      
              +--+                  
                 |  +-- Lampsilis   
                 +--+               
                    +-- Obovaria

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 21 23 2 17 17 3 179 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Reginaia **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 21 19 3 68 68 4 172 
  +----------------------------------- Quadrulini            
  |                                                          
--+  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini          
  |  |                                                       
  |  |                             +-- Amblema **               
  +--+  +--------------------------+                         
     |  |                          +-- Reginaia **              
     |  |                                                    
     +--+  +-------------------------- Popenaiadini          
        |  |                                                 
        |  |                       +-- Glebula               
        +--+  +--------------------+                         
           |  |                    +-- Paetulunio            
           |  |                                              
           +--+                    +-- Toxolasma             
              |  +-----------------+                         
              |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **           
              |  |                                           
              +--+  +----------------- Obliquaria            
                 |  |                                        
                 |  |           +----- Potamilus             
                 +--+  +--------+                            
                    |  |        |  +-- Dromus                
                    |  |        +--+                         
                    +--+           +-- Lemiox                
                       |                                     
                       |  +----------- Lampsilis_ovata       
                       |  |                                  
                       +--+  +-------- Lampsilis_virescens   
                          |  |                               
                          +--+     +-- Epioblasma            
                             |  +--+                         
                             |  |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
                             +--+                            
                                |  +-- Obovaria_olivaria     
                                +--+                         
                                   +-- Venustaconcha

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 22 15 2 18 18 3 178 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Reginaia **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 49 42 3 97 85 4 173 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulini                    
  |                                                         
  |  +----------------------- Pleurobemini                  
--+  |                                                      
  |  |                 +----- Popenaiadini                  
  |  |  +--------------+                                    
  |  |  |              |  +-- Amblema **                       
  +--+  |              +--+                                 
     |  |                 +-- Reginaia **                      
     |  |                                                   
     |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **                   
     |  |  +--------------+                                 
     +--+  |              +-- Toxolasma                     
        |  |                                                
        |  |           +----- Obliquaria                    
        |  |  +--------+                                    
        |  |  |        |  +-- Cyrtonaias                    
        |  |  |        +--+                                 
        |  |  |           +-- Glebula                       
        |  |  |                                             
        +--+  |  +----------- Sagittunio                    
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Leaunio                       
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Potamilus                     
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Hamiota                       
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  |        +-- Ellipsaria                    
           +--+  +--------+                                 
              |  |        +-- Truncilla                     
              |  |                                          
              |  |     +----- Lampsilis_teres               
              |  +-----+                                    
              |  |     |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina       
              |  |     +--+                                 
              |  |        +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea         
              |  |                                          
              |  |     +----- Villosa                       
              |  +-----+                                    
              |  |     |  +-- Ligumia                       
              |  |     +--+                                 
              |  |        +-- Cambarunio                    
              |  |                                          
              +--+  +-------- Ortmanniana_pectorosa         
                 +--+                                       
                 |  |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata              
                 |  +--+                                    
                 |     |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium             
                 |     +--+                                 
                 |        +-- Lampsilis_ovata               
                 |                                          
                 |  +-------- Obovaria_olivaria             
                 |  |                                       
                 |  +-------- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
                 +--+                                       
                 |  +-------- Epioblasma                    
                 |  |                                       
                 |  |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor             
                 |  +--+                                    
                 |     |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis        
                 |     +--+                                 
                 |        +-- Obovaria_subrotunda           
                 |                                          
                 |        +-- Ptychobranchus                
                 |  +-----+                                 
                 |  |     +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
                 |  |                                       
                 +--+  +----- Medionidus_conradicus         
                    |  |                                    
                    |  |  +-- Lemiox                        
                    +--+--+                                 
                       |  +-- Medionidus_acutissimus        
                       |                                    
                       |  +-- Dromus                        
                       +--+                                 
                          +-- Cyprogenia

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 11 8 3 37 37 4 172 
  +----------------- Quadrulini  
  |                              
--+  +-------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                           
  |  |           +-- Popenaiadini
  +--+  +--------+               
     |  |        +-- Amblema **     
     |  |                        
     +--+  +-------- Plectomerus ** 
        |  |                     
        |  |     +-- Cyrtonaias  
        +--+-----+               
           |     +-- Reginaia **    
           |                     
           |  +----- Lemiox      
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Lampsilis   
              +--+               
                 +-- Obovaria

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 11 9 3 37 37 4 171 
  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
  |                                 
--+  +----------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                              
  |  |              +-- Popenaiadini
  +--+  +-----------+               
     |  |           +-- Amblema **     
     |  |                           
     +--+           +-- Cyrtonaias  
        |  +--------+               
        |  |        +-- Reginaia **    
        +--+                        
           |  +-------- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+                     
              |  +----- Lemiox      
              +--+                  
                 |  +-- Lampsilis   
                 +--+               
                    +-- Obovaria

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 36 35 3 38 38 4 160 
  +-------------------------------- Quadrulini          
  |                                                     
  |                 +-------------- Elliptoideus        
  |  +--------------+                                   
  |  |              |  +----------- Plectomerus **         
--+  |              +--+                                
  |  |                 |  +-------- Obovaria_unicolor   
  |  |                 +--+                             
  |  |                    |  +----- Obovaria_olivaria   
  |  |                    +--+                          
  |  |                       |  +-- Lampsilis           
  +--+                       +--+                       
     |                          +-- Lemiox              
     |                                                  
     |                    +-------- Cyrtonaias          
     |  +-----------------+                             
     |  |                 |  +----- Reginaia **            
     |  |                 +--+                          
     |  |                    |  +-- Popenaiadini        
     +--+                    +--+                       
        |                       +-- Amblema **             
        |                                               
        |  +----------------------- Elliptio            
        |  |                                            
        +--+  +-------------------- Eurynia             
           |  |                                         
           |  |  +----------------- Parvaspina          
           +--+  |                                      
              |  |              +-- Hemistena           
              |  +--------------+                       
              +--+              +-- Plethobasus         
                 |                                      
                 |  +-------------- Pleuronaia          
                 |  |                                   
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema_cordatum 
                 +--+  +--------+                       
                    |  |        +-- Fusconaia           
                    |  |                                
                    +--+        +-- Pleurobema_stabile  
                       |  +-----+                       
                       |  |     +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia 
                       +--+                             
                          |  +----- Pleurobema_decisum  
                          +--+                          
                             |  +-- Pleurobema_clava    
                             +--+                       
                                +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 38 38 2 37 36 3 178 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Reginaia **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblema **     
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 27 26 4 172 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
  |                        
--+  +-------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Amblema **     
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 34 33 3 172 
                             +-- Amblema **              
  +--------------------------+                        
  |                          +-- Reginaia **             
--+                                                   
  |  +-------------------------- Lampsilini           
  |  |                                                
  +--+  +----------------------- Elliptoideus         
     |  |                                             
     +--+  +-------------------- Quadrulini           
        |  |                                          
        +--+  +----------------- Elliptio             
           |  |                                       
           |  |  +-------------- Parvaspina           
           +--+  |                                    
              |  +-------------- Plethobasus          
              |  |                                    
              |  |           +-- Hemistena            
              +--+-----------+                        
                 |           +-- Eurynia              
                 |                                    
                 |  +----------- Fusconaia            
                 |  |                                 
                 |  |     +----- Pleurobema_riddellii 
                 +--+  +--+                           
                    |  |  |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia  
                    |  |  +--+                        
                    +--+     +-- Pleurobema_cordatum  
                       |                              
                       |  +----- Pleuronaia           
                       |  |                           
                       +--+  +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme 
                          |  |                        
                          +--+-- Pleurobema_strodeanum
                             |                        
                             +-- Pleurobema_clava

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 38 37 3 170 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Lampsilini  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblema **     
        +--+               
           +-- Reginaia **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 41 42 2 38 38 3 165 
  +----------- Amblema **     
  |                        
--+        +-- Lampsilis   
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Plectomerus ** 
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Popenaiadini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Cyrtonaias  
        +--+               
           +-- Pleurobemini

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 54 12 4 172 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Popenaiadini
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Reginaia **    
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 25 25 4 172 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Popenaiadini
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Reginaia **    
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Amblema **     
           +--+               
              +-- Plectomerus **

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 40 39 3 38 38 3 180 
  +-------------------------------------- Quadrulini             
  |                                                              
  |                                   +-- Amblema **                
--+  +--------------------------------+                          
  |  |                                +-- Reginaia **               
  |  |                                                           
  +--+  +-------------------------------- Plectomerus **            
     |  |                                                        
     |  |  +----------------------------- Toxolasma              
     +--+  |                                                     
        |  |                       +----- Popenaiadini           
        |  |  +--------------------+                             
        +--+  |                    |  +-- Glebula                
           |  |                    +--+                          
           |  |                       +-- Cyrtonaias             
           |  |                                                  
           +--+  +----------------------- Obliquaria             
              |  |                                               
              |  |                    +-- Medionidus             
              |  |                 +--+                          
              |  |                 |  +-- Lemiox                 
              +--+  +--------------+                             
                 |  |              |  +-- Cyprogenia             
                 |  |              +--+                          
                 |  |                 +-- Ptychobranchus         
                 |  |                                            
                 +--+           +-------- Potamilus              
                    |  +--------+                                
                    |  |        |  +----- Atlanticoncha          
                    |  |        +--+                             
                    |  |           |  +-- Ellipsaria             
                    |  |           +--+                          
                    +--+              +-- Truncilla              
                       |                                         
                       |              +-- Hamiota                
                       |  +-----------+                          
                       |  |           +-- Villosa                
                       |  |                                      
                       +--+  +----------- Ligumia                
                          |  |                                   
                          |  |     +----- Venustaconcha          
                          +--+  +--+                             
                             |  |  |  +-- Obovaria               
                             |  |  +--+                          
                             +--+     +-- Epioblasma             
                                |                                
                                |  +----- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
                                +--+                             
                                   |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                                   +--+                          
                                      +-- Lampsilis

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 14 12 3 171 
              +-- Pleurobemini
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+        +----- Paetulunio  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     |  +-- Amblema **     
  |  |     +--+               
  +--+        +-- Reginaia **    
     |                        
     |  +-------- Lampsilis   
     |  |                     
     +--+  +----- Leaunio     
        |  |                  
        +--+----- Obovaria    
           |                  
           |  +-- Villosa     
           +--+               
              +-- Cambarunio

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 2 1 1 173 
  +-- Quadrulini
--+             
  +-- Amblema **

Patterson et al., 2021 [Publ 4222], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 173 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Amblema **

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 22 20 3 26 26 3 179 
  +-------------------------- Lampsilis   
  |                                       
--+  +----------------------- Potamilus   
  |  |                                    
  |  |                 +----- Medionidus  
  +--+  +--------------+                  
     |  |              |  +-- Dromus      
     |  |              +--+               
     +--+                 +-- Cyprogenia  
        |                                 
        |  +----------------- Obliquaria  
        |  |                              
        +--+  +-------------- Amblema **     
           |  |                           
           |  |        +----- Reginaia **    
           +--+  +-----+                  
              |  |     |  +-- Elliptoideus
              |  |     +--+               
              +--+        +-- Plectomerus ** 
                 |                        
                 |  +-------- Quadrulini  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +----- Hemistena   
                    +--+                  
                       |  +-- Elliptio    
                       +--+               
                          +-- Fusconaia

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 25 25 4 172 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Popenaiadini
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Reginaia **    
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Amblema **     
           +--+               
              +-- Plectomerus **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 54 12 4 172 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+           +-- Popenaiadini
  |  +--------+               
  |  |        +-- Lampsilini  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Reginaia **    
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 27 18 3 26 26 3 176 
  +----------- Lampsilis   
  |                        
  |  +-------- Obliquaria  
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Amblema **     
  |  |                     
--+  +-------- Reginaia **    
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Potamilus   
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Quadrulini  
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Elliptoideus
     +-----+               
     |     +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |                     
     |  +----- Medionidus  
     +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Dromus      
     |  +--+               
     |     +-- Cyprogenia  
     |                     
     |  +----- Hemistena   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Elliptio    
        +--+               
           +-- Fusconaia

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 9 9 4 -- 
        +-- Popenaiadini
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Lampsilini  
  |                     
--+     +-- Amblema **     
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 26 22 3 -- 
  +-------- Amblema **     
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 12 10 3 -- 
  +-- Reginaia **    
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 16 0 2 19 18 4 180 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Amblema **     
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Plectomerus ** 
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 21 0 2 36 27 3 183 
  +-------------------------------- Quadrulina           
  |                                                      
--+  +----------------------------- Megalonaias          
  |  |                                                   
  +--+  +-------------------------- Toxolasma            
     |  |                                                
     +--+  +----------------------- Amblema **              
        |  |                                             
        |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobemini         
        +--+  |                                          
           |  |                 +-- Reginaia **             
           |  +-----------------+                        
           +--+                 +-- Obliquaria           
              |                                          
              |  +----------------- Potamilus            
              |  |                                       
              |  |              +-- Ellipsaria           
              +--+  +-----------+                        
                 |  |           +-- Truncilla            
                 |  |                                    
                 +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_cardium    
                    |  |                                 
                    |  |     +----- Ligumia              
                    |  +-----+                           
                    +--+     |  +-- Obovaria             
                       |     +--+                        
                       |        +-- Epioblasma           
                       |                                 
                       |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                       +--+                              
                          |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                          +--+                           
                             |  +-- Ortmanniana          
                             +--+                        
                                +-- Lampsilis_higginsii

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 11 0 2 26 16 3 179 
              +-- Megalonaias 
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Quadrulina  
  |                           
--+        +----- Amblema **     
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
  |  |     +--+               
  +--+        +-- Lampsilini  
     |                        
     |  +-------- Elliptoideus
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Uniomerus   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Eurynia     
           +--+               
              +-- Pleurobema

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 12 10 3 -- 
1

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 16 0 2 19 18 4 180 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Amblema **     
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Plectomerus ** 
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 10 10 4 -- 
        +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
     |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  |  +--+               
  |     +-- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Obliquaria  
  |  |                  
  |  +----- Toxolasma   
  +--+                  
     +----- Popenaiadini
     |                  
     |  +-- Glebula     
     +--+               
        +-- Cyrtonaias

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 8 0 2 9 7 2 174 
  +----------------- Glebula            
  |                                     
--+              +-- Amblema **            
  |  +-----------+                      
  |  |           +-- Quadrulini         
  +--+                                  
     |  +----------- Plectomerus **        
     +--+                               
        |  +-------- Leaunio            
        +--+                            
           |  +----- Lampsilis_straminea
           +--+                         
              |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
              +--+                      
                 +-- Potamilus

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 12 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Reginaia **    
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 31 0 2 31 31 4 179 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulini           
  |                                                
  |  +----------------------- Plectomerus **          
--+  |                                             
  |  |  +-------------------- Popenaiadini         
  |  |  |                                          
  |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobemini         
  +--+  |                                          
     |  |                 +-- Cyrtonaias           
     |  |              +--+                        
     |  |              |  +-- Glebula              
     |  +--------------+                           
     |  |              |  +-- Reginaia **             
     +--+              +--+                        
        |                 +-- Obliquaria           
        |                                          
        |  +----------------- Toxolasma            
        |  |                                       
        |  |  +-------------- Potamilus            
        |  |  |                                    
        |  |  |           +-- Ellipsaria           
        |  |  +-----------+                        
        +--+  |           +-- Truncilla            
           |  |                                    
           |  |        +----- Medionidus           
           |  +--------+                           
           |  |        |  +-- Lemiox               
           |  |        +--+                        
           +--+           +-- Dromus               
              |                                    
              |  +----------- Cambarunio           
              |  |                                 
              |  +----------- Leaunio              
              |  |                                 
              |  +----------- Villosa              
              |  |                                 
              |  |        +-- Sagittunio           
              |  +--------+                        
              +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
                 |                                 
                 |     +----- Venustaconcha        
                 +-----+                           
                 |     |  +-- Epioblasma           
                 |     +--+                        
                 |        +-- Obovaria             
                 |                                 
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                 +--+                              
                    |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                    +--+                           
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
                       +--+                        
                          +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 36 0 2 34 34 1 168 
  +-- Amblema **     
  |               
--+-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 12 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Lampsilini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Reginaia **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 7 0 2 10 7 2 177 
  +-------- Quadrulini 
--+                    
  |  +----- Plectomerus **
  +--+                 
     |  +-- Amblema **    
     +--+              
        +-- Lampsilini

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 10 0 2 32 12 3 178 
  +----------------------------- Megalonaias         
  |                                                  
  |                       +----- Elliptoideus        
--+  +--------------------+                          
  |  |                    |  +-- Uniomerus           
  |  |                    +--+                       
  +--+                       +-- Pleurobema          
     |                                               
     |  +----------------------- Amblema **             
     |  |                                            
     +--+                    +-- Obliquaria          
        |  +-----------------+                       
        |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **         
        +--+                                         
           |  +----------------- Medionidus          
           +--+                                      
              |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis  
              +--+                                   
                 |  +----------- Ptychobranchus      
                 +--+                                
                    |  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus
                    +--+                             
                       |  +----- Lampsilis           
                       +--+                          
                          |  +-- Villosa             
                          +--+                       
                             +-- Ellipsaria

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 29 0 2 33 27 3 179 
  +-------- Reginaia **    
  |                     
--+     +-- Pleurobemini
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 11 0 2 25 16 3 179 
                          +-- Megalonaias         
  +-----------------------+                       
  |                       +-- Quadrulina          
  |                                               
  |                    +----- Elliptoideus        
--+                    |                          
  |  +-----------------+  +-- Eurynia             
  |  |                 |  |                       
  |  |                 +--+-- Pleurobema          
  |  |                    |                       
  +--+                    +-- Uniomerus           
     |                                            
     |  +-------------------- Amblema **             
     |  |                                         
     +--+                 +-- Plectomerus **         
        |  +--------------+                       
        |  |              +-- Obliquaria          
        +--+                                      
           |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis  
           |  |                                   
           +--+  +----------- Ptychobranchus      
              |  |                                
              +--+  +-------- Medionidus          
                 |  |                             
                 +--+  +----- Potamilus_purpuratus
                    |  |                          
                    +--+----- Lampsilis           
                       |                          
                       |  +-- Ellipsaria          
                       +--+                       
                          +-- Villosa

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 17 0 2 20 9 3 177 
  +-- Gonideini          
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |                      
  +-- Utterbackia        
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |                      
  +-- Megalonaias        
  |                      
  +-- Obliquaria         
  |                      
--+-- Theliderma         
  |                      
  +-- Quadrula           
  |                      
  +-- Uniomerus          
  |                      
  +-- Amblema **            
  |                      
  +-- Elliptio           
  |                      
  +-- Fusconaia          
  |                      
  +-- Plectomerus **        
  |                      
  +-- Aculamprotulina    
  |                      
  +-- Unionina

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 10 10 4 -- 
        +-- Popenaiadini
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Lampsilini  
  |                     
--+     +-- Amblema **     
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 13 13 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrula_quadrula 
  |                           
--+-------- Quadrula_verrucosa
  |                           
  |  +----- Pleurobemini      
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Amblema **           
     +--+                     
        +-- Lampsilini

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 16 0 2 199 23 3 183 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulini        
  |                                             
--+  +----------------------- Pleurobemini      
  |  |                                          
  +--+  +-------------------- Amblema **           
     |  |                                       
     |  |              +----- Toxolasma         
     +--+  +-----------+                        
        |  |           |  +-- Obliquaria        
        |  |           +--+                     
        |  |              +-- Plectomerus **       
        +--+                                    
           |  +-------------- Potamilus_leptodon
           |  |                                 
           |  |  +----------- Potamilus_alatus  
           +--+  |                              
              |  |  +-------- Venustaconcha     
              |  |  |                           
              +--+  +-------- Leaunio           
                 |  |                           
                 |  |     +-- Ellipsaria        
                 |  +-----+                     
                 +--+     +-- Truncilla         
                    |                           
                    |     +-- Medionidus        
                    +-----+                     
                    |     +-- Ptychobranchus    
                    |                           
                    |  +----- Cambarunio        
                    +--+                        
                       |  +-- Ortmanniana       
                       +--+                     
                          +-- Lampsilis

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 24 20 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblema **     
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 17 0 2 20 10 3 177 
  +-- Gonideini          
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |                      
  +-- Utterbackia        
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |                      
  +-- Megalonaias        
  |                      
  +-- Obliquaria         
  |                      
--+-- Theliderma         
  |                      
  +-- Quadrula           
  |                      
  +-- Uniomerus          
  |                      
  +-- Amblema **            
  |                      
  +-- Elliptio           
  |                      
  +-- Fusconaia          
  |                      
  +-- Plectomerus **        
  |                      
  +-- Pleurobema         
  |                      
  +-- Unionini

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 13 0 2 31 19 3 180 
                          +-- Megalonaias          
  +-----------------------+                        
  |                       +-- Quadrulina           
  |                                                
  |              +----------- Elliptoideus         
  |  +-----------+                                 
--+  |           |  +-------- Pleurobema           
  |  |           +--+                              
  |  |              |  +----- Uniomerus            
  |  |              +--+                           
  |  |                 |  +-- Fusconaia            
  +--+                 +--+                        
     |                    +-- Eurynia              
     |                                             
     |  +-------------------- Amblema **              
     |  |                                          
     |  |              +----- Toxolasma            
     |  |  +-----------+                           
     +--+  |           |  +-- Plectomerus **          
        |  |           +--+                        
        |  |              +-- Obliquaria           
        |  |                                       
        +--+           +----- Ptychobranchus       
           |  +--------+                           
           |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_fragilis   
           |  |        +--+                        
           |  |           +-- Medionidus           
           +--+                                    
              |           +-- Villosa              
              |  +--------+                        
              |  |        +-- Ellipsaria           
              +--+                                 
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                 +--+                              
                    |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                    +--+                           
                       |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus 
                       +--+                        
                          +-- Potamilus_alatus

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 27 23 3 -- 
  +----------- Megalonaias 
  |                        
--+        +-- Uniomerus   
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Quadrulina  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lampsilini  
        +--+               
           +-- Amblema **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 10 0 2 32 12 3 179 
  +----------- Megalonaias         
  |                                
  |     +----- Elliptoideus        
  |  +--+                          
--+  |  |  +-- Uniomerus           
  |  |  +--+                       
  |  |     +-- Pleurobema          
  |  |                             
  |  |  +----- Potamilus_fragilis  
  +--+  |                          
     |  +----- Medionidus          
     |  |                          
     |  +----- Amblema **             
     |  |                          
     |  |  +-- Obliquaria          
     +--+--+                       
        |  +-- Plectomerus **         
        |                          
        |  +-- Villosa             
        |  |                       
        |  +-- Ellipsaria          
        |  |                       
        +--+-- Lampsilis           
           |                       
           +-- Potamilus_purpuratus
           |                       
           +-- Ptychobranchus

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 16 0 2 197 23 3 183 
  +----------------------------------- Quadrulini        
  |                                                      
--+  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini      
  |  |                                                   
  +--+  +----------------------------- Amblema **           
     |  |                                                
     +--+  +-------------------------- Toxolasma         
        |  |                                             
        +--+                       +-- Obliquaria        
           |  +--------------------+                     
           |  |                    +-- Plectomerus **       
           +--+                                          
              |  +-------------------- Potamilus_leptodon
              |  |                                       
              +--+  +----------------- Potamilus_alatus  
                 |  |                                    
                 |  |              +-- Medionidus        
                 +--+  +-----------+                     
                    |  |           +-- Ptychobranchus    
                    |  |                                 
                    +--+           +-- Ellipsaria        
                       |  +--------+                     
                       |  |        +-- Truncilla         
                       +--+                              
                          |  +-------- Leaunio           
                          |  |                           
                          +--+     +-- Venustaconcha     
                             |  +--+                     
                             |  |  +-- Cambarunio        
                             +--+                        
                                |  +-- Ortmanniana       
                                +--+                     
                                   +-- Lampsilis

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 21 0 2 199 23 3 180 
  +-------- Amblema **           
  |                           
  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
  +-------- Pleurobemini      
  |                           
  |     +-- Obliquaria        
  +-----+                     
  |     +-- Plectomerus **       
--+                           
  |  +----- Ellipsaria        
  |  |                        
  |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon
  |  |                        
  |  +----- Medionidus        
  |  |                        
  |  +----- Potamilus_alatus  
  |  |                        
  |  +----- Ptychobranchus    
  +--+                        
     +----- Truncilla         
     |                        
     +----- Venustaconcha     
     |                        
     +----- Cambarunio        
     |                        
     +----- Leaunio           
     |                        
     |  +-- Ortmanniana       
     +--+                     
        +-- Lampsilis

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 18 13 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 3 3 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 2 -- 
  +-- Amblema **     
  |               
--+-- Quadrulini  
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 79 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 55 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Amblema **

Johnson et al., 2018 [Publ 3844], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 15 2 -- 
  +----- Amblema **     
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Quadrulini

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 68 11 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
           +-- Glebula     
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Cyrtonaias  
  |                        
--+  +-------- Toxolasma   
  |  |                     
  |  |  +----- Potamilus   
  |  +--+                  
  +--+  |  +-- Ligumia     
     |  +--+               
     |     +-- Ortmanniana 
     |                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Quadrulini  
        +--+               
           +-- Pleurobemini

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 18 10 3 -- 
-- Plectomerus_dombeyanus **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 91 16 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 75 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Burdick & White, 2007 [Publ 2679], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 29 2 -- 
  +-------------------------------- Lampsilini            
  |                                                       
--+  +----------------------------- Parvaspina            
  |  |                                                    
  |  |  +-------------------------- Reginaia **              
  +--+  |                                                 
     |  |                    +----- Eurynia               
     |  |  +-----------------+                            
     +--+  |                 |  +-- Plethobasus           
        |  |                 +--+                         
        |  |                    +-- Elliptio              
        |  |                                              
        |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobema_plenum     
        +--+  |                                           
           |  +-------------------- Pleuronaia            
           |  |                                           
           |  |                 +-- Pleurobema_cordatum__1
           |  |           +-----+                         
           |  |           |     +-- Fusconaia             
           +--+  +--------+                               
              |  |        |  +----- Pleurobema_sintoxia__1
              |  |        |  |                            
              |  |        +--+  +-- Pleurobema_cordatum__2
              |  |           |  |                         
              |  |           +--+-- Pleurobema_sintoxia__2
              |  |              |                         
              +--+              +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia__3
                 |                                        
                 |  +-------------- Pleurobema_stabile    
                 |  |                                     
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema_rubellum   
                 |  |     +-----+                         
                 |  |     |     +-- Pleurobema_strodeanum 
                 +--+  +--+                               
                    |  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum
                    |  |  +--+                            
                    |  |     |  +-- Pleurobema_perovatum  
                    |  |     +--+                         
                    +--+        +-- Pleurobema_taitianum  
                       |                                  
                       |        +-- Pleurobema_clava      
                       |  +-----+                         
                       |  |     +-- Pleurobema_oviforme   
                       |  |                               
                       +--+     +-- Pleurobema_decisum    
                          |  +--+                         
                          |  |  +-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum
                          +--+                            
                             |  +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme  
                             +--+                         
                                +-- Pleurobema_georgianum

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 24 3 -- 
  +----------------------- Quadrulini               
  |                                                 
  +----------------------- Plectomerus **              
  |                                                 
  |  +-------------------- Lampsilini               
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Eurynia                  
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Fusconaia_cerina         
--+  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Fusconaia_flava          
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Hemistena                
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Plethobasus              
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Parvaspina               
  |  |                                              
  +--+-------------------- Pleurobema_cordatum      
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleuronaia               
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__2   
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleurobema_stabile       
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Elliptio                 
     |                                              
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_decisum       
     |  |                                           
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_sintoxia      
     |  |                                           
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_clava         
     +--+                                           
        +----------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__1   
        |                                           
        |  +-------------- Pleurobema_beadleianum   
        |  |                                        
        +--+  +----------- Pleurobema_pyriforme     
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +-------- Pleurobema_rubellum      
              |  |                                  
              |  +-------- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2
              +--+                                  
                 +-------- Pleurobema_georgianum__2 
                 |                                  
                 |  +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1
                 +--+                               
                    |  +-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1 
                    +--+                            
                       +-- Pleurobema_athearni

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 23 23 2 -- 
  +-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
--+-- Quadrulini  
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 124 8 3 -- 
  +-- Amblema **           
  |                     
  +-- Ortmanniana       
  |                     
  +-- Lampsilis         
  |                     
  +-- Cambarunio        
  |                     
--+-- Elliptio          
  |                     
  +-- Eurynia           
  |                     
  +-- Pleurobema        
  |                     
  +-- Quadrula_quadrula 
  |                     
  +-- Quadrula_verrucosa

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 56 54 3 -- 
  +----- Pleurobemini
  |                  
--+  +-- Amblema **     
  |  |               
  +--+-- Popenaiadini
     |               
     +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 52 8 3 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Quadrulini

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 52 11 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma   
  |                     
  +-------- Amblema **     
  |                     
  |     +-- Glebula     
  +-----+               
--+     +-- Cyrtonaias  
  |                     
  |     +-- Quadrulini  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Pleurobemini
  |                     
  |  +----- Potamilus   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ortmanniana 
     +--+               
        +-- Ligumia

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 95 16 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 12 3 -- 
              +----- Eurynia       
  +-----------+                    
  |           |  +-- Cambarunio    
  |           +--+                 
  |              +-- Ptychobranchus
--+                                
  |              +-- Amblema **       
  |  +-----------+                 
  |  |           +-- Pleurobema    
  +--+                             
     |  +----------- Truncilla     
     |  |                          
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis     
        |  +-----+                 
        |  |     +-- Epioblasma    
        +--+                       
           |  +----- Ligumia       
           +--+                    
              |  +-- Obliquaria    
              +--+                 
                 +-- Ortmanniana

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 31 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 95 16 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Quadrulini

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 3 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Amblema **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-------------------- Obliquaria           
  |                                          
  +-------------------- Amblema **              
  |                                          
  |  +----------------- Lampsilis_teres      
  |  |                                       
  |  +----------------- Obovaria             
--+  |                                       
  |  |              +-- Leaunio              
  |  +--------------+                        
  |  |              +-- Cambarunio           
  |  |                                       
  |  |        +-------- Ortmanniana          
  |  |        |                              
  +--+--------+     +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
     |        |  +--+                        
     |        |  |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens  
     |        +--+                           
     |           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
     |           +--+                        
     |              +-- Lampsilis_radiata    
     |                                       
     |  +-------------- Lampsilis_bracteata  
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +-------- Lampsilis_ovata      
           |  |                              
           +--+  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__3 
              |  |                           
              +--+  +-- Lampsilis_satura     
                 |  |                        
                 +--+-- Lampsilis_cardium__1 
                    |                        
                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium__2

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 25 25 2 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini  
  |               
--+-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrula    
  |                     
--+-------- Pustulosa   
  |                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 14 4 -- 
     +----------- Toxolasma            
  +--+                                 
  |  |  +-------- Popenaiadini         
  |  +--+                              
  |     |  +----- Amblema **              
  |     +--+                           
--+        |  +-- Quadrulini           
  |        +--+                        
  |           +-- Pleurobemini         
  |                                    
  |  +----------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 15 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 4 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 91 16 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Amblema **     
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 46 13 3 -- 
              +-------- Amblema **       
  +-----------+                       
  |           |  +----- Pleurobemini  
  |           +--+                    
  |              |  +-- Obliquaria    
--+              +--+                 
  |                 +-- Quadrulini    
  |                                   
  |  +----------------- Ptychobranchus
  +--+                                
     |  +-------------- Truncilla     
     +--+                             
        |  +----------- Ortmanniana   
        +--+                          
           |  +-------- Lampsilis     
           +--+                       
              |  +----- Cambarunio    
              +--+                    
                 |  +-- Ligumia       
                 +--+                 
                    +-- Epioblasma

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Amblema **     
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Plectomerus ** 
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 9 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 121 3 3 -- 
  +-- Amblema **     
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini
--+               
  +-- Lampsilini  
  |               
  +-- Quadrulini

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Hauck et al., 2023 [Publ 4333], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 12 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 75 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 82 6 3 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 25 25 2 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini  
  |               
--+-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 8 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 35 6 3 -- 
  +-- Amblema **    
  |              
  +-- Ortmanniana
  |              
  +-- Lampsilis  
  |              
--+-- Cambarunio 
  |              
  +-- Elliptio   
  |              
  +-- Pleurobema 
  |              
  +-- Quadrulini

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 26 25 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lampsilini  
        +--+               
           +-- Popenaiadini

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 35 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Pleurobemini
--+                     
  |  +----- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 36 17 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 16 3 -- 
     +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 39 4 2 -- 
  +----- Quadrulini
--+                
  |  +-- Amblema **   
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 37 16 3 -- 
-- Reginaia_ebenus **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 35 4 3 -- 
  +----- Quadrulini  
  |                  
--+----- Pleurobemini
  |                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 11 3 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 55 53 3 -- 
  +-------- Lampsilini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Popenaiadini

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 138 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 24 3 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini               
  |                                     
  +----------- Plectomerus **              
  |                                     
  |        +-- Elliptio_arctata         
  |  +-----+                            
  |  |     +-- Elliptio_crassidens      
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_decisum       
--+  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_rubellum      
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__2 
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_stabile       
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_pyriforme     
  |  |  |                               
  +--+  +----- Pleurobema_oviforme__2   
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleuronaia               
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__3 
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_cordatum      
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum   
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Hemistena                
     +--+                               
        +----- Fusconaia_flava          
        |                               
        +----- Fusconaia_cerina         
        |                               
        +----- Eurynia                  
        |                               
        +----- Elliptio_arca            
        |                               
        +----- Lampsilini               
        |                               
        |  +-- Plethobasus              
        +--+                            
        |  +-- Parvaspina               
        |                               
        |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia      
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Pleurobema_oviforme__1   
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Pleurobema_clava         
        |                               
        |  +-- Pleurobema_athearni      
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1 
           |                            
           +-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 138 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 87 15 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Grobler et al., 2011 [Publ 3359], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 16 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 46 13 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblema **     
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 16 3 -- 
     +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 12 3 -- 
           +-- Obliquaria    
  +--------+                 
  |        +-- Quadrulini    
  |                          
--+  +-------- Amblema **       
  |  |                       
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini  
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Truncilla     
     |  |                    
     |  +----- Ptychobranchus
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Ortmanniana   
        |  |                 
        |  +-- Cambarunio    
        +--+                 
           +-- Ligumia       
           |                 
           +-- Epioblasma

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 52 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 85 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini