Bivalvia | Unionida

superfamily ETHERIOIDEA Deshayes, 1832: cladomics

3 families

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 96 (111 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: family) = 3
analyzed in 73 cladograms in 41 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 10 (mean = 4.23, median = 4)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.3, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 62
maximum number of included terminals = 10, (mean = 4.81 median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.53, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.94

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 61
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (family) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 10 (mean = 4.82, median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.56, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.93

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Etherioidea cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Etherioidea cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 37 34 3 37 36 2 0 
  +-------------------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                           
  |                 +-------- Iridinidae **      
--+  +--------------+                         
  |  |              |  +----- Etheria **         
  |  |              +--+                      
  |  |                 |  +-- Mulleria **        
  +--+                 +--+                   
     |                    +-- Mycetopodidae **   
     |                                        
     |  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                                     
        |  +----------------- Parreysiinae    
        +--+                                  
           |  +-------------- Pseudomulleria **  
           +--+                               
              |  +----------- Unioninae       
              +--+                            
                 |  +-------- Rectidentini    
                 +--+                         
                    |  +----- Ambleminae      
                    +--+                      
                       |  +-- Gonideini       
                       +--+                   
                          +-- Pseudodontini

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 191 189 2 43 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Unionoidea      
  |  |                               
  |  |           +-- Anodontites **     
  +--+  +--------+                   
     |  |        +-- Iridininae **      
     |  |                            
     +--+        +-- Etheriidae **      
        |  +-----+                   
        |  |     +-- Aspathariinae **   
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Mycetopodinae **   
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Monocondylaeinae **
              +--+                   
                 +-- Lamproscapha **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 36 33 3 36 35 2 17 
  +-------------------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                           
  |                       +-- Etheria **         
  |                    +--+                   
--+                    |  +-- Mulleria **        
  |  +-----------------+                      
  |  |                 |  +-- Mycetopodidae **   
  |  |                 +--+                   
  +--+                    +-- Iridinidae **      
     |                                        
     |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
     +--+                                     
        |  +----------------- Pseudomulleria **  
        +--+                                  
           |  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
           +--+                               
              |  +----------- Pseudodontini   
              +--+                            
                 |  +-------- Rectidentini    
                 +--+                         
                    |  +----- Unioninae       
                    +--+                      
                       |  +-- Gonideini       
                       +--+                   
                          +-- Ambleminae

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 37 36 2 34 
  +----------- Unionoidea   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 36 35 2 32 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae    
  |                                        
  |           +----------- Pseudodontini   
  |  +--------+                            
--+  |        |  +-------- Rectidentini    
  |  |        +--+                         
  |  |           |  +----- Unioninae       
  |  |           +--+                      
  +--+              |  +-- Gonideini       
     |              +--+                   
     |                 +-- Ambleminae      
     |                                     
     |  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Hyrioidea       
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Pseudomulleria **  
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Mulleria **        
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Etheria **         
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Mycetopodidae **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Iridinidae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 6 3 191 189 2 41 
           +-- Hyrioidea       
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Unionoidea      
  |                            
--+  +-------- Etheriidae **      
  |  |                         
  |  +-------- Aspathariinae **   
  |  |                         
  +--+     +-- Anodontites **     
     +-----+                   
     |     +-- Iridininae **      
     |                         
     |  +----- Mycetopodinae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Monocondylaeinae **
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamproscapha **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 189 187 2 43 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Unionoidea      
  |  |                               
  |  |           +-- Anodontites **     
  +--+  +--------+                   
     |  |        +-- Iridininae **      
     |  |                            
     +--+        +-- Etheriidae **      
        |  +-----+                   
        |  |     +-- Aspathariinae **   
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Mycetopodinae **   
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Monocondylaeinae **
              +--+                   
                 +-- Lamproscapha **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 27 26 2 35 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Etheria **      
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Aspathariinae **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Mulleria **     
              +--+                
                 +-- Mycetopodidae **

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 28 21 3 26 25 2 33 
  +-------------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                     
  |           +-------- Iridinidae **      
--+  +--------+                         
  |  |        |  +----- Etheria **         
  |  |        +--+                      
  |  |           |  +-- Mulleria **        
  +--+           +--+                   
     |              +-- Mycetopodidae **   
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae    
     |  |                               
     +--+  +----------- Pseudomulleria **  
        |  |                            
        +--+  +-------- Anodontini      
           |  |                         
           +--+  +----- Gonideinae      
              |  |                      
              +--+----- Unionini        
                 |                      
                 |  +-- Margaritiferidae
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Ambleminae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 34 33 2 41 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridininae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 34 33 2 41 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Iridininae **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Aspathariinae **
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 9 7 2 40 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea       
--+                                  
  |  +-------------- Unionidae       
  +--+                               
     |  +----------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                            
        |  +-------- Aspathariinae **   
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Etheriidae **      
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Iridininae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Mycetopodidae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 62 60 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 74 73 2 38 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea       
--+                                  
  |  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                               
     |  +----------- Unionidae       
     +--+                            
        |  +-------- Iridininae **      
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Aspathariinae **   
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Etheriidae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Mycetopodidae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 23 21 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 62 60 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 28 26 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 22 20 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 22 20 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 62 60 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 28 26 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 9 7 2 40 
           +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--------+                
  |        +-- Unionoidea   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Iridininae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Mycetopodidae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 26 25 2 32 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Unionidae       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Iridinidae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Mycetopodidae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 26 25 2 32 
  +-------- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 26 25 2 32 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 117 115 2 38 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea       
--+                               
  |  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Unionidae       
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Mycetopodidae **   
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Etheriidae **      
           +--+                   
              +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 86 84 2 35 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Mycetopodidae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 86 84 2 35 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Iridinidae **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 21 19 2 35 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Mycetopodidae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 31 30 2 39 
     +----- Aspathariinae **   
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Iridininae **      
  |  +--+                   
--+     +-- Mycetopodidae **   
  |                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                   
        +-- Hyrioidea

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 2 2 26 25 2 33 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |  +----------------- Amblemini       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae    
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Eurynia         
--+  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Fusconaia       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae      
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Pleurobema      
  |  |                                  
  +--+----------------- Quadrulini      
     |                                  
     |     +----------- Ortmanniana     
     +-----+                            
     |     |  +-------- Glebula         
     |     +--+                         
     |        |  +----- Potamilus       
     |        +--+                      
     |           |  +-- Ligumia         
     |           +--+                   
     |              +-- Toxolasma       
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Cyrtonaias      
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Unionini        
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Anodontini      
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Hyrioidea       
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Iridinidae **      
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Mycetopodidae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 31 30 2 39 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea       
--+                               
  |  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Unionidae       
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **   
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Iridininae **      
           +--+                   
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 26 25 2 32 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 12 11 2 39 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |           +-------- Unionini        
--+  +--------+                         
  |  |        |  +----- Pleurobemini    
  |  |        +--+                      
  |  |           |  +-- Anodontini      
  +--+           +--+                   
     |              +-- Lampsilini      
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Parreysiini     
     |  |                               
     +--+  +----------- Coelaturini     
        |  |                            
        +--+  +-------- Hyrioidea       
           |  |                         
           +--+  +----- Iridinidae **      
              |  |                      
              +--+  +-- Anodontitinae **   
                 |  |                   
                 +--+-- Mycetopodinae **   
                    |                   
                    +-- Etheriidae **

Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 24 24 1 35 
  +----- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Iridinidae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 26 23 2 37 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 135 133 2 35 
                       +-- Chamberlainia   
  +--------------------+                   
  |                    +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                                        
  |              +-------- Hyrioidea       
  +--------------+                         
  |              |  +----- Iridinidae **      
--+              +--+                      
  |                 |  +-- Mycetopodidae **   
  |                 +--+                   
  |                    +-- Etheriidae **      
  |                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Pseudodontini   
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Gonideini       
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Sinohyriopsis   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lamprotulini

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 135 133 2 37 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Unionidae       
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Mycetopodidae **   
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Etheriidae **      
           +--+                   
              +-- Iridinidae **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 26 23 2 37 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 17 16 2 35 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
        +--+                
           +-- Etheriidae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 54 53 2 38 
     +----- Mycetopodidae **   
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Etheriidae **      
  |  +--+                   
--+     +-- Iridinidae **      
  |                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                   
        +-- Margaritiferidae

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 28 26 2 37 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 37 36 2 37 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 54 53 2 38 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 72 72 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **   
  +--+                
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 90 89 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 47 46 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 86 86 2 -- 
     +-- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                
  |  +-- Iridinidae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 23 22 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **   
  +--+                
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 67 66 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Elderkin et al., 2016 [Publ 3693], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 1 1 1 37 
  +-- Etheriidae **
  |             
--+-- Iridinidae **
  |             
  +-- Hyrioidea

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 54 53 2 -- 
     +-- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                
  |  +-- Iridinidae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 72 71 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 94 93 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 23 22 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **   
  +--+                
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 72 71 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 90 89 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 94 93 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 84 84 2 -- 
        +-- Mycetopodidae **   
  +-----+                   
  |     +-- Iridinidae **      
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                   
        +-- Margaritiferidae

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 18 17 1 -- 
  +----- Unionoidea
--+                
  |  +-- Etheriidae **
  +--+             
     +-- Iridinidae **

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 4 2 1 -- 
  +----- Unionoidea
--+                
  |  +-- Etheriidae **
  +--+             
     +-- Iridinidae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 40 39 2 -- 
     +-- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                
  |  +-- Iridinidae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 3 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **      
  +--+                   
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unionidae       
  +--+                   
     +-- Hyrioidea

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridinidae **
--+             
  +-- Unionoidea

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 28 2 -- 
  +----- Iridinidae **
--+                
  |  +-- Hyrioidea 
  +--+             
     +-- Unionoidea

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 3 2 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
  |                      
--+----- Hyrioidea       
  |                      
  |  +-- Iridinidae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 3 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **      
  +--+                   
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unionidae       
  +--+                   
     +-- Hyrioidea

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridinidae **
--+             
  +-- Unionoidea

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 28 2 -- 
  +----- Iridinidae **
--+                
  |  +-- Hyrioidea 
  +--+             
     +-- Unionoidea

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 3 2 -- 
  +----- Iridinidae **
--+                
  |  +-- Hyrioidea 
  +--+             
     +-- Unionoidea

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 3 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea       
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Iridinidae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Margaritiferidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 3 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea       
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Iridinidae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Margaritiferidae

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 45 2 -- 
  +-------- Unionidae       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                   
        +-- Iridinidae **