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Data last updated
Thu 18 Dec 2025

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Lampsilini

genus Toxolasma Rafinesque, 1831: cladomics

7 Recent valid species (7 total species)

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 7 (7 total)
analyzed in 71 cladograms in 50 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 4 (mean = 1.18, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 7
maximum number of included terminals = 4, (mean = 2.86 median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 1

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Toxolasma cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Toxolasma cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 2 4 34 9 7 0 
           +-------- Toxolasma_paulum__2 **
  +--------+                            
  |        |  +----- Toxolasma_lividum **  
  |        +--+                         
  |           |  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **   
--+           +--+                      
  |              +-- Toxolasma_paulum__1 **
  |                                     
  |  +-------------- Ellipsaria         
  |  |                                  
  +--+  +----------- Truncilla          
     |  |                               
     +--+        +-- Lemiox             
        |  +-----+                      
        |  |     +-- Potamilus          
        +--+                            
           |  +----- Lampsilis          
           +--+                         
              |  +-- Cambarunio         
              +--+                      
                 +-- Venustaconcha

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 53 45 22 3 
                                   +-- Cyrtonaias             
  +--------------------------------+                          
  |                                +-- Glebula                
  |                                                           
--+  +-------------------------------- Paetulunio             
  |  |                                                        
  |  |                       +-------- Obliquaria             
  |  |  +--------------------+                                
  +--+  |                    |  +----- Toxolasma_texasiense **   
     |  |                    +--+                             
     |  |                       |  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **       
     |  |                       +--+                          
     |  |                          +-- Toxolasma_lividum **      
     +--+                                                     
        |  +-------------------------- Sagittunio             
        |  |                                                  
        |  |              +----------- Potamilus              
        |  |              |                                   
        |  |  +-----------+        +-- Medionidus_conradicus  
        |  |  |           |  +-----+                          
        +--+  |           |  |     +-- Ptychobranchus         
           |  |           +--+                                
           |  |              |  +----- Medionidus_acutissimus 
           |  |              |  |                             
           |  |              +--+----- Lemiox                 
           |  |                 |                             
           |  |                 |  +-- Dromus                 
           +--+                 +--+                          
              |                    +-- Cyprogenia             
              |                                               
              |                 +----- Lampsilis_teres        
              |  +--------------+                             
              |  |              |  +-- Truncilla              
              |  |              +--+                          
              |  |                 +-- Ellipsaria             
              |  |                                            
              +--+  +----------------- Leaunio                
                 |  |                                         
                 |  |     +----------- Hamiota                
                 |  |     |                                   
                 |  |  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_fasciola     
                 +--+  |  |  +-----+                          
                    |  |  |  |     +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
                    |  |  +--+                                
                    |  |     |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata       
                    |  |     +--+                             
                    |  |        |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata        
                    +--+        +--+                          
                       |           +-- Lampsilis_cardium      
                       |                                      
                       |        +----- Venustaconcha          
                       |  +-----+                             
                       |  |     |  +-- Obovaria               
                       |  |     +--+                          
                       +--+        +-- Epioblasma             
                          |                                   
                          |  +-------- Lampsilis_siliquoidea  
                          +--+                                
                             |  +----- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                             +--+                             
                                |  +-- Cambarunio             
                                +--+                          
                                   +-- Ligumia

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 4 34 8 7 4 
           +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **    
  +--------+                             
  |        |  +----- Toxolasma_lividum **   
  |        +--+                          
  |           |  +-- Toxolasma_paulum **    
--+           +--+                       
  |              +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **
  |                                      
  |  +-------------- Venustaconcha       
  |  |                                   
  +--+           +-- Lemiox              
     |  +--------+                       
     |  |        +-- Lampsilis           
     +--+                                
        |  +-------- Potamilus           
        +--+                             
           |  +----- Cambarunio          
           +--+                          
              |  +-- Ellipsaria          
              +--+                       
                 +-- Truncilla

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 3 54 45 22 3 
                                   +----- Paetulunio             
                                   |                             
  +--------------------------------+  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **       
  |                                |  |                          
  |                                +--+-- Toxolasma_lividum **      
  |                                   |                          
  |                                   +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **   
  |                                                              
  |                                +----- Obliquaria             
--+  +-----------------------------+                             
  |  |                             |  +-- Glebula                
  |  |                             +--+                          
  |  |                                +-- Cyrtonaias             
  |  |                                                           
  |  |                             +----- Ptychobranchus         
  |  |                          +--+                             
  +--+                          |  |  +-- Dromus                 
     |                          |  +--+                          
     |  +-----------------------+     +-- Cyprogenia             
     |  |                       |                                
     |  |                       |  +----- Medionidus_conradicus  
     |  |                       +--+                             
     |  |                          |  +-- Medionidus_acutissimus 
     |  |                          +--+                          
     +--+                             +-- Lemiox                 
        |                                                        
        |  +----------------------------- Sagittunio             
        |  |                                                     
        |  +----------------------------- Potamilus              
        |  |                                                     
        |  |                          +-- Truncilla              
        +--+  +-----------------------+                          
           |  |                       +-- Ellipsaria             
           |  |                                                  
           |  |                       +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
           |  |                 +-----+                          
           |  |                 |     +-- Lampsilis_fasciola     
           +--+  +--------------+                                
              |  |              |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata       
              |  |              +--+                             
              |  |                 |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata        
              |  |                 +--+                          
              |  |                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium      
              +--+                                               
                 |                    +-- Ligumia                
                 |                 +--+                          
                 |                 |  +-- Cambarunio             
                 |  +--------------+                             
                 |  |              |  +-- Lampsilis_teres        
                 |  |              +--+                          
                 +--+                 +-- Hamiota                
                    |                                            
                    |  +----------------- Leaunio                
                    |  |                                         
                    +--+  +-------------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                       |  |                                      
                       +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_siliquoidea  
                          |  |                                   
                          +--+  +-------- Obovaria_olivaria      
                             |  |                                
                             |  +-------- Venustaconcha          
                             +--+                                
                                +-------- Epioblasma             
                                |                                
                                |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor      
                                +--+                             
                                   |  +-- Obovaria_subrotunda    
                                   +--+                          
                                      +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 13 0 0 3 
  +----- Toxolasma_paulum ** 
--+                       
  |  +-- Toxolasma_lividum **
  +--+                    
     +-- Toxolasma_parvum **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 100 41 22 -- 
                             +-- Toxolasma_parvum **              
                       +-----+                                 
                       |     +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **          
  +--------------------+                                       
  |                    |  +----- Obliquaria                    
  |                    +--+                                    
  |                       |  +-- Cyrtonaias                    
  |                       +--+                                 
  |                          +-- Glebula                       
  |                                                            
  |              +-------------- Potamilus                     
  |              |                                             
  |              |     +-------- Medionidus_acutissimus        
--+              |  +--+                                       
  |  +-----------+  |  |  +----- Lemiox                        
  |  |           |  |  +--+                                    
  |  |           |  |     |  +-- Dromus                        
  |  |           |  |     +--+                                 
  |  |           +--+        +-- Cyprogenia                    
  |  |              |                                          
  |  |              |        +-- Sagittunio                    
  |  |              |     +--+                                 
  |  |              |     |  +-- Medionidus_conradicus         
  +--+              +-----+                                    
     |                    |  +-- Ptychobranchus                
     |                    +--+                                 
     |                       +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
     |                                                         
     |                       +-- Ellipsaria                    
     |  +--------------------+                                 
     |  |                    +-- Truncilla                     
     |  |                                                      
     |  |  +-------------------- Villosa                       
     +--+  |                                                   
        |  |                 +-- Obovaria_olivaria             
        |  |        +--------+                                 
        |  |        |        +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
        |  |  +-----+                                          
        +--+  |     |  +-------- Epioblasma                    
           |  |     +--+                                       
           |  |        |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor             
           |  |        +--+                                    
           |  |           |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis        
           |  |           +--+                                 
           |  |              +-- Obovaria_subrotunda           
           +--+                                                
              |        +-------- Hamiota                       
              |        |                                       
              |  +-----+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium             
              |  |     |  +--+                                 
              |  |     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata               
              |  |     +--+                                    
              |  |        |  +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa         
              +--+        +--+                                 
                 |           +-- Lampsilis_ornata              
                 |                                             
                 |           +-- Ligumia                       
                 |  +--------+                                 
                 |  |        +-- Cambarunio                    
                 +--+                                          
                    |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres               
                    +--+                                       
                       |  +----- Ortmanniana_ligamentina       
                       +--+                                    
                          |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea         
                          +--+                                 
                             +-- Leaunio

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 100 41 22 -- 
  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **    
--+                       
  +-- Toxolasma_texasiense **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 47 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Venustaconcha   
     +--+                   
        +-- Lampsilis

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 3 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_lividum **
--+                          
  |  +----- Obliquaria       
  +--+                       
     |  +-- Glebula          
     +--+                    
        +-- Cyrtonaias

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 -- 
-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Lampsilis

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 41 26 6 -- 
  +----------------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **    
  |                                                         
--+  +-------------------------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                                      
  |  |                             +-- Ellipsaria           
  +--+  +--------------------------+                        
     |  |                          +-- Truncilla            
     |  |                                                   
     |  |  +-------------------------- Leaunio              
     +--+  |                                                
        |  |     +-------------------- Lampsilis_bracteata  
        |  |     |                                          
        |  |  +--+  +----------------- Lampsilis_fasciola   
        |  |  |  |  |                                       
        +--+  |  +--+  +-------------- Lampsilis_ornata     
           |  |     |  |                                    
           |  |     +--+           +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
           |  |        |  +--------+                        
           |  |        |  |        +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    
           |  |        +--+                                 
           |  |           |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium__3 
           +--+           +--+                              
              |              |  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2 
              |              +--+                           
              |                 |  +-- Lampsilis_satura     
              |                 +--+                        
              |                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1 
              |                                             
              |                    +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
              |     +--------------+                        
              |     |              +-- Ortmanniana          
              +-----+                                       
                    |  +-------------- Lampsilis_teres      
                    |  |                                    
                    +--+           +-- Lampsilis_radiata    
                       |  +--------+                        
                       |  |        +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                       +--+                                 
                          |  +-------- Lampsilis_bergmanni  
                          +--+                              
                             |  +----- Lampsilis_hydiana    
                             +--+                           
                                |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens  
                                +--+                        
                                   +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 91 10 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+  +-------- Venustaconcha        
        |  |                              
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
        +--+-----+                        
           |     +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           |                              
           |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_cariosa

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 8 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Lampsilis

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 198 13 11 -- 
-- Toxolasma_parvum **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 72 14 10 -- 
-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Venustaconcha   
     +--+                   
        +-- Lampsilis

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 95 10 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+  +--+                           
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  |  +--+                        
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    
           |                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 8 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 200 13 11 -- 
-- Toxolasma_parvum **

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Lampsilis

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 20 12 10 -- 
  +-------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **  
  |                                              
--+  +----------------------- Obliquaria         
  |  |                                           
  |  |                    +-- Cyrtonaias         
  +--+  +-----------------+                      
     |  |                 +-- Glebula            
     |  |                                        
     +--+                 +-- Ptychobranchus     
        |  +--------------+                      
        |  |              +-- Lemiox             
        |  |                                     
        +--+              +-- Venustaconcha      
           |  +-----------+                      
           |  |           +-- Obovaria           
           +--+                                  
              |  +----------- Hamiota            
              +--+                               
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ovata    
                 +--+                            
                    |  +----- Ortmanniana        
                    +--+                         
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
                       +--+                      
                          +-- Lampsilis_hydiana

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 8 3 -- 
-- Toxolasma_parvum **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 45 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 52 5 4 -- 
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                            
  |  +-------- Potamilus       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Leaunio         
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis       
        +--+                   
           +-- Venustaconcha

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 -- 
  +----------- Ortmanniana      
--+                             
  |  +-------- Glebula          
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Potamilus        
     +--+                       
        |  +-- Ligumia          
        +--+                    
           +-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 48 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Venustaconcha   
     +--+                   
        +-- Lampsilis

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 40 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Potamilus

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 87 9 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 200 13 11 -- 
-- Toxolasma_parvum **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 52 8 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 43 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 5 2 -- 
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
--+                                 
  |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata     
  +--+                              
     |  +----- Potamilus            
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                        
           +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 53 4 4 -- 
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                            
  |  +-------- Potamilus       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Leaunio         
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis       
        +--+                   
           +-- Venustaconcha

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 72 14 10 -- 
  +-------------- Potamilus_alatus      
  |                                     
  +-------------- Potamilus_capax       
  |                                     
  +-------------- Glebula               
  |                                     
  |           +-- Toxolasma_lividum **     
  +-----------+                         
--+           +-- Paetulunio            
  |                                     
  |           +-- Dromus                
  +-----------+                         
  |           +-- Lemiox                
  |                                     
  |           +-- Lampsilis_ovata       
  |  +--------+                         
  |  |        +-- Obliquaria            
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------- Lampsilis_virescens   
     |  |                               
     +--+     +-- Epioblasma            
        |  +--+                         
        |  |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
        +--+                            
           |  +-- Obovaria_olivaria     
           +--+                         
              +-- Venustaconcha

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 32 25 17 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_lividum **    
  |                                       
  |  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  |  |           +-- Ellipsaria           
  |  +-----------+                        
--+  |           +-- Truncilla            
  |  |                                    
  |  |        +----- Medionidus           
  |  +--------+                           
  |  |        |  +-- Lemiox               
  |  |        +--+                        
  +--+           +-- Dromus               
     |                                    
     |  +----------- Cambarunio           
     |  |                                 
     |  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  +----------- Villosa              
     |  |                                 
     |  |        +-- Sagittunio           
     |  +--------+                        
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
        |                                 
        |     +----- Venustaconcha        
        +-----+                           
        |     |  +-- Epioblasma           
        |     +--+                        
        |        +-- Obovaria             
        |                                 
        |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 -- 
  +----------- Ortmanniana      
--+                             
  |  +-------- Glebula          
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Potamilus        
     +--+                       
        |  +-- Ligumia          
        +--+                    
           +-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 55 6 4 -- 
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                            
  |  +-------- Potamilus       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Leaunio         
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Venustaconcha   
        +--+                   
           +-- Lampsilis

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 36 5 3 -- 
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                 
--+  +-------- Potamilus            
  |  |                              
  +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +--+                        
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                        
           +-- Venustaconcha

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 40 35 19 -- 
-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Venustaconcha   
     +--+                   
        +-- Lampsilis

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 95 10 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+  +--+                           
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  |  +--+                        
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    
           |                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 24 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Lampsilis

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 37 15 9 -- 
-- Toxolasma_parvum **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 1 1 -- 
  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 38 5 3 -- 
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                 
--+  +-------- Potamilus            
  |  |                              
  +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +--+                        
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
        +--+                        
           +-- Venustaconcha

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 1 1 -- 
  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 68 7 3 -- 
  +-------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                    
--+  +----------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 -- 
           +-- Cyrtonaias       
  +--------+                    
  |        +-- Glebula          
--+                             
  |  +-------- Toxolasma_lividum **
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Potamilus        
     +--+                       
        |  +-- Ligumia          
        +--+                    
           +-- Ortmanniana

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 32 10 7 -- 
-- Toxolasma_parvum **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 43 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 31 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Venustaconcha

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 37 3 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Potamilus

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 41 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                         
  |  +----- Potamilus       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis       
     +--+                   
        +-- Venustaconcha

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 91 10 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     |  |     +----- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+  +--+                           
        |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  |  +--+                        
        +--+     +-- Lampsilis_cariosa    
           |                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 3 3 -- 
-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 40 25 6 -- 
  +----------------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **    
  |                                                         
--+  +-------------------------------- Ellipsaria           
  |  |                                                      
  +--+  +----------------------------- Truncilla            
     |  |                                                   
     |  |  +-------------------------- Potamilus            
     +--+  |                                                
        |  |  +----------------------- Leaunio              
        |  |  |                                             
        +--+  |     +----------------- Lampsilis_bracteata  
           |  |     |                                       
           |  |  +--+              +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
           |  |  |  |  +-----------+                        
           +--+  |  |  |           +-- Lampsilis_fasciola   
              |  |  +--+                                    
              |  |     |  +----------- Lampsilis_ovata      
              |  |     +--+                                 
              |  |        |  +-------- Lampsilis_cardium__3 
              |  |        +--+                              
              +--+           |  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2 
                 |           +--+                           
                 |              |  +-- Lampsilis_satura     
                 |              +--+                        
                 |                 +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1 
                 |                                          
                 |     +-------------- Lampsilis_teres      
                 |     |                                    
                 |     |           +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
                 +-----+  +--------+                        
                       |  |        +-- Ortmanniana          
                       |  |                                 
                       +--+        +-- Lampsilis_radiata    
                          |  +-----+                        
                          |  |     +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                          |  |                              
                          +--+     +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
                             |  +--+                        
                             |  |  +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni  
                             +--+                           
                                |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens  
                                +--+                        
                                   +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 85 8 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 20 12 10 -- 
  +-------------------------- Toxolasma_lividum **  
  |                                              
--+  +----------------------- Obliquaria         
  |  |                                           
  |  |                    +-- Cyrtonaias         
  +--+  +-----------------+                      
     |  |                 +-- Glebula            
     |  |                                        
     +--+                 +-- Ptychobranchus     
        |  +--------------+                      
        |  |              +-- Lemiox             
        |  |                                     
        +--+              +-- Venustaconcha      
           |  +-----------+                      
           |  |           +-- Obovaria           
           +--+                                  
              |  +----------- Hamiota            
              +--+                               
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ovata    
                 +--+                            
                    |  +----- Ortmanniana        
                    +--+                         
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
                       +--+                      
                          +-- Lampsilis_hydiana

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 73 8 4 -- 
  +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                       
--+  +-------------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                    
  +--+  +----------- Leaunio              
     |  |                                 
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  +-----+                        
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
        +--+                              
           |  +----- Venustaconcha        
           +--+                           
              |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
              +--+                        
                 +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 34 15 9 -- 
  +----------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                 
  |  +-------- Obliquaria           
--+  |                              
  |  |  +----- Obovaria             
  |  |  |                           
  |  |  +----- Lampsilis_cardium    
  +--+  |                           
     |  +----- Potamilus            
     |  |                           
     |  |  +-- Epioblasma           
     |  +--+                        
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
     +--+                           
        |  +-- Ortmanniana          
        +--+                        
        |  +-- Lampsilis_higginsii  
        |                           
        |  +-- Ligumia              
        +--+                        
        |  +-- Lampsilis_teres      
        |                           
        |  +-- Ellipsaria           
        +--+                        
           +-- Truncilla

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Venustaconcha

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 39 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Venustaconcha

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis       
  +--+                   
     +-- Venustaconcha

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 5 5 -- 
           +-- Cyrtonaias       
  +--------+                    
  |        +-- Glebula          
--+                             
  |  +-------- Toxolasma_lividum **
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Ortmanniana      
     +--+                       
        |  +-- Ligumia          
        +--+                    
           +-- Potamilus

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 40 2 2 -- 
  +----- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                      
  |  +-- Venustaconcha   
  +--+                   
     +-- Potamilus

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 18 7 3 -- 
  +-------------- Toxolasma_parvum **     
  |                                    
--+  +----------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_powellii   
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 5 5 -- 
-- Toxolasma_lividum **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 1 1 -- 
  +-- Toxolasma_parvum **
--+                   
  +-- Venustaconcha
 
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