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Data last updated
Mon 1 Dec 2025
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Bivalvia
| Unionoida
| Unionoidea
| Unionidae
| Ambleminae
| Lampsilini
| Toxolasma
species Toxolasma lividum Rafinesque, 1831: synonymy2 specimens + 4 Genbank vouchers
Synonymy
Rafinesque, 1831. Continuation: 2. Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 72.
Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Lee (2006), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bogan (2010), ... FMCS (2021), Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), Freeman et al. (2025), FMCS (2025) Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922) Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), R.I. Johnson (1980) Toxelasma lividum — Thiele (1934) Toxolasma livida — Morrison (1969) Toxolasma lividus — Turgeon et al. (1988), Cummings & Mayer (1992), Williams et al. (1993), Cummings & Mayer (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), ... ITIS (2012), Haag (2012), Mitchell et al. (2016), Chase et al. (2018), Patterson et al. (2021)
Lea, 1831. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4 [O. 1]: 82, pl. 8, fig. 12. Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_85312, New Harmony, Ind.
Lampsilis (Carunculina) glans — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914) Unio (s.s.) glans — Call (1900) Eurynia (Carunculina) glans — Ortmann (1912) Carunculina glans — Utterback (1916), Ortmann (1924), Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), Gordon et al. (1979), R.I. Johnson (1980) Carunculina moesta — Ortmann (1925) Toxolasma livida — Morrison (1969) Carunculina parva — Burch (1975) Toxolasma lividus glans — Oesch (1984) Toxolasma lividus — Parmalee & Bogan (1998) Toxolasma lividum — Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), MolluscaBase (2024) Toxolasma glans — Breton et al. (2011), Chase et al. (2018), Stewart et al. (2021) Toxolasma cylindrellus — IUCN (2012) Toxolasma lividus grans [sic] — Kongim et al. (2015)
Lea, 1841. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 2: 82 [as ‘mœstus’].
Lea, 1842. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 8 [O. 3]: 244 [82], pl. 26, fig. 60 [as ‘mæstus’]. Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_85320, French Broad R., E Tenn.
Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900) Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœsta — Simpson (1914) Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bieler (2021) Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922) Carunculina moesta — Ortmann (1924), Ortmann (1925) Carunculina glans — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), R.I. Johnson (1980) Carunculina parva — Burch (1975) Toxolasma lividus — Parmalee & Bogan (1998)
Taxonomic History (since 1900)Lampsilis (Carunculina) glans — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914) Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœstus — Simpson (1900) Unio (s.s.) glans — Call (1900) Eurynia (Carunculina) glans — Ortmann (1912) Lampsilis (Carunculina) mœsta — Simpson (1914) Unio castus var. mirus — de Gregorio (1914) Carunculina glans — Utterback (1916), Ortmann (1924), Frierson (1927), Haas (1969), Stansbery (1970), Gordon et al. (1979), R.I. Johnson (1980) Toxolasma lividum — Ortmann (1918), Lee (2006), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009), Bogan (2010), ... FMCS (2021), Hopper et al. (2023), MolluscaBase (2024), Freeman et al. (2025), FMCS (2025) Carunculina mœsta — Ortmann & Walker (1922) Carunculina moesta — Ortmann (1924), Ortmann (1925) Toxelasma lividum — Thiele (1934) Toxolasma livida — Morrison (1969) Carunculina parva — Burch (1975) Toxolasma lividus glans — Oesch (1984) Toxolasma lividus — Turgeon et al. (1988), Cummings & Mayer (1992), Williams et al. (1993), Cummings & Mayer (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), ... ITIS (2012), Haag (2012), Mitchell et al. (2016), Chase et al. (2018), Patterson et al. (2021) Toxolasma glans — Breton et al. (2011), Chase et al. (2018), Stewart et al. (2021) Toxolasma cylindrellus — IUCN (2012) Toxolasma lividus grans [sic] — Kongim et al. (2015)
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