Bivalvia | Unionida

superfamily ETHERIOIDEA Deshayes, 1832: cladomics

3 families

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 98 (113 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: family) = 3
analyzed in 78 cladograms in 44 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 21 (mean = 4.6, median = 4)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.28, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 67
maximum number of included terminals = 21, (mean = 5.19 median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.49, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.93

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 65
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (family) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 21 (mean = 5.18, median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (family) = 3 (mean = 2.54, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.92

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Etherioidea cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Etherioidea cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1.000 3 3 1 3 37 36 2 ** 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.848 5 5 3 3 12 11 2 7.5 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |           +-------- Unionini        
--+  +--------+                         
  |  |        |  +----- Pleurobemini    
  |  |        +--+                      
  |  |           |  +-- Anodontini      
  +--+           +--+                   
     |              +-- Lampsilini      
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Parreysiini     
     |  |                               
     +--+  +----------- Coelaturini     
        |  |                            
        +--+  +-------- Hyrioidea       
           |  |                         
           +--+  +----- Iridinidae **      
              |  |                      
              +--+  +-- Anodontitinae **   
                 |  |                   
                 +--+-- Mycetopodinae **   
                    |                   
                    +-- Etheriidae **

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.891 8 28 21 3 26 25 2 29.0 
  +-------------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                     
  |           +-------- Iridinidae **      
--+  +--------+                         
  |  |        |  +----- Etheria **         
  |  |        +--+                      
  |  |           |  +-- Mulleria **        
  +--+           +--+                   
     |              +-- Mycetopodidae **   
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Parreysiinae    
     |  |                               
     +--+  +----------- Pseudomulleria **  
        |  |                            
        +--+  +-------- Anodontini      
           |  |                         
           +--+  +----- Gonideinae      
              |  |                      
              +--+----- Unionini        
                 |                      
                 |  +-- Margaritiferidae
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Ambleminae

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.974 10 10 8 3 37 36 2 8.0 
  +----------- Unionoidea   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.857 9 9 7 3 27 26 2 8.0 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Etheria **      
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Aspathariinae **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Mulleria **     
              +--+                
                 +-- Mycetopodidae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.897 10 37 34 3 37 36 2 37.0 
  +-------------------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                           
  |                 +-------- Iridinidae **      
--+  +--------------+                         
  |  |              |  +----- Etheria **         
  |  |              +--+                      
  |  |                 |  +-- Mulleria **        
  +--+                 +--+                   
     |                    +-- Mycetopodidae **   
     |                                        
     |  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                                     
        |  +----------------- Parreysiinae    
        +--+                                  
           |  +-------------- Pseudomulleria **  
           +--+                               
              |  +----------- Unioninae       
              +--+                            
                 |  +-------- Rectidentini    
                 +--+                         
                    |  +----- Ambleminae      
                    +--+                      
                       |  +-- Gonideini       
                       +--+                   
                          +-- Pseudodontini

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.908 10 36 33 3 36 35 2 34.0 
  +-------------------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                           
  |                       +-- Etheria **         
  |                    +--+                   
--+                    |  +-- Mulleria **        
  |  +-----------------+                      
  |  |                 |  +-- Mycetopodidae **   
  |  |                 +--+                   
  +--+                    +-- Iridinidae **      
     |                                        
     |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
     +--+                                     
        |  +----------------- Pseudomulleria **  
        +--+                                  
           |  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
           +--+                               
              |  +----------- Pseudodontini   
              +--+                            
                 |  +-------- Rectidentini    
                 +--+                         
                    |  +----- Unioninae       
                    +--+                      
                       |  +-- Gonideini       
                       +--+                   
                          +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.922 10 10 8 3 36 35 2 8.0 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae    
  |                                        
  |           +----------- Pseudodontini   
  |  +--------+                            
--+  |        |  +-------- Rectidentini    
  |  |        +--+                         
  |  |           |  +----- Unioninae       
  |  |           +--+                      
  +--+              |  +-- Gonideini       
     |              +--+                   
     |                 +-- Ambleminae      
     |                                     
     |  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Hyrioidea       
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Pseudomulleria **  
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Mulleria **        
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Etheria **         
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Mycetopodidae **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Iridinidae **

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.946 3 3 1 3 17 16 2 3.0 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
        +--+                
           +-- Etheriidae **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.955 4 4 2 3 26 23 2 4.0 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.955 4 4 2 3 26 23 2 4.0 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.944 6 6 4 3 75 74 2 6.0 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea       
--+                                  
  |  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                               
     |  +----------- Unionidae       
     +--+                            
        |  +-------- Iridininae **      
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Aspathariinae **   
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Etheriidae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Mycetopodidae **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.920 4 4 2 3 135 133 2 4.0 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Unionidae       
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Mycetopodidae **   
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Etheriidae **      
           +--+                   
              +-- Iridinidae **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.856 4 4 2 3 135 133 2 4.0 
                       +-- Chamberlainia   
  +--------------------+                   
  |                    +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                                        
  |              +-------- Hyrioidea       
  +--------------+                         
  |              |  +----- Iridinidae **      
--+              +--+                      
  |                 |  +-- Mycetopodidae **   
  |                 +--+                   
  |                    +-- Etheriidae **      
  |                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Pseudodontini   
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Gonideini       
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Sinohyriopsis   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lamprotulini

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.923 6 6 4 3 9 7 2 5.0 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea       
--+                                  
  |  +-------------- Unionidae       
  +--+                               
     |  +----------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                            
        |  +-------- Aspathariinae **   
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Etheriidae **      
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Iridininae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Mycetopodidae **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.974 6 6 4 3 9 7 2 5.0 
           +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--------+                
  |        +-- Unionoidea   
--+                         
  |  +-------- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Iridininae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Mycetopodidae **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1.000 3 3 1 3 28 26 2 3.0 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Iridinidae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.959 6 6 4 3 23 21 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.953 6 6 4 3 22 20 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.953 6 6 4 3 22 20 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.899 10 10 8 3 191 189 2 9.0 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Unionoidea      
  |  |                               
  |  |           +-- Anodontites **     
  +--+  +--------+                   
     |  |        +-- Iridininae **      
     |  |                            
     +--+        +-- Etheriidae **      
        |  +-----+                   
        |  |     +-- Aspathariinae **   
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Mycetopodinae **   
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Monocondylaeinae **
              +--+                   
                 +-- Lamproscapha **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.893 10 10 8 3 189 187 2 9.0 
  +----------------- Hyrioidea       
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Unionoidea      
  |  |                               
  |  |           +-- Anodontites **     
  +--+  +--------+                   
     |  |        +-- Iridininae **      
     |  |                            
     +--+        +-- Etheriidae **      
        |  +-----+                   
        |  |     +-- Aspathariinae **   
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Mycetopodinae **   
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Monocondylaeinae **
              +--+                   
                 +-- Lamproscapha **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.824 10 10 6 3 191 189 2 8.0 
           +-- Hyrioidea       
  +--------+                   
  |        +-- Unionoidea      
  |                            
--+  +-------- Etheriidae **      
  |  |                         
  |  +-------- Aspathariinae **   
  |  |                         
  +--+     +-- Anodontites **     
     +-----+                   
     |     +-- Iridininae **      
     |                         
     |  +----- Mycetopodinae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Monocondylaeinae **
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamproscapha **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1.000 3 3 1 3 54 53 2 4.0 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.990 3 3 1 3 54 53 2 4.0 
     +----- Mycetopodidae **   
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Etheriidae **      
  |  +--+                   
--+     +-- Iridinidae **      
  |                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                   
        +-- Margaritiferidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.948 5 5 3 3 117 115 2 4.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea       
--+                               
  |  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Unionidae       
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Mycetopodidae **   
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Etheriidae **      
           +--+                   
              +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.941 6 6 4 3 28 26 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.922 6 6 4 3 28 26 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.926 6 6 4 3 63 61 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.926 6 6 4 3 63 61 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.926 6 6 4 3 63 61 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea    
--+                            
  |  +----------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Iridininae **   
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Etheriidae **   
           +--+                
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.965 5 5 3 3 86 84 2 4.0 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Mycetopodidae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.947 5 5 3 3 86 84 2 4.0 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Iridinidae **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Etheriidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.943 5 5 3 3 21 19 2 4.0 
  +----------- Hyrioidea    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Unionoidea   
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Etheriidae **   
        +--+                
           +-- Mycetopodidae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.737 21 631 704 3 612 610 2 741.0 
  +----------------------------------------------------- Trigonioidea              
  |                                                                                
  |                       +----------------------------- Iridininae **                
  |                       |                                                        
  |  +--------------------+  +-------------------------- Aspathariinae **             
  |  |                    |  |                                                     
  |  |                    +--+  +----------------------- Etheria **                   
  |  |                       |  |                                                  
  |  |                       +--+  +-------------------- Anodontites_trapesialis **   
--+  |                          |  |                                               
  |  |                          +--+  +----------------- Mulleria **                  
  |  |                             |  |                                            
  |  |                             +--+  +-------------- Lamproscapha **              
  |  |                                |  |                                         
  |  |                                +--+           +-- Monocondylaea **             
  |  |                                   |  +--------+                             
  |  |                                   |  |        +-- Tamsiella **                 
  |  |                                   +--+                                      
  |  |                                      |  +-------- Mycetopodinae **             
  +--+                                      |  |                                   
     |                                      +--+     +-- Anodontites_guanarensis **   
     |                                         |  +--+                             
     |                                         |  |  +-- Fossula **                   
     |                                         +--+                                
     |                                            |  +-- Anodontites_trigona **       
     |                                            +--+                             
     |                                               +-- Anodontites_elongata **      
     |                                                                             
     |  +----------------------------------------------- Hyrioidea                 
     |  |                                                                          
     |  |                          +-------------------- Unioninae                 
     |  |                          |                                               
     |  |  +-----------------------+  +----------------- Lamellidens               
     |  |  |                       |  |                                            
     |  |  |                       +--+              +-- Balwantia                 
     +--+  |                          |  +-----------+                             
        |  |                          |  |           +-- Trapezidens               
        |  |                          +--+                                         
        |  |                             |  +----------- Leoparreysiini            
        |  |                             +--+                                      
        |  |                                |  +-------- Pseudomulleria **            
        |  |                                +--+                                   
        +--+                                   |  +----- Indochinellini            
           |                                   +--+                                
           |                                      |  +-- Parreysiini               
           |                                      +--+                             
           |                                         +-- Coelaturini               
           |                                                                       
           |  +----------------------------------------- Rectidentini              
           |  |                                                                    
           |  |  +-------------------------------------- Margaritiferidae          
           |  |  |                                                                 
           +--+  |  +----------------------------------- Ambleminae                
              |  |  |                                                              
              |  |  |     +----------------------------- Indopseudodontina         
              |  |  |     |                                                        
              |  |  |     |                          +-- Lannanaia                 
              +--+  |  +--+  +-----------------------+                             
                 |  |  |  |  |                       +-- Pilsbryoconcha            
                 |  |  |  |  |                                                     
                 |  |  |  +--+  +----------------------- Songkhlanaia              
                 |  |  |     |  |                                                  
                 |  |  |     |  |                    +-- Nyeinchanconcha           
                 |  |  |     +--+  +-----------------+                             
                 |  |  |        |  |                 +-- Sundadontina              
                 +--+  |        |  |                                               
                    |  |        |  |                 +-- Isannaia                  
                    |  |        +--+              +--+                             
                    |  |           |              |  +-- Namkongnaia               
                    |  |           |  +-----------+                                
                    |  |           |  |           |  +-- Thaiconcha                
                    |  |           |  |           +--+                             
                    |  |           +--+              +-- Bineurus                  
                    |  |              |                                            
                    |  |              |  +-------------- Pseudodon_walpolei        
                    |  |              |  |                                         
                    |  |              +--+  +----------- Pseudodon_vagulus         
                    |  |                 |  |                                      
                    |  |                 |  |     +----- Pseudodon_vondembuschianus
                    +--+                 +--+  +--+                                
                       |                    |  |  |  +-- Pseudodon_mekongi         
                       |                    |  |  +--+                             
                       |                    +--+     +-- Schepmaniini              
                       |                       |                                   
                       |                       |  +----- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__2  
                       |                       +--+                                
                       |                          |  +-- Pseudodon_inoscularis     
                       |                          +--+                             
                       |                             +-- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__1  
                       |                                                           
                       |           +-------------------- Chamberlainiini           
                       |           |                                               
                       |        +--+  +----------------- Parvasolenaia             
                       |        |  |  |                                            
                       |        |  +--+  +-------------- Pseudopostolata           
                       |        |     |  |                                         
                       |        |     +--+  +----------- Koreosolenaia             
                       |        |        |  |                                      
                       |        |        +--+        +-- Cosmopseudodon            
                       |        |           |  +-----+                             
                       |        |           |  |     +-- Guiunio                   
                       |        |           +--+                                   
                       +--------+              |  +----- Ptychorhynchus            
                                |              +--+                                
                                |                 |  +-- Obovalis                  
                                |                 +--+                             
                                |                    +-- Postolata                 
                                |                                                  
                                |                    +-- Caudiculatus              
                                |     +--------------+                             
                                |     |              +-- Lamprotulini              
                                |     |                                            
                                +-----+  +-------------- Sinosolenaia_carinata     
                                      |  |                                         
                                      |  |        +----- Gonidea                   
                                      +--+  +-----+                                
                                         |  |     |  +-- Microcondylaea            
                                         |  |     +--+                             
                                         +--+        +-- Leguminaia                
                                            |                                      
                                            |  +-------- Inversidens               
                                            +--+                                   
                                               |  +----- Sinosolenaia_recognita    
                                               +--+                                
                                                  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea     
                                                  +--+                             
                                                     +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.817 5 5 2 2 26 25 2 6.0 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |  +----------------- Amblemini       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae    
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Eurynia         
--+  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Fusconaia       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae      
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Pleurobema      
  |  |                                  
  +--+----------------- Quadrulini      
     |                                  
     |     +----------- Ortmanniana     
     +-----+                            
     |     |  +-------- Glebula         
     |     +--+                         
     |        |  +----- Potamilus       
     |        +--+                      
     |           |  +-- Ligumia         
     |           +--+                   
     |              +-- Toxolasma       
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Cyrtonaias      
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Unionini        
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Anodontini      
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Hyrioidea       
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Iridinidae **      
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Mycetopodidae **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.917 5 5 3 2 26 25 2 6.0 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.900 5 5 3 2 26 25 2 6.0 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.900 5 5 3 2 26 25 2 6.0 
  +-------- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.967 5 5 3 2 26 25 2 6.0 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Unionidae       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Iridinidae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Mycetopodidae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.946 5 5 3 2 31 30 2 5.0 
  +-------------- Hyrioidea       
--+                               
  |  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Unionidae       
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Aspathariinae **   
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Iridininae **      
           +--+                   
              +-- Mycetopodidae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.946 5 5 3 2 31 30 2 5.0 
     +----- Aspathariinae **   
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Iridininae **      
  |  +--+                   
--+     +-- Mycetopodidae **   
  |                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                   
        +-- Hyrioidea

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.980 2 2 0 2 23 22 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **   
  +--+                
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.980 2 2 0 2 23 22 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **   
  +--+                
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1.000 2 2 0 2 40 39 2 -- 
     +-- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                
  |  +-- Iridinidae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.972 2 2 0 2 54 53 2 -- 
     +-- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                
  |  +-- Iridinidae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.928 7 7 5 2 34 33 2 7.0 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Iridininae **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Aspathariinae **
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.928 7 7 5 2 34 33 2 7.0 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Aspathariinae **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridininae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1.000 2 2 0 2 46 45 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.966 2 2 0 2 71 70 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.966 2 2 0 2 71 70 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.964 2 2 0 2 66 65 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Iridinidae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.988 2 2 0 2 71 71 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **   
  +--+                
  |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.990 2 2 0 2 93 92 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.960 2 2 0 2 93 92 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.980 2 2 0 2 89 88 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.980 2 2 0 2 89 88 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea    
--+                      
  |  +----- Unionoidea   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Mycetopodidae **
     +--+                
        +-- Iridinidae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.990 2 2 0 2 85 85 2 -- 
     +-- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                
  |  +-- Iridinidae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionoidea

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.978 2 2 0 2 83 83 2 -- 
        +-- Mycetopodidae **   
  +-----+                   
  |     +-- Iridinidae **      
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                   
        +-- Margaritiferidae

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.943 7 7 5 2 133 132 2 7.0 
        +-- Hyrioidea    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionoidea   
--+                      
  |  +----- Iridininae **   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Aspathariinae **
     +--+                
        +-- Mycetopodidae **

Prié et al., 2026 [Publ 4844], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.886 2 2 0 2 21 21 2 -- 
     +-- Mycetopodidae **
  +--+                
  |  +-- Etheriidae **   
--+                   
  |  +-- Unionoidea   
  +--+                
     +-- Hyrioidea

Prié et al., 2026 [Publ 4844], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.870 13 13 10 2 2 2 2 12.5 
     +-- Hyrioidea    
  +--+                
  |  +-- Unionoidea   
--+                   
  |  +-- Etheriidae **   
  +--+                
     +-- Mycetopodidae **

Elderkin et al., 2016 [Publ 3693], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.909 2 3 0 2 1 1 1 3.0 
  +-- Etheriidae **
  |             
--+-- Iridinidae **
  |             
  +-- Hyrioidea

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1.000 2 2 0 2 4 2 1 -- 
  +----- Unionoidea
--+                
  |  +-- Etheriidae **
  +--+             
     +-- Iridinidae **

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1.000 2 2 0 2 18 17 1 -- 
  +----- Unionoidea
--+                
  |  +-- Etheriidae **
  +--+             
     +-- Iridinidae **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.958 1 1 0 1 29 28 2 -- 
  +----- Iridinidae **
--+                
  |  +-- Hyrioidea 
  +--+             
     +-- Unionoidea

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.958 1 1 0 1 29 28 2 -- 
  +----- Iridinidae **
--+                
  |  +-- Hyrioidea 
  +--+             
     +-- Unionoidea

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.944 1 1 0 1 4 3 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea       
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Iridinidae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Margaritiferidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.944 1 1 0 1 4 3 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **      
  +--+                   
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unionidae       
  +--+                   
     +-- Hyrioidea

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.944 1 1 0 1 5 3 2 -- 
     +-- Iridinidae **      
  +--+                   
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unionidae       
  +--+                   
     +-- Hyrioidea

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.944 1 1 0 1 5 3 2 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
  |                      
--+----- Hyrioidea       
  |                      
  |  +-- Iridinidae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1.000 1 1 0 1 5 3 2 -- 
  +----- Iridinidae **
--+                
  |  +-- Hyrioidea 
  +--+             
     +-- Unionoidea

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.944 1 1 0 1 5 3 2 -- 
  +-------- Hyrioidea       
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionidae       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Iridinidae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Margaritiferidae

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.985 1 1 0 1 45 45 2 -- 
  +-------- Unionidae       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Hyrioidea       
     +--+                   
        +-- Iridinidae **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.941 1 1 0 1 4 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridinidae **
--+             
  +-- Unionoidea

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.941 1 1 0 1 4 3 1 -- 
  +-- Iridinidae **
--+             
  +-- Unionoidea

Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.739 4 4 2 1 24 24 1 5.0 
  +----- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Iridinidae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Martínez et al., 2026 [Publ 4820], fig. 2

cstiTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
0.706 7 7 5 1 9 9 1 9.0 
  +-- Mycetopodidae **
--+                
  +-- Unionoidea