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The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)
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Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae | Pleurobemini genus Pleurobema Rafinesque, 1819: synonymy
22 Recent freshwater species (30 total species) Pleurobema Rafinesque, 1819
Rafinesque, 1819. Jour. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 88: 427.
Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 313 [as ‘Pleurobema’].
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 29, 56.
(intro'd as sub-gen. of Unio Retzius, 1788)
Type species: Pleurobema mytiloides Rafinesque, 1820 (sub. desig. by Herrmannsen, 1847: 291) = Pleurobema clava Aximedia Rafinesque, 1820
Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 296.
Rafinesque, 1831. Continuation: 3.
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 41, 75.
(intro'd as sub-gen. of Unio Retzius, 1788)
Type species: Unio (Aximedia) elliptica Rafinesque, 1820 (sub. desig. by Fischer, 1887: 1000) = Pleurobema clava Scalenaria Rafinesque, 1820
Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 309.
Rafinesque, 1831. Continuation: 3.
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 52, 76.
(intro'd as sub-gen. of Obliquaria Rafinesque, 1820)
Type species: Obliquaria (Scalenaria) scalenia Rafinesque, 1820 (sub. desig. by Herrmannsen, 1848: 422) = Pleurobema clava Sintoxia Rafinesque, 1820
Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 310.
Rafinesque, 1831. Continuation: 3.
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 53, 75.
(intro'd as sub-gen. of Obliquaria Rafinesque, 1820)
Type species: Obliquaria (Sintoxia) sintoxia Rafinesque, 1820 (tautonomy) = Pleurobema sintoxia Scatenaria Rafinesque, 1820
Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 419.
(error for Scalenaria Rafinesque, 1820) Syntoxia Agassiz, 1846
Agassiz, 1846. Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ.: 359.
(new name for Sintoxia Rafinesque, 1820) Syntonia Schaufuss, 1869
Schaufuss, 1869. Moll. Syst. Cat. Paetel 7: 21.
(error for Sintoxia Rafinesque, 1820) Sintoina Paetel, 1875
Paetel, 1875. Fam. Gatt. Moll.: 191.
(error for Sintoxia Rafinesque, 1820) Pleurobenea Salisbury, 1948
Salisbury, 1948. Zool. Rec. 82: 82.
(error for Pleurobema Rafinesque, 1819) Lintoxia Haas, 1969
‘Rafinesque’ Haas, 1969. Treatise on Invert. Paleo: N439.
(error for Sintoxia Rafinesque, 1820) Lyntoxia Haas, 1969
‘Rafinesque’ Haas, 1969. Treatise on Invert. Paleo: N439.
(error for Syntoxia Agassiz, 1846) Taxonomic History (since 1900)Pleurobema (s.s.) — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914), Frierson (1927), Haas (1930)
Unio (s.s.) — Call (1900)
Quadrula (sec. Fusconaia) — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Obovaria — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Unio — Simpson (1900), de Gregorio (1914), Simpson (1914), Henderson (1935), Branson (1935), Yen (1952), Good (2004)
Unio (sec. Elliptio) — Simpson (1900)
Pleurobema — Simpson (1900), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1910), ... Wu et al. (2024), FMCS (2025), Freeman et al. (2025), Dai et al. (2025), Chen et al. (2025)
Quadrula — Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Vanatta (1915)
Elliptio — Ortmann (1912), ITIS (2012)
Fusconaia — Ortmann & Walker (1922), Russell (1934), Modell (1957), Haas (1969), Burch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980), Parmalee & Bogan (1998)
Quadrula (Obliquata) — Frierson (1927), Haas (1930), Haas (1969)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) — Frierson (1927)
Obovaria (s.s.) — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969)
Quadrula (Pleuronaia) — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969)
Obovaria (Pseudoon) — Frierson (1927), Haas (1969)
Obliquata — Modell (1957)
Dysnomia (Pilea) — Modell (1957)
Obliquaria — Burch (1975)
Elliptio (s.s.) — Burch (1975)
“Unio” — Evanoff et al. (1998)
Pleuronaia — Williams et al. (2008)
Pleurobema (Sintoxia) — Campbell & Lydeard (2012), Burlakova et al. (2012), Campbell & Lydeard (2012)
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