species Toxolasma lividum Rafinesque, 1831: synonymy

Toxolasma lividus Rafinesque, 1831

Rafinesque, 1831. Continuation: 2.
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 72.

Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Lee (2006), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bogan (2010), ... Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), Freeman et al. (2025), FMCS (2025), Campbell & Lydeard (2026)
Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Toxelasma lividum — Thiele (1934)
Toxolasma livida — Morrison (1969)
Toxolasma lividus — Turgeon et al. (1988), Cummings & Mayer (1992), Williams et al. (1993), Cummings & Mayer (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), ... ITIS (2012), Haag (2012), Mitchell et al. (2016), Chase et al. (2018), Patterson et al. (2021)

Unio moestus Lea, 1841

Lea, 1841. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 2: 82 [as ‘mœstus’].
Lea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’].
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_85320, French Broad R., E Tenn.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœsta — Simpson (1914)
Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021)
Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina moesta — Ortmann (1924), Ortmann (1925)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Carunculina parva — Burch (1975)
Toxolasma lividus — Parmalee & Bogan (1998)

Unio castus var. mirus de Gregorio, 1914

de Gregorio, 1914. Il Nat. Siciliano 2: 57.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio castus Lea, 1860)

Unio castus var. mirus — de Gregorio (1914)
Toxolasma lividum — MolluscaBase (2024)

Unio maestus ‘Lea’ of Authors

‘Lea’ of Authors.
Lea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’].
Lea, 1852. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 31 [as ‘mæstus’].
B.H. Wright, 1888. Check List N. Amer. Unionidae etc.: [3] [as ‘mæstus’].
(error for Unio moestus Lea, 1841)

Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927)
Toxolasma lividum — Watters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021), MolluscaBase (2024)

Carunculina glans moaesta R.I. Johnson, 1980

R.I. Johnson, 1980. Bull. MCZ 149(2): 94.
(error for Unio moestus Lea, 1841)

Toxolasma lividus grans Kongim et al., 2015

Kongim et al., 2015. ZooKeys 514: 103.
(error for Unio glans Lea, 1831)