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Unio plicata Say, 1817

‘LeSueur’ Say, 1817. Nich. Encyc. 2: [12].
‘LeSueur’ Say, 1819. Nich. Encyc. 4: [17].
Say, 1858. [in] Binney, Compl. Writings T. Say: 50.
Type(s): NEOTYPE SMF_4305, Ohio, U.S.A.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) plicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Unio (s.s.) plicatus — Call (1900)
Crenodonta plicata — Ortmann (1912)
Amblema plicata — Ortmann & Walker (1922), Modell (1942), Heard & Guckert (1970), Clarke (1973), Burch (1975), ... Matos et al. (2024), Dai et al. (2025), Freeman et al. (2025), Chen et al. (2025), FMCS (2025)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata — Frierson (1927), Haas (1930)
Crenodonta peruviana peruviana — Murray & Leonard (1962)
Amblema plicata plicata — Haas (1969), Turgeon et al. (1988), Williams et al. (1993), Watters et al. (2009)
Amblema plicatus — Mackie et al. (1980)
Amblema p. plicata — Hoke (2005)

Unio peruviana Lamarck, 1819

Bruguière, 1797. Encycl. Méth. 2: pl. 248, fig. 7 [as Unio sp.].
Lamarck, 1819. Hist. Natur. Anim. sans Vert. 6: 71, sp. 4.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) plicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema peruviana — Utterback (1915), Ortmann & Walker (1922), F.C. Baker (1928)
Amblema costata — Ortmann (1925)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata — Frierson (1927)
Crenodonta peruviana peruviana — Murray & Leonard (1962)
Amblema plicata plicata — Haas (1969), Watters et al. (2009)
Amblema plicata — Burch (1975), Mathiak (1979), R.I. Johnson (1980), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)

Unio rariplicata Lamarck, 1819

Lamarck, 1819. Hist. Natur. Anim. sans Vert. 6: 71, sp. 5.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE MNHN_MPL_0037, Habite la rivière de l’Ohio. Michaud.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) plicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema rariplicata — Utterback (1915), F.C. Baker (1928)
Amblema plicata — Ortmann & Walker (1922), R.I. Johnson (1969), Burch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata plicata — Haas (1969), Watters et al. (2009)

Amblema costata Rafinesque, 1820

Rafinesque, 1820. Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 5 (13): 315, pl. 82, figs. 13-14 [also as ‘Unio costata’].
Rafinesque, 1864. [in] Binney & Tryon, reprint: 58.
Type(s): LECTOTYPE ANSP_20246, small creeks, Kentucky.

Amblema (plicata) costata — Utterback (1915)
Quadrula costata — Vanatta (1915)
Amblema plicata costata — Ortmann (1918), Haas (1969)
Amblema costata — Ortmann & Walker (1922), Ortmann (1924), Ortmann (1925), F.C. Baker (1928), Thiele (1934), MacNeil (1935), ITIS (2012)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-costata — Frierson (1927)
Crenodonta peruviana costata — Murray & Leonard (1962)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — Heard & Guckert (1970), Clarke (1973), Burch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980), Oesch (1984), ... Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Graf & Cummings (2007), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013), Graf & Cummings (2021)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio undulatus Barnes, 1823

Barnes, 1823. Amer. J. Sci. 6 (1-2): 120, pl. 2, fig. 2a-b.
(homonym of Unio undulata Say, 1817)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) undulata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Unio (s.s.) undulatus — Call (1900)
Quadrula undulata — Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1909), Ortmann (1910)
Crenodonta undulata — Ortmann (1912)
Unio undulatus — de Gregorio (1914)
Amblema (plicata) costata — Utterback (1915)
Quadrula costata — Vanatta (1915)
Megalonaias gigantea — Ortmann & Walker (1922), F.C. Baker (1928), Burch (1975)
Amblema costata — Ortmann & Walker (1922)
Amblema (Megalonaias) gigantea — Frierson (1927)
Crenodonta peruviana costata — Murray & Leonard (1962)
Amblema plicata — R.I. Johnson (1980), Oesch (1984), Vidrine (1993), Strayer & Jirka (1997), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Megalonaias nervosa — Howells et al. (1996), Williams et al. (2008), Watters et al. (2009)

Unio costatus ‘Rafinesque’ of Authors

‘Rafinesque’ of Authors.
Conrad, 1836. Monogr. Fam. Unionidae 1(2): pl. 17, fig. 7.
Reeve, 1864. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 4, sp. 16.
(reference to Amblema costata Rafinesque, 1820)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) undulata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema plicata — He & Zhuang (2013)

Unio perplicatus Conrad, 1841

Conrad, 1841. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1: 19.
Conrad, 1850. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1: 276, pl. 38, fig. 2.
Conrad, 1853. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 6: 261 [as ‘Plectomerus perplicatus’].
Type(s): HOLOTYPE ANSP_129919, Jackson, Miss.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Crenodonta perplicata — Ortmann (1912), Ortmann (1914)
Amblema perplicata — Utterback (1915), Davis & Fuller (1981), Lydeard et al. (1996), Krebs et al. (2003)
Amblema perplicatus — Ortmann (1923)
Amblema costata — Ortmann (1924)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-perplicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — Burch (1975), R.I. Johnson (1980), Vidrine (1993), Howells et al. (1996), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013), Patterson et al. (2021)
Amblema plicata perplicata — Turgeon et al. (1988), Williams et al. (1993), Watters et al. (2009)
Amblema elliottii — Mulvey et al. (1997)

Unio atrocostatus Lea, 1845

Lea, 1845. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4: 163.
Lea, 1848. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 10 [O. 4]: 70 [44], pl. 2, fig. 5 [as ‘atro-costatus’].

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-perplicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Megalonaias nervosa — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio hippopoeus Lea, 1845

Lea, 1845. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4: 163 [as ‘hippopœus’].
Lea, 1848. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 10 [O. 4]: 67 [41], pl. 1, fig. 1 [as ‘hippopœus’].
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_84096, L. Erie.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) plicata var. hippopæa [sic] — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Quadrula hippopæa [sic] — Ortmann (1909)
Quadrula undulata hippopæa [sic] — Ortmann (1909)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-hippopaea [sic] — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — Clarke (1973), Burch (1975), Strayer & Jirka (1997), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio latecostatus Lea, 1845

Lea, 1845. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4: 163.
Lea, 1848. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 10 [O. 4]: 68 [42], pl. 1, fig. 2.
Type(s): POSSIBLE SYNTYPE ANSP_127444, Ala. River, Selma, Alabama.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) undulata var. latecostata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-costata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata — Howells et al. (1996), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)

Unio hippopaeus ‘Lea’ of Authors

‘Lea’ of Authors.
Lea, 1852. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 21 [as ‘hippopæus’].
Conrad, 1853. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 6: 261 [as ‘hippopæus’].
Adams & Adams, 1857. Gen. Rec. Moll. 2(31-32): 497 [as ‘hippopæus’].
Reeve, 1864. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 11, sp. 40 [as ‘hippopæus’].
Lea, 1870. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 31 [as ‘hippopæus’].
B.H. Wright, 1888. Check List N. Amer. Unionidae etc.: [3], [as ‘hippopæus’].
Simpson, 1900. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 22: 767 [as ‘hippopæa’].
Ortmann, 1909. Nautilus 22(10): 101 [as ‘Q. hippopæa’].
Ortmann, 1909. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 5: 203 [as ‘Quadrula undulata hippopæa’].
Simpson, 1914. Descr. Cat. Naiades: 816 [as ‘hippopæa’].
Frierson, 1927. Check List N. Amer. Naiades: 61.
Haas, 1969. Das Tierreich 88: 287.
Clarke, 1973. Malacologia 13(1-2): 35.
Burch, 1975. Freshw. Unio. North Amer.: 165.
Strayer & Jirka, 1997. Pearly Mussels NY (26): 98.
He & Zhuang, 2013. Freshwater Bivalves China: 27.
(error for Unio hippopoeus Lea, 1845)

Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio pearlensis Conrad, 1855

Conrad, 1855. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 7: 256.
Type(s): LECTOTYPE ANSP_129918, Pearl River, Miss.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-perplicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio plicatus ‘Say’ of Authors

‘Say’ of Authors.
Küster, 1856. Conchyl. Cab. 9(2): 137, pl. 40, fig. 3.
Chenu, 1859. Manuel Conchyl. 2: 143, pl. 706.
(reference to Unio plicata Say, 1817)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) undulata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Strophitus undulatus — Vidrine (1993)
Amblema plicata — He & Zhuang (2013)

Unio laticostatus ‘Lea’ of Authors

‘Lea’ of Authors.
Adams & Adams, 1857. Gen. Rec. Moll. 2(31-32): 497.
Lea, 1870. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 31.
Singley, 1893. Geol. Surv. Texas (1892): 317.
(error for Unio latecostatus Lea, 1845)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) undulata var. latecostata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)

Unio perlensis ‘Conrad’ of Authors

‘Conrad’ of Authors.
Reeve, 1864. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 11, sp. 42.
Paetel, 1890. Cat. Conch.-Samml. 3: 163.
(error for Unio pearlensis Conrad, 1855)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-perplicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata — Parmalee & Bogan (1998)

Unio brazosensis Lea, 1868

Lea, 1868. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 20: 144.
Lea, 1868. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 6 [O. 12]: 309 [69], pl. 48, fig. 122.
Type(s): FIGURED SYNTYPE USNM_84110, Brazos River, Tex.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-perplicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio lincecumii Lea, 1868

Lea, 1868. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 20: 144.
Lea, 1868. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 6 [O. 12]: 312 [72], pl. 49, fig. 125.
Type(s): FIGURED SYNTYPE USNM_84112, Dallas Co., Texas.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-perplicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio pauciplicatus Lea, 1872

Lea, 1872. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 24: 156.
Lea, 1874. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 8 [O. 13]: 29 [33], pl. 9, fig. 26.
Type(s): FIGURED SYNTYPE USNM_84111, Austin, Texas.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-perplicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio quintardii Cragin, 1887

Cragin, 1887. Bull. Washburn Coll. 2: 6.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE ANSP_63304, Sac & Fox Reservation, Oklahoma.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata var. quintardii — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema perplicata quintardi — Utterback (1915)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-quintardi — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — R.I. Johnson (1980), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio pilsbryi Marsh, 1891

Marsh, 1891. Nautilus 5(1): 1.
Pilsbry, 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 44: 131, pl. 8, figs. 7-8.
Pilsbry, 1893. Nautilus 7(1): pl. 1, figs. 7-8.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE ANSP_41589, Little Red River, Ark.

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) undulata var. pilsbryi — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema perplicata quintardi — Utterback (1915)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata-pilsbryi — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — R.I. Johnson (1980), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Cokeria southalli Marshall, 1916

Marshall, 1916. Nautilus 29: 133.
Type(s): HOLOTYPE USNM_215130, James R., Huron, South Dakota.

Amblema (s.s.) plicata-southalli — Frierson (1927)
Amblema costata — Thiele (1934)
Amblema plicata costata — Haas (1969)
Cokeria southalli — Haas (1969)
Amblema plicata — R.I. Johnson (1980), Parmalee & Bogan (1998), Williams et al. (2008), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio multiplicata Desh. of Authors

Desh. of Authors.
(misidentified reference to Unio multiplicatus Lea, 1831)

Unio undulatus Desh. of Authors

Desh. of Authors.
(reference to Unio undulatus Barnes, 1823)

Unio crassus Barnes, 1823

‘Say’ Barnes, 1823. Amer. J. Sci. 6 (1-2): 118, figs. 1a-b.
(misidentified reference to Unio crassus Say, 1817)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) plicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Quadrula (Fusconia [sic]) subrotunda — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)
Amblema plicata — He & Zhuang (2013)

Unio gigantea Lea, 1838

‘Barnes’ Lea, 1838. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 6 [O. 2]: 31, 35.
(misidentified reference to Unio crassus var. giganteus Barnes, 1823)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) plicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema plicata — Parmalee & Bogan (1998), He & Zhuang (2013)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)

Unio undulatus Hanley, 1843

‘Barnes’ Hanley, 1843. Illustr. Descr. Cat. Rec. Bivalve Shells: 175, pl. 20, fig. 26.
(reference to Unio undulatus Barnes, 1823)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) undulata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema costata — Ortmann (1924), F.C. Baker (1928)
Amblema plicata — Parmalee & Bogan (1998), He & Zhuang (2013)

Margaron (Unio) laticostasus Lea, 1852

Lea, 1852. Synopsis Fam. Naiades: 21.
(error for Unio latecostatus Lea, 1845)

Unio heros Küster, 1855

‘Say’ Küster, 1855. Conchyl. Cab. 9(2): 136, pl. 40, figs. 1-2.
(misidentified reference to Unio heros Say, 1829)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) plicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema (s.s.) plicata — Frierson (1927)
Amblema plicata plicata — Haas (1969), Watters et al. (2009)
Amblema plicata — Parmalee & Bogan (1998)

Unio perplicatus Reeve, 1864

‘Conrad, Anthony, MS.’ Reeve, 1864. Conch. Icon. 16: pl. 9, sp. 35; errata [changed to ‘U. atrocostatus’].
(reference to Unio perplicatus Conrad, 1841; error for Unio atrocostatus Lea, 1845)

Unio (s.s.) multiplicatus — Call (1900)
Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900)

Unio guintardii B.H. Wright, 1888

‘Cragin’ B.H. Wright, 1888. Check List N. Amer. Unionidae etc.: [3].
(error for Unio quintardii Cragin, 1887)

Unio lincecurei Paetel, 1890

‘Lea’ Paetel, 1890. Cat. Conch.-Samml. 3: 157.
(error for Unio lincecumii Lea, 1868)

Quadrula (sec. Crenodonta) perplicata — Simpson (1900), Simpson (1914)
Amblema plicata plicata — Watters et al. (2009)