Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae

subfamily AMBLEMINAE Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics

5 tribes

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 303 (388 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: tribe) = 5
analyzed in 312 cladograms in 186 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 90 (mean = 10.78, median = 6)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 2.59, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 269
maximum number of included terminals = 90, (mean = 12.34 median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 2.85, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.88

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 187
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (tribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 90 (mean = 10.53, median = 6)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 3.04, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.83

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Ambleminae cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Ambleminae cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 5 75 69 3 0 
           +----- Gonideinae  
  +--------+                  
  |        |  +-- Parreysiinae
  |        +--+               
--+           +-- Unioninae   
  |                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 128 73 4 176 137 3 131 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae      
  |                                 
  |  +----------- Chamberlainia     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Megalonaias **       
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Uniomerus **         
  |  |                              
--+  +----------- Quadrulina **        
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Lamprotulini      
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Gonideini         
  |  |                              
  +--+----------- Pseudodontini     
     |                              
     +----------- Rectidentini      
     |                              
     +----------- Unioninae         
     |                              
     |  +-------- Amblema **           
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Toxolasma **         
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **      
     |  |                           
     |  |     +-- Obliquaria **        
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     +-- Plectomerus **       
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Ellipsaria **        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Medionidus **        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **  
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Ptychobranchus **    
        +--+                        
           +----- Truncilla **         
           |                        
           +----- Venustaconcha **     
           |                        
           +----- Cambarunio **        
           |                        
           +----- Leaunio **           
           |                        
           |  +-- Ortmanniana **       
           +--+                     
              +-- Lampsilis **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
90 90 81 5 12 10 2 99 
                                +-- Chamberlainiini               
  +-----------------------------+                                 
  |                             +-- Unioninae                     
  |                                                               
--+                             +-- Gonideini                     
  |  +--------------------------+                                 
  |  |                          +-- Lamprotulini                  
  |  |                                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Quadrulini **                    
     |  |                                                         
     |  |  +----------------------- Pleurobemini **                  
     +--+  |                                                      
        |  |                 +----- Popenaiadini **                  
        |  |  +--------------+                                    
        |  |  |              |  +-- Amblema **                       
        +--+  |              +--+                                 
           |  |                 +-- Reginaia **                      
           |  |                                                   
           |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **                   
           |  |  +--------------+                                 
           +--+  |              +-- Toxolasma **                     
              |  |                                                
              |  |           +----- Obliquaria **                    
              |  |  +--------+                                    
              |  |  |        |  +-- Cyrtonaias **                    
              |  |  |        +--+                                 
              |  |  |           +-- Glebula **                       
              |  |  |                                             
              +--+  |  +----------- Sagittunio **                    
                 |  |  |                                          
                 |  |  +----------- Leaunio **                       
                 |  |  |                                          
                 |  |  +----------- Potamilus **                     
                 |  |  |                                          
                 |  |  +----------- Hamiota **                       
                 |  |  |                                          
                 |  |  |        +-- Ellipsaria **                    
                 +--+  +--------+                                 
                    |  |        +-- Truncilla **                     
                    |  |                                          
                    |  |     +----- Lampsilis_teres **               
                    |  +-----+                                    
                    |  |     |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina **       
                    |  |     +--+                                 
                    |  |        +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **         
                    |  |                                          
                    |  |     +----- Villosa **                       
                    |  +-----+                                    
                    |  |     |  +-- Ligumia **                       
                    |  |     +--+                                 
                    |  |        +-- Cambarunio **                    
                    |  |                                          
                    +--+  +-------- Ortmanniana_pectorosa **         
                       +--+                                       
                       |  |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata **              
                       |  +--+                                    
                       |     |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium **             
                       |     +--+                                 
                       |        +-- Lampsilis_ovata **               
                       |                                          
                       |  +-------- Obovaria_olivaria **             
                       |  |                                       
                       |  +-------- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2 **
                       +--+                                       
                       |  +-------- Epioblasma **                    
                       |  |                                       
                       |  |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor **             
                       |  +--+                                    
                       |     |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis **        
                       |     +--+                                 
                       |        +-- Obovaria_subrotunda **           
                       |                                          
                       |        +-- Ptychobranchus **                
                       |  +-----+                                 
                       |  |     +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1 **
                       |  |                                       
                       +--+  +----- Medionidus_conradicus **         
                          |  |                                    
                          |  |  +-- Lemiox **                        
                          +--+--+                                 
                             |  +-- Medionidus_acutissimus **        
                             |                                    
                             |  +-- Dromus **                        
                             +--+                                 
                                +-- Cyprogenia **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
90 90 92 5 12 10 2 102 
  +-------------------- Chamberlainiini
  |                                    
  +-------------------- Unioninae      
--+                                    
  |                 +-- Gonideini      
  |  +--------------+                  
  |  |              +-- Lamprotulini   
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Quadrulini **     
     |  |                              
     +--+  +----------- Pleurobemini **   
        |  |                           
        +--+        +-- Plectomerus **    
           |  +-----+                  
           |  |     +-- Reginaia **       
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lampsilini **     
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Popenaiadini **   
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Amblema **

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
82 82 59 5 22 21 2 179 
  +-------------- Unioninae          
  |                                  
  |  +----------- Gonideinae         
--+  |                               
  |  |  +-------- Reginaia **           
  |  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Amblema **            
     |  |                            
     |  |     +-- Quadrulini **         
     |  +-----+                      
     |  |     +-- Pleurobemini **       
     +--+                            
        |  +----- Popenaiadini **       
        |  |                         
        |  |  +-- Dromus **             
        |  |  |                      
        |  |  +-- Epioblasma **         
        |  |  |                      
        +--+  +-- Glebula **            
           |  |                      
           |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata **    
           |  |                      
           |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens **
           |  |                      
           |  +-- Lemiox **             
           +--+                      
              +-- Obliquaria **         
              |                      
              +-- Obovaria_olivaria **  
              |                      
              +-- Obovaria_unicolor **  
              |                      
              +-- Plectomerus **        
              |                      
              +-- Potamilus_alatus **   
              |                      
              +-- Potamilus_capax **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 67 5 0 0 0 72 
  +----------------------------------- Quadrulini **            
  |                                                          
--+  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini **          
  |  |                                                       
  |  |                             +-- Amblema **               
  +--+  +--------------------------+                         
     |  |                          +-- Reginaia **              
     |  |                                                    
     +--+  +-------------------------- Popenaiadini **          
        |  |                                                 
        |  |                       +-- Glebula **               
        +--+  +--------------------+                         
           |  |                    +-- Paetulunio **            
           |  |                                              
           +--+                    +-- Toxolasma **             
              |  +-----------------+                         
              |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **           
              |  |                                           
              +--+  +----------------- Obliquaria **            
                 |  |                                        
                 |  |           +----- Potamilus **             
                 +--+  +--------+                            
                    |  |        |  +-- Dromus **                
                    |  |        +--+                         
                    +--+           +-- Lemiox **                
                       |                                     
                       |  +----------- Lampsilis_ovata **       
                       |  |                                  
                       +--+  +-------- Lampsilis_virescens **   
                          |  |                               
                          +--+     +-- Epioblasma **            
                             |  +--+                         
                             |  |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis **
                             +--+                            
                                |  +-- Obovaria_olivaria **     
                                +--+                         
                                   +-- Venustaconcha **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 63 5 0 0 0 75 
  +-------------- Quadrulini **  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini **
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilini **  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55 55 47 4 2 1 1 55 
  +----- Pleurobemini **
  |                  
--+  +-- Amblemini **   
  |  |               
  +--+-- Popenaiadini **
     |               
     +-- Lampsilini **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
54 54 49 4 2 1 1 55 
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Lampsilini **  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblemini **   
        +--+               
           +-- Popenaiadini **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 42 5 0 0 0 59 
  +-------------------------------- Quadrulini **          
  |                                                     
  |                 +-------------- Elliptoideus **        
  |  +--------------+                                   
  |  |              |  +----------- Plectomerus **         
--+  |              +--+                                
  |  |                 |  +-------- Obovaria_unicolor **   
  |  |                 +--+                             
  |  |                    |  +----- Obovaria_olivaria **   
  |  |                    +--+                          
  |  |                       |  +-- Lampsilis **           
  +--+                       +--+                       
     |                          +-- Lemiox **              
     |                                                  
     |                    +-------- Cyrtonaias **          
     |  +-----------------+                             
     |  |                 |  +----- Reginaia **            
     |  |                 +--+                          
     |  |                    |  +-- Popenaiadini **        
     +--+                    +--+                       
        |                       +-- Amblema **             
        |                                               
        |  +----------------------- Elliptio **            
        |  |                                            
        +--+  +-------------------- Eurynia **             
           |  |                                         
           |  |  +----------------- Parvaspina **          
           +--+  |                                      
              |  |              +-- Hemistena **           
              |  +--------------+                       
              +--+              +-- Plethobasus **         
                 |                                      
                 |  +-------------- Pleuronaia **          
                 |  |                                   
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema_cordatum ** 
                 +--+  +--------+                       
                    |  |        +-- Fusconaia **           
                    |  |                                
                    +--+        +-- Pleurobema_stabile **  
                       |  +-----+                       
                       |  |     +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia ** 
                       +--+                             
                          |  +----- Pleurobema_decisum **  
                          +--+                          
                             |  +-- Pleurobema_clava **    
                             +--+                       
                                +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 41 5 0 0 0 52 
  +-------------------- Quadrulini **  
  |                                 
--+  +----------------- Pleurobemini **
  |  |                              
  |  |              +-- Popenaiadini **
  +--+  +-----------+               
     |  |           +-- Amblema **     
     |  |                           
     +--+           +-- Cyrtonaias **  
        |  +--------+               
        |  |        +-- Reginaia **    
        +--+                        
           |  +-------- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+                     
              |  +----- Lemiox **      
              +--+                  
                 |  +-- Lampsilis **   
                 +--+               
                    +-- Obovaria **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 40 5 0 0 0 52 
  +----------------- Quadrulini **  
  |                              
--+  +-------------- Pleurobemini **
  |  |                           
  |  |           +-- Popenaiadini **
  +--+  +--------+               
     |  |        +-- Amblema **     
     |  |                        
     +--+  +-------- Plectomerus ** 
        |  |                     
        |  |     +-- Cyrtonaias **  
        +--+-----+               
           |     +-- Reginaia **    
           |                     
           |  +----- Lemiox **      
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Lampsilis **   
              +--+               
                 +-- Obovaria **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 36 5 0 0 0 50 
  +-------------------- Quadrulini **  
  |                                 
--+  +----------------- Pleurobemini **
  |  |                              
  +--+              +-- Reginaia **    
     |  +-----------+               
     |  |           +-- Amblema **     
     +--+                           
        |  +----------- Popenaiadini **
        |  |                        
        +--+  +-------- Cyrtonaias **  
           |  |                     
           +--+-------- Plectomerus ** 
              |                     
              |  +----- Lemiox **      
              +--+                  
                 |  +-- Lampsilis **   
                 +--+               
                    +-- Obovaria **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 41 4 1 1 1 43 
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblemini **   
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 40 4 0 0 0 43 
  +-------------------------------------- Quadrulini **             
  |                                                              
  |                                   +-- Amblema **                
--+  +--------------------------------+                          
  |  |                                +-- Reginaia **               
  |  |                                                           
  +--+  +-------------------------------- Plectomerus **            
     |  |                                                        
     |  |  +----------------------------- Toxolasma **              
     +--+  |                                                     
        |  |                       +----- Popenaiadini **           
        |  |  +--------------------+                             
        +--+  |                    |  +-- Glebula **                
           |  |                    +--+                          
           |  |                       +-- Cyrtonaias **             
           |  |                                                  
           +--+  +----------------------- Obliquaria **             
              |  |                                               
              |  |                    +-- Medionidus **             
              |  |                 +--+                          
              |  |                 |  +-- Lemiox **                 
              +--+  +--------------+                             
                 |  |              |  +-- Cyprogenia **             
                 |  |              +--+                          
                 |  |                 +-- Ptychobranchus **         
                 |  |                                            
                 +--+           +-------- Potamilus **              
                    |  +--------+                                
                    |  |        |  +----- Atlanticoncha **          
                    |  |        +--+                             
                    |  |           |  +-- Ellipsaria **             
                    |  |           +--+                          
                    +--+              +-- Truncilla **              
                       |                                         
                       |              +-- Hamiota **                
                       |  +-----------+                          
                       |  |           +-- Villosa **                
                       |  |                                      
                       +--+  +----------- Ligumia **                
                          |  |                                   
                          |  |     +----- Venustaconcha **          
                          +--+  +--+                             
                             |  |  |  +-- Obovaria **               
                             |  |  +--+                          
                             +--+     +-- Epioblasma **             
                                |                                
                                |  +----- Ortmanniana_pectorosa **  
                                +--+                             
                                   |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina **
                                   +--+                          
                                      +-- Lampsilis **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 42 4 0 0 0 57 
  +----------- Amblema **     
  |                        
--+        +-- Lampsilis **   
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Plectomerus ** 
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Popenaiadini **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Cyrtonaias **  
        +--+               
           +-- Pleurobemini **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
40 40 40 4 1 1 1 44 
  +-------------- Unioninae   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Reginaia **    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Pleurobemini **
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Amblema **     
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 33 4 1 1 1 47 
  +-------------------------------- Unioninae            
  |                                                      
--+  +----------------------------- Amblemini **            
  |  |                                                   
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lampsilini **           
     |  |                                                
     +--+  +----------------------- Elliptoideus **         
        |  |                                             
        +--+  +-------------------- Quadrulini **           
           |  |                                          
           +--+  +----------------- Elliptio **             
              |  |                                       
              |  |  +-------------- Parvaspina **           
              +--+  |                                    
                 |  +-------------- Plethobasus **          
                 |  |                                    
                 |  |           +-- Hemistena **            
                 +--+-----------+                        
                    |           +-- Eurynia **              
                    |                                    
                    |  +----------- Fusconaia **            
                    |  |                                 
                    |  |     +----- Pleurobema_riddellii ** 
                    +--+  +--+                           
                       |  |  |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia **  
                       |  |  +--+                        
                       +--+     +-- Pleurobema_cordatum **  
                          |                              
                          |  +----- Pleuronaia **           
                          |  |                           
                          +--+  +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme ** 
                             |  |                        
                             +--+-- Pleurobema_strodeanum **
                                |                        
                                +-- Pleurobema_clava **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 26 2 0 0 0 51 
  +-- Amblemini **   
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 34 2 0 0 0 48 
  +-- Amblema **     
  |               
--+-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 30 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 21 5 0 0 0 38 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulini **           
  |                                                
  |  +----------------------- Plectomerus **          
--+  |                                             
  |  |  +-------------------- Popenaiadini **         
  |  |  |                                          
  |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobemini **         
  +--+  |                                          
     |  |                 +-- Cyrtonaias **           
     |  |              +--+                        
     |  |              |  +-- Glebula **              
     |  +--------------+                           
     |  |              |  +-- Reginaia **             
     +--+              +--+                        
        |                 +-- Obliquaria **           
        |                                          
        |  +----------------- Toxolasma **            
        |  |                                       
        |  |  +-------------- Potamilus **            
        |  |  |                                    
        |  |  |           +-- Ellipsaria **           
        |  |  +-----------+                        
        +--+  |           +-- Truncilla **            
           |  |                                    
           |  |        +----- Medionidus **           
           |  +--------+                           
           |  |        |  +-- Lemiox **               
           |  |        +--+                        
           +--+           +-- Dromus **               
              |                                    
              |  +----------- Cambarunio **           
              |  |                                 
              |  +----------- Leaunio **              
              |  |                                 
              |  +----------- Villosa **              
              |  |                                 
              |  |        +-- Sagittunio **           
              |  +--------+                        
              +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ovata **      
                 |                                 
                 |     +----- Venustaconcha **        
                 +-----+                           
                 |     |  +-- Epioblasma **           
                 |     +--+                        
                 |        +-- Obovaria **             
                 |                                 
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres **      
                 +--+                              
                    |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **
                    +--+                           
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_hydiana **    
                       +--+                        
                          +-- Lampsilis_straminea **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 29 5 1 1 1 35 
  +-------------- Gonideinae  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Burdick & White, 2007 [Publ 2679], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 31 3 0 0 0 46 
  +-------------------------------- Lampsilini **            
  |                                                       
--+  +----------------------------- Parvaspina **            
  |  |                                                    
  |  |  +-------------------------- Amblemini **             
  +--+  |                                                 
     |  |                    +----- Eurynia **               
     |  |  +-----------------+                            
     +--+  |                 |  +-- Plethobasus **           
        |  |                 +--+                         
        |  |                    +-- Elliptio **              
        |  |                                              
        |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobema_plenum **     
        +--+  |                                           
           |  +-------------------- Pleuronaia **            
           |  |                                           
           |  |                 +-- Pleurobema_cordatum__1 **
           |  |           +-----+                         
           |  |           |     +-- Fusconaia **             
           +--+  +--------+                               
              |  |        |  +----- Pleurobema_sintoxia__1 **
              |  |        |  |                            
              |  |        +--+  +-- Pleurobema_cordatum__2 **
              |  |           |  |                         
              |  |           +--+-- Pleurobema_sintoxia__2 **
              |  |              |                         
              +--+              +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia__3 **
                 |                                        
                 |  +-------------- Pleurobema_stabile **    
                 |  |                                     
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema_rubellum **   
                 |  |     +-----+                         
                 |  |     |     +-- Pleurobema_strodeanum ** 
                 +--+  +--+                               
                    |  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum **
                    |  |  +--+                            
                    |  |     |  +-- Pleurobema_perovatum **  
                    |  |     +--+                         
                    +--+        +-- Pleurobema_taitianum **  
                       |                                  
                       |        +-- Pleurobema_clava **      
                       |  +-----+                         
                       |  |     +-- Pleurobema_oviforme **   
                       |  |                               
                       +--+     +-- Pleurobema_decisum **    
                          |  +--+                         
                          |  |  +-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum **
                          +--+                            
                             |  +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme **  
                             +--+                         
                                +-- Pleurobema_georgianum **

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 25 4 9 9 1 36 
  +----------------------------------- Unioninae            
  |                                                         
--+  +-------------------------------- Quadrulina **           
  |  |                                                      
  +--+  +----------------------------- Megalonaias **          
     |  |                                                   
     +--+  +-------------------------- Toxolasma **            
        |  |                                                
        +--+  +----------------------- Amblema **              
           |  |                                             
           |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobemini **         
           +--+  |                                          
              |  |                 +-- Reginaia **             
              |  +-----------------+                        
              +--+                 +-- Obliquaria **           
                 |                                          
                 |  +----------------- Potamilus **            
                 |  |                                       
                 |  |              +-- Ellipsaria **           
                 +--+  +-----------+                        
                    |  |           +-- Truncilla **            
                    |  |                                    
                    +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_cardium **    
                       |  |                                 
                       |  |     +----- Ligumia **              
                       |  +-----+                           
                       +--+     |  +-- Obovaria **             
                          |     +--+                        
                          |        +-- Epioblasma **           
                          |                                 
                          |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres **      
                          +--+                              
                             |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **
                             +--+                           
                                |  +-- Ortmanniana **          
                                +--+                        
                                   +-- Lampsilis_higginsii **

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 22 4 6 6 1 35 
  +----------- Unioninae   
  |                        
--+  +-------- Reginaia **    
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Pleurobemini **
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Quadrulini **  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblema **     
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 20 4 0 0 0 38 
  +----------- Lampsilis **   
  |                        
  |  +-------- Obliquaria **  
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Amblema **     
  |  |                     
--+  +-------- Reginaia **    
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Potamilus **   
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **  
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Elliptoideus **
     +-----+               
     |     +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |                     
     |  +----- Medionidus **  
     +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Dromus **      
     |  +--+               
     |     +-- Cyprogenia **  
     |                     
     |  +----- Hemistena **   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Elliptio **    
        +--+               
           +-- Fusconaia **

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 4 0 0 0 40 
  +-------------------------- Lampsilis **   
  |                                       
--+  +----------------------- Potamilus **   
  |  |                                    
  |  |                 +----- Medionidus **  
  +--+  +--------------+                  
     |  |              |  +-- Dromus **      
     |  |              +--+               
     +--+                 +-- Cyprogenia **  
        |                                 
        |  +----------------- Obliquaria **  
        |  |                              
        +--+  +-------------- Amblema **     
           |  |                           
           |  |        +----- Reginaia **    
           +--+  +-----+                  
              |  |     |  +-- Elliptoideus **
              |  |     +--+               
              +--+        +-- Plectomerus ** 
                 |                        
                 |  +-------- Quadrulini **  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +----- Hemistena **   
                    +--+                  
                       |  +-- Elliptio **    
                       +--+               
                          +-- Fusconaia **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 5 0 0 0 32 
  +----------- Quadrulini **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini **   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 5 0 0 0 32 
  +----------- Quadrulini **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini **   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 23 3 0 0 0 40 
  +-- Lampsilini **  
  |               
--+-- Amblemini **   
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 18 3 0 0 0 41 
  +-- Lampsilini **  
  |               
--+-- Amblemini **   
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 24 5 1 1 1 32 
  +-------------- Gonideinae  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Lampsilini **  
           +--+               
              +-- Popenaiadini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 4 174 135 3 22 
  +----------------------------------------------------- Parreysiinae      
  |                                                                        
--+  +-------------------------------------------------- Pseudodontini     
  |  |                                                                     
  +--+  +----------------------------------------------- Rectidentini      
     |  |                                                                  
     +--+  +-------------------------------------------- Unioninae         
        |  |                                                               
        +--+  +----------------------------------------- Chamberlainiini   
           |  |                                                            
           +--+                                      +-- Lamprotulini      
              |  +-----------------------------------+                     
              |  |                                   +-- Gonideini         
              +--+                                                         
                 |  +----------------------------------- Quadrulini **        
                 |  |                                                      
                 +--+  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini **      
                    |  |                                                   
                    +--+  +----------------------------- Amblema **           
                       |  |                                                
                       +--+  +-------------------------- Toxolasma **         
                          |  |                                             
                          +--+                       +-- Obliquaria **        
                             |  +--------------------+                     
                             |  |                    +-- Plectomerus **       
                             +--+                                          
                                |  +-------------------- Potamilus_leptodon **
                                |  |                                       
                                +--+  +----------------- Potamilus_alatus **  
                                   |  |                                    
                                   |  |              +-- Medionidus **        
                                   +--+  +-----------+                     
                                      |  |           +-- Ptychobranchus **    
                                      |  |                                 
                                      +--+           +-- Ellipsaria **        
                                         |  +--------+                     
                                         |  |        +-- Truncilla **         
                                         +--+                              
                                            |  +-------- Leaunio **           
                                            |  |                           
                                            +--+     +-- Venustaconcha **     
                                               |  +--+                     
                                               |  |  +-- Cambarunio **        
                                               +--+                        
                                                  |  +-- Ortmanniana **       
                                                  +--+                     
                                                     +-- Lampsilis **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 4 4 2 1 30 
  +-------------- Unioninae   
  |                           
--+  +----------- Megalonaias ** 
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Uniomerus **   
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Quadrulina **  
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Pleurobemini **
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Lampsilini **  
           +--+               
              +-- Amblemini **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 6 4 0 0 0 44 
  +----------- Quadrulini **               
  |                                     
  +----------- Amblemini **                
  |                                     
  |        +-- Elliptio_arctata **         
  |  +-----+                            
  |  |     +-- Elliptio_crassidens **      
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_decisum **       
--+  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_rubellum **      
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__2 ** 
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_stabile **       
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_pyriforme **     
  |  |  |                               
  +--+  +----- Pleurobema_oviforme__2 **   
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2 **
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleuronaia **               
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__3 ** 
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_cordatum **      
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum **   
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Hemistena **                
     +--+                               
        +----- Fusconaia_flava **          
        |                               
        +----- Fusconaia_cerina **         
        |                               
        +----- Eurynia **                  
        |                               
        +----- Elliptio_arca **            
        |                               
        +----- Lampsilini **               
        |                               
        |  +-- Plethobasus **              
        +--+                            
        |  +-- Parvaspina **               
        |                               
        |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia **      
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Pleurobema_oviforme__1 **   
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Pleurobema_clava **         
        |                               
        |  +-- Pleurobema_athearni **      
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1 ** 
           |                            
           +-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1 **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 20 4 176 137 3 23 
  +-------------------------------------- Parreysiinae      
  |                                                         
--+  +----------------------------------- Unioninae         
  |  |                                                      
  +--+  +-------------------------------- Rectidentini      
     |  |                                                   
     |  |                       +-------- Chamberlainiini   
     +--+  +--------------------+                           
        |  |                    |  +----- Lamprotulini      
        |  |                    +--+                        
        |  |                       |  +-- Gonideini         
        +--+                       +--+                     
           |                          +-- Pseudodontini     
           |                                                
           |  +-------------------------- Quadrulini **        
           |  |                                             
           +--+  +----------------------- Pleurobemini **      
              |  |                                          
              +--+  +-------------------- Amblema **           
                 |  |                                       
                 |  |              +----- Toxolasma **         
                 +--+  +-----------+                        
                    |  |           |  +-- Obliquaria **        
                    |  |           +--+                     
                    |  |              +-- Plectomerus **       
                    +--+                                    
                       |  +-------------- Potamilus_leptodon **
                       |  |                                 
                       |  |  +----------- Potamilus_alatus **  
                       +--+  |                              
                          |  |  +-------- Venustaconcha **     
                          |  |  |                           
                          +--+  +-------- Leaunio **           
                             |  |                           
                             |  |     +-- Ellipsaria **        
                             |  +-----+                     
                             +--+     +-- Truncilla **         
                                |                           
                                |     +-- Medionidus **        
                                +-----+                     
                                |     +-- Ptychobranchus **    
                                |                           
                                |  +----- Cambarunio **        
                                +--+                        
                                   |  +-- Ortmanniana **       
                                   +--+                     
                                      +-- Lampsilis **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 9 4 0 0 0 41 
  +----------------------- Quadrulini **               
  |                                                 
  +----------------------- Amblemini **                
  |                                                 
  |  +-------------------- Lampsilini **               
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Eurynia **                  
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Fusconaia_cerina **         
--+  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Fusconaia_flava **          
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Hemistena **                
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Plethobasus **              
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Parvaspina **               
  |  |                                              
  +--+-------------------- Pleurobema_cordatum **      
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleuronaia **               
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__2 **   
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleurobema_stabile **       
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Elliptio **                 
     |                                              
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_decisum **       
     |  |                                           
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_sintoxia **      
     |  |                                           
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_clava **         
     +--+                                           
        +----------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__1 **   
        |                                           
        |  +-------------- Pleurobema_beadleianum **   
        |  |                                        
        +--+  +----------- Pleurobema_pyriforme **     
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +-------- Pleurobema_rubellum **      
              |  |                                  
              |  +-------- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2 **
              +--+                                  
                 +-------- Pleurobema_georgianum__2 ** 
                 |                                  
                 |  +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1 **
                 +--+                               
                    |  +-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1 ** 
                    +--+                            
                       +-- Pleurobema_athearni **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 21 4 4 2 1 33 
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Amblemini **   
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Lampsilini **  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Pleurobemini **
        +--+               
           +-- Quadrulini **

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 10 3 0 0 0 40 
  +-- Amblemini **   
  |               
--+-- Quadrulini **  
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 16 4 0 0 0 35 
  +----------- Quadrulini **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Reginaia **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 4 4 2 1 29 
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblemini **   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Pleurobemini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 24 4 0 0 0 32 
  +----------- Quadrulini **  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Reginaia **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 20 4 12 10 1 31 
  +----------------------------- Unioninae            
  |                                                   
  |                          +-- Megalonaias **          
  |  +-----------------------+                        
--+  |                       +-- Quadrulina **           
  |  |                                                
  |  |              +----------- Elliptoideus **         
  |  |  +-----------+                                 
  +--+  |           |  +-------- Pleurobema **           
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +----- Uniomerus **            
     |  |              +--+                           
     |  |                 |  +-- Fusconaia **            
     +--+                 +--+                        
        |                    +-- Eurynia **              
        |                                             
        |  +-------------------- Amblema **              
        |  |                                          
        |  |              +----- Toxolasma **            
        |  |  +-----------+                           
        +--+  |           |  +-- Plectomerus **          
           |  |           +--+                        
           |  |              +-- Obliquaria **           
           |  |                                       
           +--+           +----- Ptychobranchus **       
              |  +--------+                           
              |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_fragilis **   
              |  |        +--+                        
              |  |           +-- Medionidus **           
              +--+                                    
                 |           +-- Villosa **              
                 |  +--------+                        
                 |  |        +-- Ellipsaria **           
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres **      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **
                       +--+                           
                          |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus ** 
                          +--+                        
                             +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 5 1 1 1 26 
  +----------------- Gonideinae  
--+                              
  |  +-------------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                           
     |  +----------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                        
        |  +-------- Amblema **     
        +--+                     
           |  +----- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Popenaiadini **
              +--+               
                 +-- Lampsilini **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 5 1 1 1 26 
  +----------------- Gonideinae  
--+                              
  |  +-------------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                           
     |  +----------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                        
        |  +-------- Amblema **     
        +--+                     
           |  +----- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Popenaiadini **
              +--+               
                 +-- Lampsilini **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 13 2 0 0 0 33 
  +-- Quadrulini **  
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Pieri et al., 2018 [Publ 3867], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 22 2 1 1 1 38 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini **  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 13 2 0 0 0 27 
  +-------------------- Obliquaria **           
  |                                          
  +-------------------- Amblemini **            
  |                                          
  |  +----------------- Lampsilis_teres **      
  |  |                                       
  |  +----------------- Obovaria **             
--+  |                                       
  |  |              +-- Leaunio **              
  |  +--------------+                        
  |  |              +-- Cambarunio **           
  |  |                                       
  |  |        +-------- Ortmanniana **          
  |  |        |                              
  +--+--------+     +-- Lampsilis_hydiana **    
     |        |  +--+                        
     |        |  |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens **  
     |        +--+                           
     |           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **
     |           +--+                        
     |              +-- Lampsilis_radiata **    
     |                                       
     |  +-------------- Lampsilis_bracteata **  
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_ornata **     
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +-------- Lampsilis_ovata **      
           |  |                              
           +--+  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__3 ** 
              |  |                           
              +--+  +-- Lampsilis_satura **     
                 |  |                        
                 +--+-- Lampsilis_cardium__1 ** 
                    |                        
                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium__2 **

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 32 31 4 19 14 2 38 
  +-------------- Quadrulina **     
  |                              
  |        +----- Lamprotulini   
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Unioninae      
     |                           
     |  +-------- Megalonaias **    
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pleurobemini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Amblemini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lampsilini **

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 4 10 6 1 30 
  +----------------- Unioninae   
  |                              
  |              +-- Megalonaias ** 
--+  +-----------+               
  |  |           +-- Quadrulina **  
  |  |                           
  +--+        +----- Amblema **     
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |  |     +--+               
     +--+        +-- Lampsilini **  
        |                        
        |  +-------- Elliptoideus **
        +--+                     
           |  +----- Uniomerus **   
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Eurynia **     
              +--+               
                 +-- Pleurobema **

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 14 4 9 6 1 30 
  +----------------------------- Unioninae           
  |                                                  
  |                          +-- Megalonaias **         
--+  +-----------------------+                       
  |  |                       +-- Quadrulina **          
  |  |                                               
  |  |                    +----- Elliptoideus **        
  +--+                    |                          
     |  +-----------------+  +-- Eurynia **             
     |  |                 |  |                       
     |  |                 +--+-- Pleurobema **          
     |  |                    |                       
     +--+                    +-- Uniomerus **           
        |                                            
        |  +-------------------- Amblema **             
        |  |                                         
        +--+                 +-- Plectomerus **         
           |  +--------------+                       
           |  |              +-- Obliquaria **          
           +--+                                      
              |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis **  
              |  |                                   
              +--+  +----------- Ptychobranchus **      
                 |  |                                
                 +--+  +-------- Medionidus **          
                    |  |                             
                    +--+  +----- Potamilus_purpuratus **
                       |  |                          
                       +--+----- Lampsilis **           
                          |                          
                          |  +-- Ellipsaria **          
                          +--+                       
                             +-- Villosa **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 2 0 0 0 27 
  +-- Amblemini ** 
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Grobler et al., 2011 [Publ 3359], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 2 0 0 0 26 
  +-- Amblemini ** 
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 18 16 4 21 16 1 29 
  +----------- Unioninae   
  |                        
--+  +-------- Lampsilini **  
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Hyriinae    
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Amblemini **   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Pleurobemini **
        +--+               
           +-- Quadrulini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 5 79 68 3 0 
           +----- Gonideinae  
  +--------+                  
  |        |  +-- Parreysiinae
  |        +--+               
--+           +-- Unioninae   
  |                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 4 13 8 1 28 
  +----------- Unionini    
  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodontini  
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Quadrulini **  
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblemini **   
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 14 5 75 69 3 1 
           +----- Gonideinae  
  +--------+                  
  |        |  +-- Parreysiinae
  |        +--+               
--+           +-- Unioninae   
  |                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 5 79 68 3 0 
           +----- Gonideinae  
  +--------+                  
  |        |  +-- Parreysiinae
  |        +--+               
--+           +-- Unioninae   
  |                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 11 4 13 8 1 28 
  +----------- Unionini    
  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodontini  
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Quadrulini **  
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblemini **   
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Johnson et al., 2018 [Publ 3844], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 0 0 0 28 
  +----- Amblemini **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
  +--+               
     +-- Quadrulini **

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 12 2 0 0 0 23 
  +-- Amblemini ** 
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 25 
1

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 5 72 63 2 1 
              +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Unioninae   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 5 42 35 3 19 
  +----------- Gonideinae  
  |                        
  |        +-- Unioninae   
  +--------+               
--+        +-- Parreysiinae
  |                        
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **  
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Pleurobemini **
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Amblemini **   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 5 59 48 2 2 
              +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Unioninae   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 4 2 2 2 26 
  +----------------- Gonideinae  
  |                              
  +----------------- Unioninae   
  |                              
--+              +-- Pleurobemini **
  |  +-----------+               
  |  |           +-- Quadrulini **  
  |  |                           
  +--+           +-- Paetulunio **  
     |  +--------+               
     |  |        +-- Amblemini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +-------- Lampsilis **   
        |  |                     
        +--+  +----- Leaunio **     
           |  |                  
           +--+----- Obovaria **    
              |                  
              |  +-- Villosa **     
              +--+               
                 +-- Cambarunio **

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 5 0 0 0 10 
     +----------- Toxolasma **            
  +--+                                 
  |  |  +-------- Popenaiadini **         
  |  +--+                              
  |     |  +----- Amblemini **            
  |     +--+                           
--+        |  +-- Quadrulini **           
  |        +--+                        
  |           +-- Pleurobemini **         
  |                                    
  |  +----------- Potamilus **            
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium **    
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata **     
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha **        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_powellii **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 5 42 35 3 17 
           +----- Gonideinae  
  +--------+                  
  |        |  +-- Unioninae   
  |        +--+               
--+           +-- Parreysiinae
  |                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 5 38 36 2 2 
              +-- Unioninae   
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Gonideinae  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 4 0 0 0 23 
  +-------- Quadrula_quadrula ** 
  |                           
--+-------- Quadrula_verrucosa **
  |                           
  |  +----- Pleurobemini **      
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Amblemini **         
     +--+                     
        +-- Lampsilini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 5 59 48 2 2 
              +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Unioninae   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 5 71 62 2 2 
              +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Unioninae   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 5 59 50 2 2 
              +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Unioninae   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 6 4 20 18 2 27 
  +----------------- Unioninae           
  |                                      
  |  +-------------- Ptychorhynchus      
  |  |                                   
--+  +-------------- Chamberlainiini     
  |  |                                   
  |  +-------------- Lamprotulini        
  |  |                                   
  +--+-------------- Sinosolenaia        
     |                                   
     |  +----------- Megalonaias **         
     |  |                                
     |  |     +----- Elliptoideus **        
     |  |  +--+                          
     +--+  |  |  +-- Uniomerus **           
        |  |  +--+                       
        |  |     +-- Pleurobema **          
        |  |                             
        |  |  +----- Potamilus_fragilis **  
        +--+  |                          
           |  +----- Medionidus **          
           |  |                          
           |  +----- Amblema **             
           |  |                          
           |  |  +-- Obliquaria **          
           +--+--+                       
              |  +-- Plectomerus **         
              |                          
              |  +-- Villosa **             
              |  |                       
              |  +-- Ellipsaria **          
              |  |                       
              +--+-- Lampsilis **           
                 |                       
                 +-- Potamilus_purpuratus **
                 |                       
                 +-- Ptychobranchus **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 10 4 33 11 3 26 
  +----------------- Pseudodontini
  |                               
--+  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |  |                            
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini 
  +--+                            
     +-------------- Unioninae    
     |                            
     |  +----------- Gonideini    
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Quadrulini **   
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Amblemini **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Pleurobemini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Lampsilini **

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 30 
1

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 5 5 3 2 3 
              +-- Unioninae   
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Gonideinae  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 4 20 18 2 27 
  +-------------------------------------------- Unioninae           
  |                                                                 
--+  +----------------------------------------- Sinosolenaia        
  |  |                                                              
  +--+  +-------------------------------------- Lamprotulini        
     |  |                                                           
     +--+  +----------------------------------- Chamberlainiini     
        |  |                                                        
        +--+  +-------------------------------- Ptychorhynchus      
           |  |                                                     
           +--+  +----------------------------- Megalonaias **         
              |  |                                                  
              |  |                       +----- Elliptoideus **        
              +--+  +--------------------+                          
                 |  |                    |  +-- Uniomerus **           
                 |  |                    +--+                       
                 +--+                       +-- Pleurobema **          
                    |                                               
                    |  +----------------------- Amblema **             
                    |  |                                            
                    +--+                    +-- Obliquaria **          
                       |  +-----------------+                       
                       |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **         
                       +--+                                         
                          |  +----------------- Medionidus **          
                          +--+                                      
                             |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis **  
                             +--+                                   
                                |  +----------- Ptychobranchus **      
                                +--+                                
                                   |  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus **
                                   +--+                             
                                      |  +----- Lampsilis **           
                                      +--+                          
                                         |  +-- Villosa **             
                                         +--+                       
                                            +-- Ellipsaria **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 4 33 11 3 28 
  +----------------------------- Unioninae     
  |                                            
--+  +-------------------------- Rectidentini  
  |  |                                         
  |  |                       +-- Gonideini     
  +--+  +--------------------+                 
     |  |                    +-- Pseudodontini 
     |  |                                      
     |  |              +-------- Amblemini **     
     +--+  +-----------+                       
        |  |           |  +----- Pleurobemini **  
        |  |           +--+                    
        |  |              |  +-- Obliquaria **    
        +--+              +--+                 
           |                 +-- Quadrulini **    
           |                                   
           |  +----------------- Ptychobranchus **
           +--+                                
              |  +-------------- Truncilla **     
              +--+                             
                 |  +----------- Ortmanniana **   
                 +--+                          
                    |  +-------- Lampsilis **     
                    +--+                       
                       |  +----- Cambarunio **    
                       +--+                    
                          |  +-- Ligumia **       
                          +--+                 
                             +-- Epioblasma **

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 12 4 12 12 3 26 
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae     
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini  
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini **    
        |  |                                      
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini     
           |  |                                   
           |  |              +----- Eurynia **       
           +--+  +-----------+                    
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio **    
              |  |           +--+                 
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus **
              +--+                                
                 |              +-- Amblemini **     
                 |  +-----------+                 
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema **    
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Truncilla **     
                    |  |                          
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis **     
                       |  +-----+                 
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma **    
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Ligumia **       
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Obliquaria **    
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Ortmanniana **

Hauck et al., 2023 [Publ 4333], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 4 0 0 0 23 
  +-------- Quadrulini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini **
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 7 4 33 11 3 25 
  +----------------------- Pseudodontini 
  |                                      
--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini  
  |  |                                   
  +--+  +----------------- Unioninae     
     |  |                                
     +--+  +-------------- Gonideini     
        |  |                             
        |  |           +-- Obliquaria **    
        +--+  +--------+                 
           |  |        +-- Quadrulini **    
           |  |                          
           +--+  +-------- Amblemini **     
              |  |                       
              |  +-------- Pleurobemini **  
              +--+                       
                 |  +----- Truncilla **     
                 |  |                    
                 |  +----- Ptychobranchus **
                 +--+                    
                    |  +-- Ortmanniana **   
                    |  |                 
                    |  +-- Cambarunio **    
                    +--+                 
                       +-- Ligumia **       
                       |                 
                       +-- Epioblasma **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 10 3 33 11 3 27 
  +-------------------------------- Pseudodontini 
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Rectidentini  
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Unioninae     
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Gonideini     
        |  |                                      
        |  |                 +----- Pleurobemini **  
        +--+  +--------------+                    
           |  |              |  +-- Obliquaria **    
           |  |              +--+                 
           +--+                 +-- Quadrulini **    
              |                                   
              |  +----------------- Ptychobranchus **
              +--+                                
                 |  +-------------- Truncilla **     
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Ortmanniana **   
                    +--+                          
                       |  +-------- Lampsilis **     
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Cambarunio **    
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Ligumia **       
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Epioblasma **

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 8 5 0 0 0 25 
     +----- Amblemini **   
  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
  |  +--+               
  |     +-- Quadrulini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Obliquaria **  
  |  |                  
  |  +----- Toxolasma **   
  +--+                  
     +----- Popenaiadini **
     |                  
     |  +-- Glebula **     
     +--+               
        +-- Cyrtonaias **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 17 0 4 10 6 2 28 
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria **         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma **         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula **           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus **          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema **            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio **           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia **          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus **        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema **         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 5 0 0 0 25 
        +-- Popenaiadini **
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Lampsilini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblemini **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 11 4 2 1 1 30 
  +-------- Lampsilini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblemini **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 28 
1

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 11 4 2 1 1 29 
  +-------- Amblemini **   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 14 9 4 2 1 1 30 
  +----- Unioninae       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferinae
  |                      
--+----- Quadrulini **      
  |                      
  +----- Lampsilini **      
  |                      
  |  +-- Amblemini **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 5 57 46 2 5 
              +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Unioninae   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 13 11 4 2 1 1 22 
        +-- Quadrulini **  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 5 41 39 2 5 
              +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Unioninae   
--+                           
  |  +----------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini **
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 14 11 4 2 1 1 31 
  +----- Unioninae       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferinae
  |                      
--+----- Lampsilini **      
  |                      
  +----- Amblemini **       
  |                      
  |  +-- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Morrison et al., 2021 [Publ 4362], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 26 
1

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 17 0 4 11 7 2 28 
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria **         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma **         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula **           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus **          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema **            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio **           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia **          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus **        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 5 4 23 7 3 24 
  +-------- Toxolasma **   
  |                     
  +-------- Amblemini **   
  |                     
  |     +-- Glebula **     
  +-----+               
--+     +-- Cyrtonaias **  
  |                     
  |     +-- Quadrulini **  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Pleurobemini **
  |                     
  |  +----- Potamilus **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ortmanniana ** 
     +--+               
        +-- Ligumia **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 20 7 3 24 
  +-------------- Gonideinae  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Unioninae   
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Amblemini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilini **  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Quadrulini **  
           +--+               
              +-- Pleurobemini **

Roe, 2013 [Publ 3571], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 24 
1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 16 12 4 20 7 3 29 
  +----------------------------- Gonideinae  
  |                                          
--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia **   
     |  |                                    
     |  +----------------------- Amblemini **   
     +--+                                    
        |  +-------------------- Quadrulini **  
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema **  
           |  |                              
           +--+  +-------------- Eurynia **     
              |  |                           
              |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias **  
              +--+-----------+               
                 |           +-- Unioninae   
                 |                           
                 |  +----------- Ortmanniana ** 
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-------- Glebula **     
                    +--+                     
                       |  +----- Potamilus **   
                       +--+                  
                          |  +-- Ligumia **     
                          +--+               
                             +-- Toxolasma **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 28 16 4 20 7 3 39 
  +-------------------- Amblemini **              
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae           
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Eurynia **                
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Fusconaia **              
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Gonideinae             
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Pleurobema **             
  |                                            
  +-------------------- Quadrulini **             
--+                                            
  |        +----------- Ortmanniana **            
  +--------+                                   
  |        |  +-------- Glebula **                
  |        +--+                                
  |           |  +----- Potamilus **              
  |           +--+                             
  |              |  +-- Ligumia **                
  |              +--+                          
  |                 +-- Toxolasma **              
  |                                            
  |  +----------------- Cyrtonaias **             
  |  |                                         
  +--+  +-------------- Unionini               
     |  |                                      
     |  |  +----------- Anodontini             
     +--+  |                                   
        |  |     +----- Iridininae             
        |  |     |                             
        +--+  +--+  +-- Anodontites_guanarensis
           |  |  |  |                          
           |  |  +--+-- Anodontites_trigona    
           |  |     |                          
           +--+     +-- Monocondylaeinae       
              |                                
              |  +----- Rhipidodontini         
              |  |                             
              |  +----- Echyridella            
              +--+                             
                 +----- Lortiella              
                 |                             
                 |  +-- Castaliini             
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Velesunio

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 4 20 7 3 25 
              +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Unioninae   
  |                           
--+           +-- Glebula **     
  |  +--------+               
  |  |        +-- Cyrtonaias **  
  |  |                        
  +--+  +-------- Toxolasma **   
     |  |                     
     |  |  +----- Potamilus **   
     |  +--+                  
     +--+  |  +-- Ligumia **     
        |  +--+               
        |     +-- Ortmanniana ** 
        |                     
        |  +----- Amblemini **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Quadrulini **  
           +--+               
              +-- Pleurobemini **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 20 7 3 24 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae
--+                              
  |  +-------------- Unioninae   
  +--+                           
     |  +----------- Gonideinae  
     +--+                        
        |  +-------- Amblemini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +----- Lampsilini **  
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Quadrulini **  
              +--+               
                 +-- Pleurobemini **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 6 4 0 0 0 21 
  +-------- Quadrula **    
  |                     
--+-------- Pustulosa **   
  |                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini **
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini **

Schilling et al., 2025 [Publ 4737], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 2 0 0 0 25 
  +-- Lampsilini **  
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 5 0 0 0 24 
        +-- Popenaiadini **
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Lampsilini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblemini **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 43 40 2 6 
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Gonideinae  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Quadrulini **  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Pleurobemini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 15 2 4 8 5 2 29 
  +-------- Gonideinae         
  |                            
  |     +-- Elliptio **           
  |     |                      
  |     +-- Fusconaia **          
  |     |                      
--+  +--+-- Amblemini **          
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Pleurobema **         
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Unionini           
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  +--+  |                      
     |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Utterbackia        
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
     +--+                      
        +-- Megalonaias **        
        |                      
        +-- Obliquaria **         
        |                      
        +-- Theliderma **         
        |                      
        +-- Quadrula **           
        |                      
        +-- Uniomerus **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 46 36 2 7 
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Gonideinae  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Quadrulini **  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Pleurobemini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Morrison et al., 2021 [Publ 4362], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 25 
1

Stodola et al., 2021 [Publ 4266], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 1 0 0 0 25 
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 4 43 41 3 7 
        +----- Gonideinae  
  +-----+                  
  |     |  +-- Parreysiinae
  |     +--+               
--+        +-- Unioninae   
  |                        
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini **
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Roe & Lydeard, 1998 [Publ 2693], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 5 2 0 0 0 22 
  +-------------- Pleurobemini **           
  |                                      
  +-------------- Obliquaria **             
--+                                      
  |  +----------- Potamilus_capax **        
  |  |                                   
  |  +----------- Lampsilis **              
  +--+                                   
     |  +-------- Potamilus_fragilis **     
     |  |                                
     |  |  +----- Potamilus_inflatus **     
     +--+  |                             
        |  |  +-- Potamilus_ohiensis **     
        |  +--+                          
        +--+  +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus ** 
           |                             
           |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__1 **
           |  |                          
           +--+-- Potamilus_purpuratus__2 **
              |                          
              +-- Potamilus_alatus **

Roe et al., 2002 [Publ 2689], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 25 
1

Schilling et al., 2025 [Publ 4737], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 9 2 0 0 0 24 
  +-- Lampsilini **  
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 0 0 0 21 
  +----- Lampsilini **  
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblemini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 22 22 2 22 
  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lamprotulini   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lampsilini **     
           +--+                  
              +-- Pleurobemini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 4 130 105 3 19 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Rectidentini   
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini  
     |  |                              
     +--+  +----------- Unioninae      
        |  |                           
        |  |     +----- Gonideini      
        +--+  +--+                     
           |  |  |  +-- Chamberlainiini
           |  |  +--+                  
           |  |     +-- Lamprotulini   
           +--+                        
              |     +-- Amblemini **      
              |  +--+                  
              |  |  +-- Lampsilini **     
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Quadrulini **     
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pleurobemini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 0 4 116 116 3 20 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae          
  |                                        
  |  +-------------- Pseudodontini         
--+  |                                     
  |  |  +----------- Rectidentini          
  |  |  |                                  
  +--+  |  +-------- Unioninae             
     |  |  |                               
     |  |  |     +-- Amblemini **             
     |  |  |     |                         
     +--+  |     +-- Ortmanniana **           
        |  |     |                         
        |  |     +-- Lampsilis **             
        |  |     |                         
        |  |     +-- Cambarunio **            
        |  |     |                         
        +--+  +--+-- Elliptio **              
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Eurynia **               
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Pleurobema **            
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Quadrula_quadrula **     
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Quadrula_verrucosa **    
           |  |                            
           |  |  +-- Chamberlainia         
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis         
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata    
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii      
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Potomida              
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pronodularia          
              |  |                         
              +--+-- Gonidea               
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi  
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia            
                 |                         
                 +-- Microcondylaea        
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 0 0 0 21 
  +-- Amblemini **   
  |               
--+-- Quadrulini **  
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 51 43 4 44 42 2 61 
  +-------- Quadrulini **     
  |                        
  +-------- Pleurobemini **   
  |                        
  |     +-- Amblemini **      
--+-----+                  
  |     +-- Lampsilini **     
  |                        
  |     +-- Lamprotulini   
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Gonideini      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 4 11 7 3 14 
        +----- Gonideinae  
  +-----+                  
  |     |  +-- Parreysiinae
  |     +--+               
--+        +-- Unioninae   
  |                        
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini **
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblemini **   
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 4 67 57 2 19 
  +-------------------- Pseudodontini  
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Rectidentini   
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Gonideini      
     |  |                              
     +--+           +-- Chamberlainiini
        |  +--------+                  
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini   
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Unioninae      
           |  |                        
           +--+     +-- Amblemini **      
              |  +--+                  
              |  |  +-- Lampsilini **     
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Quadrulini **     
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pleurobemini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 4 130 105 3 19 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  |  |  +-------------- Rectidentini   
  +--+  |                              
     |  |     +-------- Pseudodontini  
     |  |  +--+                        
     +--+  |  |  +----- Gonideini      
        |  |  +--+                     
        |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini
        |  |     +--+                  
        +--+        +-- Lamprotulini   
           |                           
           |        +-- Amblemini **      
           |     +--+                  
           |     |  +-- Lampsilini **     
           +-----+                     
                 |  +-- Quadrulini **     
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pleurobemini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 4 67 57 2 19 
  +-------------------- Pseudodontini  
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Rectidentini   
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Gonideini      
     |  |                              
     +--+           +-- Chamberlainiini
        |  +--------+                  
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini   
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Unioninae      
           |  |                        
           +--+     +-- Amblemini **      
              |  +--+                  
              |  |  +-- Lampsilini **     
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Quadrulini **     
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pleurobemini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 4 71 60 3 19 
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                       
  |  |  +-------------------- Rectidentini   
  +--+  |                                    
     |  |                 +-- Amblemini **      
     |  |              +--+                  
     +--+              |  +-- Lampsilini **     
        |  +-----------+                     
        |  |           |  +-- Quadrulini **     
        |  |           +--+                  
        |  |              +-- Pleurobemini **   
        +--+                                 
           |              +-- Chamberlainiini
           |  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Parvasolenaia  
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Pseudodontini  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Sinosolenaia   
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 2 1 1 22 
  +----------------- Glebula **            
  |                                     
--+              +-- Amblema **            
  |  +-----------+                      
  |  |           +-- Quadrulini **         
  +--+                                  
     |  +----------- Plectomerus **        
     +--+                               
        |  +-------- Leaunio **            
        +--+                            
           |  +----- Lampsilis_straminea **
           +--+                         
              |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
              +--+                      
                 +-- Potamilus **

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 3 2 1 18 
  +----------- Unioninae  
--+                       
  |  +-------- Quadrulini ** 
  +--+                    
     |  +----- Plectomerus **
     +--+                 
        |  +-- Amblema **    
        +--+              
           +-- Lampsilini **

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 22 22 2 22 
  +----------- Unioninae   
  |                        
--+  +-------- Gonideinae  
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Epioblasma **  
     |  +--+               
     |  |  +-- Lampsilis **   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Cyrtonaias **  
        +--+               
           +-- Pleurobemini **

Hewitt et al., 2019 [Publ 3962], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 9 2 2 1 1 19 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 30 28 3 10 
        +-- Quadrulini **  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Lampsilini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Parreysiinae
     +--+               
        +-- Unioninae

Jones & Neves, 2010 [Publ 2646], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 23 
1

Serb & Barnhart, 2008 [Publ 2674], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 9 1 0 0 0 20 
1

Serb & Barnhart, 2008 [Publ 2674], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 10 1 0 0 0 20 
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 22 
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 22 
1

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 13 0 4 76 76 3 24 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                             
--+  +----------- Pseudodontini 
  |  |                          
  |  |  +-------- Rectidentini  
  +--+  |                       
     |  |  +----- Unioninae     
     |  |  |                    
     +--+  |  +-- Lamprotula    
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Potomida      
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Pronodularia  
        +--+  |                 
           |  +-- Gonidea       
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Leguminaia    
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Microcondylaea
           |  |                 
           +--+-- Amblemini **     
              |                 
              +-- Ortmanniana **   
              |                 
              +-- Lampsilis **     
              |                 
              +-- Cambarunio **    
              |                 
              +-- Elliptio **      
              |                 
              +-- Pleurobema **    
              |                 
              +-- Quadrulini **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 11 11 2 22 
  +-------------- Sinanodonta    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Cristaria      
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Gonideinae     
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Quadrulini **     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Acuticostini   
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 16 14 2 27 26 2 27 
                       +----- Prolasmidonta           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Oxynaiina               
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotulina         
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus **        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Gibbosulinae            
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini **              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma **               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata **        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 32 30 3 10 
        +-- Parreysiinae
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini **

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 8 1 0 0 0 20 
1

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 7 1 0 0 0 20 
1

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 8 1 0 0 0 20 
1

Jones & Neves, 2010 [Publ 2646], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 1 1 0 0 0 23 
1

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 0 4 29 25 2 18 
  +-- Amblemini **  
  |              
  +-- Ortmanniana **
  |              
  +-- Lampsilis **  
  |              
--+-- Cambarunio ** 
  |              
  +-- Elliptio **   
  |              
  +-- Pleurobema ** 
  |              
  +-- Quadrulini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 85 68 3 15 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Rectidentini   
     |  |                              
     |  |        +----- Quadrulini **     
     +--+  +-----+                     
        |  |     |  +-- Pleurobemini **   
        |  |     +--+                  
        +--+        +-- Lampsilini **     
           |                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 36 26 2 11 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 25 25 2 11 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 38 35 2 11 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 3 2 1 20 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 85 68 3 17 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                    
--+  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+  +-------------- Rectidentini   
     |  |                              
     |  |        +----- Lampsilini **     
     +--+  +-----+                     
        |  |     |  +-- Quadrulini **     
        |  |     +--+                  
        +--+        +-- Pleurobemini **   
           |                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 8 4 2 20 
  +-------- Gonideinae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 9 6 2 20 
  +-------------- Pseudodontini
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonidea      
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Inversidens  
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unioninae    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Pleurobemini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Lampsilini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 7 5 2 9 6 2 21 
  +-------------- Unioninae       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini **      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferinae

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 10 8 2 11 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 9 6 2 20 
  +-------------- Pseudodontini
--+                            
  |  +----------- Gonidea      
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Inversidens  
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Unioninae    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Pleurobemini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Lampsilini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 13 11 1 17 
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 3 2 1 20 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini **

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 2 0 0 0 20 
  +-- Lampsilini **  
--+               
  +-- Popenaiadini **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 25 25 2 11 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 40 34 2 11 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 42 39 2 11 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 38 35 2 11 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 22.5 
  +-- Elliptio **  
  |             
--+-- Quadrulini **
  |             
  +-- Pleurobema **

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 6 1 0 0 0 21 
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 8 7 3 10 7 2 19 
  +-------- Unioninae   
  |                     
--+     +-- Pleurobemini **
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 11 
  +-- Quadrulini **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 2 30 4 2 20 
  +-------------- Gonideinae  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Cyrtonaias **  
  |  |                        
  +--+----------- Pleurobemini **
     |                        
     |  +-------- Potamilus **   
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilis **   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Ligumia **     
           +--+               
              +-- Ortmanniana **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 43 35 2 11 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 8 8 1 19 
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblemini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini **

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 33 30 2 12 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 21 
1

Lane et al., 2016 [Publ 3735], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 1 1 0 0 0 20 
1

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 2 3 13 12 2 16 
  +-- Quadrulini **  
  |               
--+-- Pleurobemini **
  |               
  +-- Lampsilini **

Saxon et al., 2023 [Publ 4338], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 21 
1

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 4 26 24 3 15 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae
--+                              
  |  +-------------- Unioninae   
  +--+                           
     |  +----------- Gonideinae  
     +--+                        
        |  +-------- Quadrulini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +----- Pleurobemini **
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Amblemini **   
              +--+               
                 +-- Lampsilini **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 4 31 19 3 17 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                                     
--+                    +-- Pseudodontini
  |  +-----------------+                
  |  |                 +-- Rectidentini 
  +--+                                  
     |  +----------------- Unioninae    
     +--+                               
        |  +-------------- Gonideini    
        +--+                            
           |  +----------- Lamprotulini 
           +--+                         
              |  +-------- Pleurobemini ** 
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Quadrulini **   
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Amblemini **    
                    +--+                
                       +-- Lampsilini **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 2 4 31 19 3 16 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                                     
--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini 
  |  |                                  
  +--+  +----------------- Pseudodontini
     |  |                               
     +--+  +-------------- Unioninae    
        |  |                            
        +--+  +----------- Gonideini    
           |  |                         
           +--+  +-------- Lamprotulini 
              |  |                      
              +--+  +----- Quadrulini **   
                 |  |                   
                 +--+----- Pleurobemini ** 
                    |                   
                    |  +-- Amblemini **    
                    +--+                
                       +-- Lampsilini **

Krebs et al., 2013 [Publ 3515], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 21 
1

Jones et al., 2006 [Publ 2681], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 21 
1

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 35 25 3 14 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae
--+                           
  |  +----------- Unioninae   
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Gonideinae  
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Quadrulini **  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Amblemini **   
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 21 15 2 13 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Patterson et al., 2021 [Publ 4222], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 18 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Amblemini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 37 17 2 13 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 28 25 2 13 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 27 25 2 13 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Gangloff et al., 2013 [Publ 3551], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 19 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 38 38 2 13 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 16 15 2 13 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 12 11 2 13 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3835], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 18 
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 37 17 2 13 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 6 6 2 16 
        +-- Gonideinae  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Zanatta & Harris, 2013 [Publ 3530], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 1 1 1 17 
  +-- Unioninae 
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 21 15 2 13 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Johnson et al., 2023 [Publ 4323], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 20 
1

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 14 8 2 18 
  +----------------- Pseudodontini
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini 
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Unioninae    
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Gonideini    
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Lampsilini **   
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Pleurobemini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Amblemini **

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 1 1 1 18 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
     +-- Amblemini **

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 36 33 2 13 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 0 4 118 107 3 15 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  |  |  +----------- Rectidentini   
  +--+  |                           
     |  |        +-- Amblemini **      
     |  |        |                  
     +--+        +-- Pleurobemini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Lampsilini **     
        |  |     |                  
        |  |     +-- Quadrulini **     
        +--+                        
           |     +-- Chamberlainiini
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 19 16 4 16 15 2 31 
  +-------- Amblemini **   
  |                     
  +-------- Pleurobemini **
--+                     
  +-------- Lampsilini **  
  |                     
  |  +----- Quadrulini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideinae  
     +--+               
        +-- Unioninae

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 19 19 2 14 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 2 2 1 1 1 18 
  +----- Quadrulini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 9 6 2 14 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 16 15 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 8 6 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 19 14 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Moyer & Díaz-Ferguson, 2012 [Publ 3375], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 2 1 3 3 1 19 
  +-- Unioninae 
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 11 9 2 14 
           +-- Anodontina 
  +--------+              
  |        +-- Utterbackia
  |                       
--+     +----- Unionini   
  |  +--+                 
  |  |  |  +-- Pyganodon  
  |  |  +--+              
  +--+     +-- Cristariina
     |                    
     |  +----- Gonideinae 
     +--+                 
        |  +-- Quadrulini ** 
        +--+              
           +-- Lampsilini **

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 1 0 0 17 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Quadrulini **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 8 6 2 14 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 7 5 2 14 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Smith & Johnson, 2020 [Publ 4229], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 19 
1

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 20 19 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 14 12 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 20 17 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 27 26 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 13 10 1 18 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 5 3 2 9 6 2 16 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Lampsilini **
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Gonideinae

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 16 15 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 2 2 1 1 1 18 
  +----- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 4 4 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 13 13 2 14 
  +----------- Anodontini   
  |                         
--+        +-- Lanceolariini
  |  +-----+                
  |  |     +-- Unionini     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Gonideinae   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Quadrulini **   
        +--+                
           +-- Lampsilini **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 17 15 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 3 3 1 14 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 19 14 2 14 
     +-- Quadrulini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 4 2 5 5 2 19 
  +-------------- Cristariina  
--+                            
  |  +----------- Alasmidontina
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lampsilis **    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideinae   
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Venustaconcha **
           +--+                
              +-- Quadrulini **

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 5 3 3 2 2 1 17 
  +-------- Quadrulini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini **

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 18 18 2 14 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 6 0 2 5 4 2 19 
  +-------- Quadrulini **
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Lampsilini **
     +--+             
        +-- Unioninae

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 13 11 2 -- 
     +-- Amblemini ** 
  +--+             
  |  +-- Quadrulini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 4 4 2 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 39 37 3 -- 
        +-- Parreysiinae
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 6 0 2 5 4 2 19 
  +-------- Quadrulini **
--+                   
  |  +----- Lampsilini **
  +--+                
     |  +-- Unioninae 
     +--+             
        +-- Gonideinae

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 74 72 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 11 11 2 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 6 0 2 13 7 3 19 
  +-- Pleurobemini **
  |               
--+-- Lampsilini **  
  |               
  +-- Unioninae

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 44 42 3 -- 
                 +-- Amblemini **      
  +--------------+                  
  |              +-- Lampsilini **     
  |                                 
  |        +-------- Parreysiinae   
--+  +-----+                        
  |  |     |  +----- Unioninae      
  |  |     +--+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini
  +--+        +--+                  
     |           +-- Discomya       
     |                              
     |  +----------- Rectidentini   
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Schepmaniini   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Pseudodontini  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Caudiculatus   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Potomida       
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 8 7 2 -- 
     +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Quadrulini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 39 37 3 -- 
        +-- Parreysiinae
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini **

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 5 5 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 9 2 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Amblemini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 9 0 2 13 7 3 22 
  +-- Aculamprotulina
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini **     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Metzger et al., 2018 [Publ 3952], fig. 1C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 1 1 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini **

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 4 1 1 16 
  +-- Pleurobemini **
  |               
--+-- Lampsilini **  
  |               
  +-- Unioninae

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 30 28 1 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Amblemini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 43 41 3 -- 
  +----------------------- Gonideinae   
  |                                     
  |                    +-- Lampsilini **   
--+  +-----------------+                
  |  |                 +-- Quadrulini **   
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  +--+  |                               
     |  |              +-- Anemina      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Amuranodonta 
     +--+                               
        |           +----- Pletholophus 
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta  
        |  |        +--+                
        |  |           +-- Beringiana   
        +--+                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria    
           |  |                         
           |  |        +-- Alasmidontina
           +--+--------+                
              |        +-- Anodontina   
              |                         
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Acuticostini 
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 12 11 3 -- 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
  |                     
--+     +-- Amblemini **   
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Lampsilini **  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Unioninae   
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideinae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 6 4 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
  |                
--+----- Unioninae 
  |                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 51 51 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 43 41 3 -- 
        +-- Parreysiinae
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Pleurobemini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 12 10 2 -- 
     +-- Amblemini ** 
  +--+             
  |  +-- Quadrulini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 7 7 2 -- 
     +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
  |  +-- Quadrulini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 7 0 2 14 8 3 20 
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini **             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini **           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotulina        
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 6 4 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
  |                
--+----- Unioninae 
  |                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 5 5 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 10 10 2 -- 
           +-- Gonideini      
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Lamprotulini   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Unioninae      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lampsilini **     
        +--+                  
           +-- Quadrulini **

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 4 0 2 4 4 2 17 
  +----- Gonideinae   
  |                   
--+  +-- Cristariina  
  |  |                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **   
  +--+                
     +-- Alasmidontina
     |                
     +-- Quadrulini **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 39 37 3 -- 
        +-- Parreysiinae
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 11 11 2 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Quadrulini **
     +--+             
        +-- Lampsilini **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 6 6 2 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae 
--+                   
  |  +----- Gonideinae
  +--+                
     |  +-- Lampsilini **
     +--+             
        +-- Quadrulini **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 13 13 2 -- 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 39 37 3 -- 
        +-- Parreysiinae
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Gonideinae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini **

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 2 2 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lampsilini **  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 0 0 0 -- 
  +-- Quadrulini **
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 54 53 3 -- 
  +----------- Parreysiinae
--+                        
  |  +-------- Unioninae   
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Gonideinae  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lampsilini **  
        +--+               
           +-- Amblemini **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 15 4 2 17 
  +-------- Unionini    
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini **
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Anodontini  
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 0 0 -- 
-- Lampsilis_cardium **

Baker et al., 2003 [Publ 2690], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 -- 
-- Epioblasma_triquetra **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Amblemini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 12 1 -- 
  +-- Quadrulini **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 9 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Amblemini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-- Pleurobemini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 67 44 3 -- 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideinae

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 2 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini **
  |             
--+-- Unioninae 
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 67 44 3 -- 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideinae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-- Pleurobemini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Lampsilis_cardium **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 67 44 3 -- 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lampsilini **     
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 10 2 -- 
  +----- Amblemini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Baker et al., 2004 [Publ 2685], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 -- 
-- Epioblasma_triquetra **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 2 2 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 18 1 -- 
  +-- Amblemini ** 
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 0 0 -- 
-- Lampsilis_cardium **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 2 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 9 2 -- 
  +----- Amblemini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 10 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 7 1 -- 
  +-- Amblemini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 28 5 3 -- 
  +-------- Gonideinae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Parreysiinae

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae 
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Hoeh et al., 1996 [Publ 2694], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 2 1 -- 
     +-- None__1     
  +--+               
  |  +-- None__2     
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 2 -- 
  +-- Unioninae 
  |             
--+-- Lampsilini **
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 2 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 2 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae

Campbell, 2000 [Publ 2724], fig. 1-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae   
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 15 2 -- 
  +----- Amblemini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 2 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideinae
--+                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 10 3 -- 
     +-- Lampsilini **  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 2 1 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 2 2 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lampsilini **  
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 10 3 -- 
     +-- Lampsilini **  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 2 1 -- 
  +-- Unionini  
  |             
--+-- Anodontini
  |             
  +-- Lampsilini **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 25 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini **
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 18 1 -- 
  +-- Amblemini ** 
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae