Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Lampsilini

genus Toxolasma Rafinesque, 1831: cladomics

10 Recent valid species (10 total species)

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 10 (10 total)
analyzed in 73 cladograms in 51 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 10 (mean = 1.33, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 8
maximum number of included terminals = 10, (mean = 4 median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.88

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

Cladograms

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3