MUSSELpdb
Taxonomy
Species & Genus Richness of
freshwater mussels
by Taxonomy
Species & Genus Richness of
freshwater bivalves
by Family
Geography
Species Richness & Endemism of
freshwater mussels
by Geography
Data last updated
Thu 19 March 2026
superfamily ETHERIOIDEA Deshayes, 1832: cladomics
Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!
The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.
The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.
Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.
For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!
Cladomics Summary
number of species = 96 (111 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: family) = 3
analyzed in 75 cladograms in 42 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 20 (mean = 4.48, median = 4)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.31, median = 2)
Basic Monophyly
number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 64
maximum number of included terminals = 20, (mean = 5.08 median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.53, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.92
Rigorous Monophyly
number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 63
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (family) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 20 (mean = 5.1, median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.56, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.92
Pairwise Cladogram Clustering
The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.
Cladograms
Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14
** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 20 | 629 | 708 | 3 | 611 | 609 | 2 | 0 |
+----------------------------- Iridininae **
|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ +-------------------------- Aspathariinae **
| | |
| +--+ +----------------------- Etheria **
| | |
| +--+ +-------------------- Anodontites_trapesialis **
| | |
| +--+ +----------------- Mulleria **
| | |
| +--+ +-------------- Lamproscapha **
| | |
| | | +----- Monocondylaea **
| +--+ +-----+
| | | | +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana__2 **
| | | +--+
| +--+ +-- Tamsiella_tamsiana **
| |
| | +-------- Mycetopodinae **
| | |
| +--+ +-- Anodontites_guanarensis **
| | +--+
| | | +-- Fossula **
| +--+
| | +-- Anodontites_trigona **
| +--+
| +-- Tamsiella_schroeteriana__1 **
|
| +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hyrioidea
| |
| | +-------------------------------- Lamellidens
| | |
| | +-----+ +-- Balwantia
--+ | | | +--------------------------+
| | | | | +-- Trapezidens
| | | +--+
| | | | +-------------------------- Leoparreysiini
| | | | |
| | | +--+ +----------------------- Pseudomulleria **
| | | | |
| | | | | +-- Parreysiini
| | | +--+ +-----------------+
| | | | | +-- Coelaturini
| | | | |
| | | +--+ +-- Pseudoscabies
| | | | +--------------+
| | | | | +-- Indonaia
| | | +--+
| | | | +-------------- Indochinella
| | | | |
| | | +--+ +----------- Radiatula
| | +--------------------------------------------------+ | |
| | | | +--+ +-- Songkhlanaia_songkhramensis__2
| | | | | +-----+
| | | | | | +-- Unionetta_fabagina__2
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +----- Harmandia
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Unionetta_fabagina__1
| | | | +--+
| | | | +-- Scabies
| | | |
| | | | +----- Amuranodonta
| | | | +-----------------------------+
| | | | | | +-- Anemina
+--+ | | | +--+
| | | | +-- Buldowskia
| | | |
| | | | +-- Beringiana
| | | | +-----+
| | | | | +-- Pletholophus
| | +--+ +-----------------------+
| | | | | +----- Mimo
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Acudonta
| | | | +--+
| | | | +-- Sinanodonta
| | | |
| | | | +----------------------------- Cristaria
| | +--+ |
| | | | +----------------- Lepidodesmini
| | | | |
| | | | | +----------- Lanceolariini
| | | | | +--+
| | | | +--------+ | | +-------- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__2
| | | | | | | +--+
| | | | | | | | +----- Acuticosta_chinensis__2
| | +--+ | | | +--+
| | | | +--+ | +-- Acuticosta_chinensis__1
| | | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__1
| | | | |
| | | | | +----------- Globunio
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-------- Aculamprotulina
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ | +----- Middendorffinaiina
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Unionina
| | | +--+
| | | +-- Oxynaiina
| | |
| | | +-------- Pseudodontoideus
+--+ | +--------------+
| | | | +----- Lasmigona
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Pterosyna
| | | +--+
| +--+ +-- Arcidens
| |
| | +-------------------- Anodontina
| | |
| | | +-------------- Utterbackia
| | | +--+
| +--+ | | +----------- Pyganodon_grandis
| | | +--+
| | | | +-------- Pyganodon_lacustris
| | | +--+
| | | | +----- Pyganodon_cataracta__2
| +--+ +--+
| | | +-- Pyganodon_cataracta__1
| | +--+
| | +-- Potamilus_fragilis__3
| |
| | +-------------- Utterbackiana
| | |
| +--+ +----------- Simpsonaias
| | |
| | | +-- Alasminota
| +--+ +-----+
| | | +-- Alasmidonta
| | |
| +--+ +-- Prolasmidonta
| | +--+
| | | +-- Platynaias
| +--+
| | +-- Anodontoides
| +--+
| +-- Strophitus
|
| +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rectidentini
| |
| | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Margaritiferidae
| | |
| | | +-------------------- Chamberlainiini
| | | |
| | | +--+ +----------------- Parvasolenaia
| | | | | |
| | | | +--+ +-------------- Pseudopostolata
| | | | | |
| | | | +--+ +----------- Koreosolenaia
| | | | | |
| | | | +--+ +-- Cosmopseudodon
| | | | | +-----+
| | | | | | +-- Guiunio
+--+ | | +--+
| | +--------+ | +----- Ptychorhynchus
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Obovalis
| | | | +--+
| | | | +-- Postolata
| | | |
| | | | +-- Caudiculatus
| | | | +--------------+
| | | | | +-- Lamprotulini
| | | | |
| | | +-----+ +-------------- Sinosolenaia_carinata
| | | | |
| | | | | +----- Gonidea
| | | +--+ +-----+
+--+ +-----------------------------------------------+ | | | +-- Microcondylaea
| | | | | +--+
| | | +--+ +-- Leguminaia
| | | |
| | | | +-------- Inversidens
| | | +--+
| | | | +----- Sinosolenaia_recognita
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea
| | | +--+
| | | +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora
| | |
| | | +----------------------------- Indopseudodontina
| | | |
| | | | +-- Lannanaia
| | +--+ +-----------------------+
| | | | +-- Pilsbryoconcha
| | | |
| | | | +----- Songkhlanaia_tamodienica
| | +--+ +-----------------+
| | | | | +-- Songkhlanaia_moreleti
| | | | +--+
| | | | +-- Songkhlanaia_songkhramensis__1
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Nyeinchanconcha
| | | +-----------------+
| | | | +-- Sundadontina
| | | |
+--+ | | +-- Isannaia
| +--+ +--+
| | | +-- Namkongnaia
| | +-----------+
| | | | +-- Thaiconcha
| | | +--+
| +--+ +-- Bineurus
| |
| | +-------------- Pseudodon_walpolei
| | |
| +--+ +----------- Pseudodon_vagulus
| | |
| | | +----- Pseudodon_vondembuschianus
| +--+ +--+
| | | | +-- Pseudodon_mekongi
| | | +--+
| +--+ +-- Schepmaniini
| |
| | +----- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__2
| +--+
| | +-- Pseudodon_inoscularis
| +--+
| +-- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__1
|
| +-- Quadrulini
| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | +-- Pleurobemini
| |
| | +----- Amblema
+--+ +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Nephronaias
| | +--+
| | +-- Psoronaias
| |
+--+ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- Reginaia
| |
| | +----- Popenaias
| | +--------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--+ | +--+
| | +-- Glebula
| |
| | +----------------------------------------------------------------- Paetulunio
| | |
+--+ | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum
| | |
| | | +----- Toxolasma_lividum__2
| | | +--------+
| | +--------------------------------------------+ | | +-- Toxolasma_cylindrellus
| | | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Toxolasma_lividum__1
| | | | |
+--+ | +--+ +-------- Toxolasma_texasiense__2
| | | +--+
| | | | | +----- Toxolasma_glans
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Toxolasma_paulum
| | +--+ +--+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_texasiense__1
| | |
| | | +-------- Toxolasma__4
| | +--+
+--+ | +----- Toxolasma_granulatum
| +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma__2
| +--+
| +-- Toxolasma__3
|
| +----- Toxolasma_pullus
| +-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_germanum
| | +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma__1
| |
| | +-- Obliquaria
| | +-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Plectomerus
+--+ |
| | +-------- Potamilus_inflatus
| | +--------+
| | | | +----- Potamilus_ohiensis
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus
| | | +--+
| | +-----------------------------------+ +-- Potamilus_streckersoni
| | | |
+--+ | | +----- Potamilus_fragilis__2
| | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Potamilus_leptodon
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Potamilus_fragilis__1
| | |
| | | +----------- Potamilus_metnecktayi
| | | |
| | +--+ +-------- Potamilus_alatus__3
| | | |
| | +--+ +----- Potamilus_alatus__2
+--+ | |
| +--+----- Potamilus_purpuratus__2
| |
| | +-- Potamilus_alatus__1
| +--+
| +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__1
|
| +-- Villosa_villosa
| +-----------------------------------------------+
| | +-- Atlanticoncha
| |
| | +-- Cambarunio_nebulosus
| | +--------------------------------------------+
+--+ | +-- Ligumia
| |
| | +-------- Leaunio_umbrans
| | +-----------------------------------+
| | | | +----- Cambarunio_taeniatus
+--+ | +--+
| | | +-- Cambarunio_iris
| | +--+
| | +-- Cambarunio_simus
| |
| | +----------------------------------------- Hamiota
| | |
+--+ | +----------------------- Pachynaias
| | |
| | +--------------+ +-------------------- Sagittunio
| | | | |
| | | | | +----- Ellipsaria
| | | +--+ +-----------+
| | | | | | +-- Potamilus_capax
| | | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Truncilla
+--+ | +--+
| | | +----- Medionidus_acutissimus
| | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Lemiox
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Medionidus_penicillatus
| | |
| | | +----------- Ptychobranchus
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__2
| | | +-----+
+--+ | | +-- Dromus
| +--+
| | +----- Cyprogenia_stegaria__2
| +--+
| | +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__1
| +--+
| +-- Cyprogenia_stegaria__1
|
| +-- Villosa_delumbis
| +--------------------------------+
| | +-- Villosa_vibex
| |
| | +-------------- Obovaria_olivaria
| | |
| | +-----------------+ +-- Venustaconcha
| | | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Epioblasma
| | | +--+
| | | | +-------- Obovaria_retusa
+--+ | +--+
| | | +----- Obovaria_choctawensis
| | +--+
| | | +-- Obovaria_unicolor
| | +--+
| | +-- Obovaria_subrotunda
| |
| | +-- Mesonaias
| | +-----------------------+
| | | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
| | |
+--+ +--+ +-- Lampsilis_splendida
| | | +--------------------+
| | | | +-- Lampsilis_bracteata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Lampsilis_fasciola
| | | +-----------------+
| | | | +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
| | +--+
| | | +----------------- Lampsilis_ornata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-------------- Lampsilis_ovata__2
| | | |
| | +--+ +----------- Lampsilis_dolabraeformis
| | | |
| | | | +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2
| | +--+ +--+
| | | | | +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1
+--+ | | +--+
| +--+ +-- Lampsilis_satura
| |
| | +----- Lampsilis_cariosa__2
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ovata__1
| +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cariosa__1
|
| +----------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__2
| +--------------+
| | | +-------- Lampsilis_abrupta
| | +--+
| | | +----- Lampsilis_higginsii__2
| | +--+
| | | +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__1
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_higginsii__1
|
| +----- Medionidus_conradicus
| +-----------------+
| | | +-- Leaunio_lienosus
| | +--+
| | +-- Leaunio_vanuxemensis
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_floridensis
| +-----------------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_teres
| |
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__1
+--+ |
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__2
| +--------------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_powellii__1
| | |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_powellii__2
|
| +-------------- Lampsilis_sietmani
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_straminea__2
| +--------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_virescens
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_hydiana__2
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_hydiana__1
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_straminea__1
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 10 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 190 | 188 | 2 | 744 |
+-- Hyrioidea
+--------+
| +-- Unionoidea
|
--+ +-------- Etheriidae **
| |
| +-------- Aspathariinae **
| |
+--+ +-- Anodontites **
+-----+
| +-- Iridininae **
|
| +----- Mycetopodinae **
+--+
| +-- Monocondylaeinae **
+--+
+-- Lamproscapha **
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 10 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 188 | 186 | 2 | 744 |
+----------------- Hyrioidea | --+ +-------------- Unionoidea | | | | +-- Anodontites ** +--+ +--------+ | | +-- Iridininae ** | | +--+ +-- Etheriidae ** | +-----+ | | +-- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +----- Mycetopodinae ** +--+ | +-- Monocondylaeinae ** +--+ +-- Lamproscapha **
Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 10 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 36 | 35 | 2 | 742 |
+----------------------- Parreysiinae | | +----------- Pseudodontini | +--------+ --+ | | +-------- Rectidentini | | +--+ | | | +----- Unioninae | | +--+ +--+ | +-- Gonideini | +--+ | +-- Ambleminae | | +----------------- Margaritiferidae +--+ | +-------------- Hyrioidea +--+ | +----------- Pseudomulleria ** +--+ | +-------- Mulleria ** +--+ | +----- Etheria ** +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 10 | 37 | 34 | 3 | 37 | 36 | 2 | 737 |
+-------------------------- Hyrioidea | | +-------- Iridinidae ** --+ +--------------+ | | | +----- Etheria ** | | +--+ | | | +-- Mulleria ** +--+ +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** | | +-------------------- Margaritiferidae +--+ | +----------------- Parreysiinae +--+ | +-------------- Pseudomulleria ** +--+ | +----------- Unioninae +--+ | +-------- Rectidentini +--+ | +----- Ambleminae +--+ | +-- Gonideini +--+ +-- Pseudodontini
Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 10 | 36 | 33 | 3 | 36 | 35 | 2 | 745 |
+-------------------------- Hyrioidea | | +-- Etheria ** | +--+ --+ | +-- Mulleria ** | +-----------------+ | | | +-- Mycetopodidae ** | | +--+ +--+ +-- Iridinidae ** | | +-------------------- Parreysiinae +--+ | +----------------- Pseudomulleria ** +--+ | +-------------- Margaritiferidae +--+ | +----------- Pseudodontini +--+ | +-------- Rectidentini +--+ | +----- Unioninae +--+ | +-- Gonideini +--+ +-- Ambleminae
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 10 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 190 | 188 | 2 | 744 |
+----------------- Hyrioidea | --+ +-------------- Unionoidea | | | | +-- Anodontites ** +--+ +--------+ | | +-- Iridininae ** | | +--+ +-- Etheriidae ** | +-----+ | | +-- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +----- Mycetopodinae ** +--+ | +-- Monocondylaeinae ** +--+ +-- Lamproscapha **
Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 10 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 37 | 36 | 2 | 744 |
+----------- Unionoidea --+ | +-------- Hyrioidea +--+ | +----- Etheriidae ** +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 9 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 27 | 26 | 2 | 739 |
+----------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------------- Unionoidea +--+ | +----------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +-------- Etheria ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Mulleria ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 8 | 28 | 21 | 3 | 26 | 25 | 2 | 731 |
+-------------------- Hyrioidea | | +-------- Iridinidae ** --+ +--------+ | | | +----- Etheria ** | | +--+ | | | +-- Mulleria ** +--+ +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** | | +-------------- Parreysiinae | | +--+ +----------- Pseudomulleria ** | | +--+ +-------- Anodontini | | +--+ +----- Gonideinae | | +--+----- Unionini | | +-- Margaritiferidae +--+ +-- Ambleminae
Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 7 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 134 | 133 | 2 | 741 |
+-- Hyrioidea
+-----+
| +-- Unionoidea
--+
| +----- Iridininae **
+--+
| +-- Aspathariinae **
+--+
+-- Mycetopodidae **
Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 7 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 34 | 33 | 2 | 741 |
+-- Hyrioidea
+-----+
| +-- Unionoidea
--+
| +----- Iridininae **
+--+
| +-- Aspathariinae **
+--+
+-- Mycetopodidae **
Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 7 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 34 | 33 | 2 | 743 |
+-- Hyrioidea
+-----+
| +-- Unionoidea
--+
| +----- Aspathariinae **
+--+
| +-- Iridininae **
+--+
+-- Mycetopodidae **
Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 22 | 20 | 2 | 740 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Unionoidea +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 62 | 60 | 2 | 740 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Unionoidea +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 23 | 21 | 2 | 740 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Unionoidea +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 62 | 60 | 2 | 740 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Unionoidea +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 744 |
+----------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------------- Unionidae +--+ | +----------- Margaritiferidae +--+ | +-------- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +----- Etheriidae ** +--+ | +-- Iridininae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 28 | 26 | 2 | 740 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Unionoidea +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 744 |
+-- Hyrioidea
+--------+
| +-- Unionoidea
--+
| +-------- Aspathariinae **
+--+
| +----- Etheriidae **
+--+
| +-- Iridininae **
+--+
+-- Mycetopodidae **
Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 22 | 20 | 2 | 740 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Unionoidea +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 74 | 73 | 2 | 740 |
+----------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------------- Margaritiferidae +--+ | +----------- Unionidae +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 28 | 26 | 2 | 740 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Unionoidea +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 62 | 60 | 2 | 740 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Unionoidea +--+ | +-------- Iridininae ** +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 31 | 30 | 2 | 743 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Margaritiferidae +--+ | +-------- Unionidae +--+ | +----- Aspathariinae ** +--+ | +-- Iridininae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 26 | 25 | 2 | 741 |
+----------- Margaritiferidae --+ | +-------- Unionidae +--+ | +----- Hyrioidea +--+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 26 | 25 | 2 | 741 |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 117 | 115 | 2 | 743 |
+-------------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----------- Margaritiferidae +--+ | +-------- Unionidae +--+ | +----- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 11 | 2 | 747.5 |
+-------------------- Margaritiferidae | | +-------- Unionini --+ +--------+ | | | +----- Pleurobemini | | +--+ | | | +-- Anodontini +--+ +--+ | +-- Lampsilini | | +-------------- Parreysiini | | +--+ +----------- Coelaturini | | +--+ +-------- Hyrioidea | | +--+ +----- Iridinidae ** | | +--+ +-- Anodontitinae ** | | +--+-- Mycetopodinae ** | +-- Etheriidae **
Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 26 | 25 | 2 | 742 |
+-------------------- Margaritiferidae | | +----------------- Amblemini | | | +----------------- Parreysiinae | | | +----------------- Eurynia --+ | | +----------------- Fusconaia | | | +----------------- Gonideinae | | | +----------------- Pleurobema | | +--+----------------- Quadrulini | | +----------- Ortmanniana +-----+ | | +-------- Glebula | +--+ | | +----- Potamilus | +--+ | | +-- Ligumia | +--+ | +-- Toxolasma | | +-------------- Cyrtonaias +--+ | +----------- Unionini +--+ | +-------- Anodontini +--+ | +----- Hyrioidea +--+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 26 | 25 | 2 | 741 |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 86 | 84 | 2 | 741 |
+-- Hyrioidea
+-----+
| +-- Unionoidea
--+
| +----- Iridinidae **
+--+
| +-- Etheriidae **
+--+
+-- Mycetopodidae **
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 86 | 84 | 2 | 741 |
+----------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------- Unionoidea +--+ | +----- Iridinidae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 31 | 30 | 2 | 743 |
+----- Aspathariinae **
+--+
| | +-- Iridininae **
| +--+
--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
|
| +----- Unionidae
+--+
| +-- Margaritiferidae
+--+
+-- Hyrioidea
Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 21 | 19 | 2 | 741 |
+----------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------- Unionoidea +--+ | +----- Iridinidae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 26 | 25 | 2 | 741 |
+-------- Unionoidea --+ | +----- Hyrioidea +--+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 26 | 23 | 2 | 744 |
+----------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------- Unionoidea +--+ | +----- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 134 | 132 | 2 | 744 |
+-------------- Margaritiferidae --+ | +----------- Unionidae +--+ | +-------- Hyrioidea +--+ | +----- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 742 |
+----- Parreysiinae --+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Unioninae
Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 134 | 132 | 2 | 742 |
+-- Chamberlainia
+--------------------+
| +-- Margaritiferidae
|
| +-------- Hyrioidea
+--------------+
| | +----- Iridinidae **
--+ +--+
| | +-- Mycetopodidae **
| +--+
| +-- Etheriidae **
|
| +-------------------- Parreysiinae
+--+
| +----------------- Unioninae
+--+
| +-------------- Rectidentini
+--+
| +----------- Ambleminae
+--+
| +-------- Pseudodontini
+--+
| +----- Gonideini
+--+
| +-- Sinohyriopsis
+--+
+-- Lamprotulini
Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 26 | 23 | 2 | 744 |
+----------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------- Unionoidea +--+ | +----- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 37 | 36 | 2 | 745 |
+----------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------- Unionoidea +--+ | +----- Etheriidae ** +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 54 | 53 | 2 | 745 |
+----- Mycetopodidae **
+--+
| | +-- Etheriidae **
| +--+
--+ +-- Iridinidae **
|
| +----- Unionidae
+--+
| +-- Hyrioidea
+--+
+-- Margaritiferidae
Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 28 | 26 | 2 | 745 |
+----------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------- Unionoidea +--+ | +----- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 16 | 2 | 743 |
+----------- Hyrioidea --+ | +-------- Unionoidea +--+ | +----- Iridinidae ** +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Etheriidae **
Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 54 | 53 | 2 | 745 |
+-- Hyrioidea
+-----+
| +-- Unionoidea
--+
| +----- Mycetopodidae **
+--+
| +-- Etheriidae **
+--+
+-- Iridinidae **
Elderkin et al., 2016 [Publ 3693], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 744 |
+-- Etheriidae ** | --+-- Iridinidae ** | +-- Hyrioidea
Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 47 | 46 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 86 | 86 | 2 | -- |
+-- Mycetopodidae **
+--+
| +-- Iridinidae **
--+
| +-- Hyrioidea
+--+
+-- Unionoidea
Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 40 | 39 | 2 | -- |
+-- Mycetopodidae **
+--+
| +-- Iridinidae **
--+
| +-- Hyrioidea
+--+
+-- Unionoidea
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 72 | 71 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 54 | 53 | 2 | -- |
+-- Mycetopodidae **
+--+
| +-- Iridinidae **
--+
| +-- Hyrioidea
+--+
+-- Unionoidea
Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 17 | 1 | -- |
+----- Unionoidea --+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 94 | 93 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | -- |
+----- Unionoidea --+ | +-- Etheriidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 94 | 93 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 84 | 84 | 2 | -- |
+-- Mycetopodidae **
+-----+
| +-- Iridinidae **
--+
| +----- Unionidae
+--+
| +-- Hyrioidea
+--+
+-- Margaritiferidae
Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 90 | 89 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 23 | 22 | 2 | -- |
+-- Iridinidae **
+--+
| +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+
| +-- Hyrioidea
+--+
+-- Unionoidea
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 72 | 71 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 90 | 89 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Mycetopodidae ** +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 23 | 22 | 2 | -- |
+-- Iridinidae **
+--+
| +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+
| +-- Hyrioidea
+--+
+-- Unionoidea
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 67 | 66 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionoidea +--+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Mycetopodidae **
Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 72 | 72 | 2 | -- |
+-- Iridinidae **
+--+
| +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+
| +-- Hyrioidea
+--+
+-- Unionoidea
Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionidae +--+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Margaritiferidae
González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Hyrioidea --+ | +----- Unionidae +--+ | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Margaritiferidae
Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | -- |
+-- Iridinidae ** --+ +-- Unionoidea
González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | -- |
+----- Unionidae | --+----- Hyrioidea | | +-- Iridinidae ** +--+ +-- Margaritiferidae
Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | -- |
+-- Iridinidae **
+--+
| +-- Margaritiferidae
--+
| +-- Unionidae
+--+
+-- Hyrioidea
González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | -- |
+----- Iridinidae ** --+ | +-- Hyrioidea +--+ +-- Unionoidea
Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 28 | 2 | -- |
+----- Iridinidae ** --+ | +-- Hyrioidea +--+ +-- Unionoidea
Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 28 | 2 | -- |
+----- Iridinidae ** --+ | +-- Hyrioidea +--+ +-- Unionoidea
Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 45 | 45 | 2 | -- |
+-------- Unionidae --+ | +----- Margaritiferidae +--+ | +-- Hyrioidea +--+ +-- Iridinidae **
González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | -- |
+-- Iridinidae **
+--+
| +-- Margaritiferidae
--+
| +-- Unionidae
+--+
+-- Hyrioidea
Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3
| tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | -- |
+-- Iridinidae ** --+ +-- Unionoidea
