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Data last updated
Mon 1 Dec 2025

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Lampsilini | Toxolasma

species Toxolasma lividum Rafinesque, 1831: synonymy

2 specimens + 4 Genbank vouchers

Synonymy

image of type lot

Unio glans Lea, 1831

specimen image from publicationLea, 1831. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4 [O. 1]: 82, pl. 8, fig. 12.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_85312, New Harmony, Ind.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) glansSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Unio (s.s.) glansCall (1900)
Eurynia (Carunculina) glansOrtmann (1912)
Carunculina glansUtterback (1916), Ortmann (1924), Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), Gordon et al. (1979), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Carunculina moestaOrtmann (1925)
Toxolasma lividaMorrison (1969)
Carunculina parvaBurch (1975)
Toxolasma lividus glansOesch (1984)
Toxolasma lividusParmalee & Bogan (1998)
Toxolasma lividumWilliams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), MolluscaBase (2024)
Toxolasma glansBreton et al. (2011), Chase et al. (2018), Stewart et al. (2021)
Toxolasma cylindrellusIUCN (2012)
Toxolasma lividus grans [sic]Kongim et al. (2015)

image of type lot

Unio moestus Lea, 1841

Lea, 1841. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 2: 82 [as ‘mœstus’].
specimen image from publicationLea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’].
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_85320, French Broad R., E Tenn.

Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstusSimpson (1900)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstaSimpson (1914)
Toxolasma lividumOrtmann (1918), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021)
Carunculina mœstaOrtmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina moestaOrtmann (1924), Ortmann (1925)
Carunculina glansFrierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Carunculina parvaBurch (1975)
Toxolasma lividusParmalee & Bogan (1998)

Unio castus var. mirus de Gregorio, 1914

de Gregorio, 1914. Il Nat. Siciliano 2: 57.
(intro'd as intra-sp. of Unio castus Lea, 1860)

Unio castus var. mirusde Gregorio (1914)
Toxolasma lividumMolluscaBase (2024)

Unio maestus Lea, 1842

‘Lea’ of Authors.
specimen image from publicationLea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’].
Lea, 1852. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 31 [as ‘mæstus’].
B.H. Wright, 1888. Check List N. Amer. Unionidae etc.: [3] [as ‘mæstus’].
(error for Unio moestus Lea, 1841)

Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstusSimpson (1900)
Carunculina glansFrierson (1927)
Toxolasma lividumWatters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021), MolluscaBase (2024)

Carunculina glans moaesta R.I. Johnson, 1980

R.I. Johnson, 1980. Bull. MCZ 149(2): 94.
(error for Unio moestus Lea, 1841)

Toxolasma lividus grans Kongim et al., 2015

Kongim et al., 2015. ZooKeys 514: 103.
(error for Unio glans Lea, 1831)

Taxonomic History (since 1900)

Lampsilis (Carunculina) glansSimpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstusSimpson (1900)
Unio (s.s.) glansCall (1900)
Eurynia (Carunculina) glansOrtmann (1912)
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstaSimpson (1914)
Unio castus var. mirusde Gregorio (1914)
Carunculina glansUtterback (1916), Ortmann (1924), Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), Gordon et al. (1979), R.I. Johnson (1980)
Toxolasma lividumOrtmann (1918), Lee (2006), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bogan (2010), ... FMCS (2021), Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), Freeman et al. (2025), FMCS (2025)
Carunculina mœstaOrtmann & Walker (1922)
Carunculina moestaOrtmann (1924), Ortmann (1925)
Toxelasma lividumThiele (1934)
Toxolasma lividaMorrison (1969)
Carunculina parvaBurch (1975)
Toxolasma lividus glansOesch (1984)
Toxolasma lividusTurgeon et al. (1988), Cummings & Mayer (1992), Williams et al. (1993), Cummings & Mayer (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), ... ITIS (2012), Haag (2012), Mitchell et al. (2016), Chase et al. (2018), Patterson et al. (2021)
Toxolasma glansBreton et al. (2011), Chase et al. (2018), Stewart et al. (2021)
Toxolasma cylindrellusIUCN (2012)
Toxolasma lividus grans [sic]Kongim et al. (2015)

 
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