species Toxolasma lividum Rafinesque, 1831: synonymy

Toxolasma lividus Rafinesque, 1831

Rafinesque, 1831. Continuation: 2.
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 72.

Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Lee (2006), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bogan (2010), ... FMCS (2021), Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), Freeman et al. (2025), FMCS (2025)
Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Toxelasma lividum — Thiele (1934)
Toxolasma livida — Morrison (1969)
Toxolasma lividus — Turgeon et al. (1988), Cummings & Mayer (1992), Williams et al. (1993), Cummings & Mayer (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), ... ITIS (2012), Haag (2012), Mitchell et al. (2016), Chase et al. (2018), Patterson et al. (2021)

Unio glans Lea, 1831

Lea, 1831. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4 [O. 1]: 82, pl. 8, fig. 12.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_85312, New Harmony, Ind.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) glans — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Unio (s.s.) glans — Call (1900)
Eurynia (Carunculina) glans — Ortmann (1912)
Carunculina glans — Utterback (1916), Ortmann (1924), Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), Gordon et al. (1979), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Carunculina moesta — Ortmann (1925)
Toxolasma livida — Morrison (1969)
Carunculina parva — Burch (1975)
Toxolasma lividus glans — Oesch (1984)
Toxolasma lividus — Parmalee & Bogan (1998)
Toxolasma lividum — Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), MolluscaBase (2024)
Toxolasma glans — Breton et al. (2011), Chase et al. (2018), Stewart et al. (2021)
Toxolasma cylindrellus — IUCN (2012)
Toxolasma lividus grans [sic] — Kongim et al. (2015)

Unio moestus Lea, 1841

Lea, 1841. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 2: 82 [as ‘mœstus’].
Lea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’].
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_85320, French Broad R., E Tenn.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœsta — Simpson (1914)
Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021)
Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina moesta — Ortmann (1924), Ortmann (1925)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Carunculina parva — Burch (1975)
Toxolasma lividus — Parmalee & Bogan (1998)

Unio castus var. mirus de Gregorio, 1914

de Gregorio, 1914. Il Nat. Siciliano 2: 57.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio castus Lea, 1860)

Unio castus var. mirus — de Gregorio (1914)
Toxolasma lividum — MolluscaBase (2024)

Unio maestus ‘Lea’ of Authors

‘Lea’ of Authors.
Lea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’].
Lea, 1852. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 31 [as ‘mæstus’].
B.H. Wright, 1888. Check List N. Amer. Unionidae etc.: [3] [as ‘mæstus’].
(error for Unio moestus Lea, 1841)

Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900)
Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927)
Toxolasma lividum — Watters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021), MolluscaBase (2024)

Carunculina glans moaesta R.I. Johnson, 1980

R.I. Johnson, 1980. Bull. MCZ 149(2): 94.
(error for Unio moestus Lea, 1841)

Toxolasma lividus grans Kongim et al., 2015

Kongim et al., 2015. ZooKeys 514: 103.
(error for Unio glans Lea, 1831)