Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae

subfamily GONIDEINAE Ortmann, 1916: cladomics

7 genera, 6 tribes

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 174 (205 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: tribe) = 13
analyzed in 270 cladograms in 163 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 72 (mean = 11.35, median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 7 (mean = 2.58, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 223
maximum number of included terminals = 72, (mean = 13.53 median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 7 (mean = 2.91, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.8

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 153
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (tribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 72 (mean = 12.66, median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 7 (mean = 3.29, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.72

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Gonideinae cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Gonideinae cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 42 40 7 11 9 3 0 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
  |        +-------- Parreysiinae   
--+  +-----+                        
  |  |     |  +----- Unioninae      
  |  |     +--+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+        +--+                  
     |           +-- Discomya **       
     |                              
     |  +----------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Schepmaniini **   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Caudiculatus **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Potomida **       
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
56 81 73 5 145 106 3 99 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Gonideini **      
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pseudodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
72 72 61 5 40 40 1 87 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
72 72 57 5 46 41 1 85 
  +----------- Parreysiinae             
  |                                     
  |  +-------- Rectidentini **             
--+  |                                  
  |  |  +----- Pseudodontini **            
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **    
  +--+  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita__1 **
     |  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata **    
     |  |  |                            
     |  |  +-- Leguminaia **               
     +--+  |                            
        |  +-- Microcondylaea **           
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Gonidea **                  
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Ptychorhynchus **           
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Parvasolenaia **            
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Lamprotula_leaii **         
           |                            
           +-- Lamprotula **               
           |                            
           +-- Lamprotula_caveata **       
           |                            
           +-- Potomida **                 
           |                            
           +-- Pronodularia **             
           |                            
           +-- Sinohyriopsis **            
           |                            
           +-- Chamberlainia **            
           |                            
           +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita__2 **
           |                            
           +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4262], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
69 69 68 4 14 14 1 79 
  +----------- Parreysiinae 
--+                         
  |  +-------- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Rectidentini ** 
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2024 [Publ 4387], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
60 60 59 6 0 0 0 70 
           +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Rectidentini **   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Pseudodontini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
56 128 73 5 145 106 3 142 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae      
  |                                 
  |  +----------- Chamberlainia **     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Megalonaias       
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Uniomerus         
  |  |                              
--+  +----------- Quadrulina        
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis **     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Lamprotulini **      
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Gonideini **         
  |  |                              
  +--+----------- Pseudodontini **     
     |                              
     +----------- Rectidentini **      
     |                              
     +----------- Unioninae         
     |                              
     |  +-------- Amblema           
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Toxolasma         
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini      
     |  |                           
     |  |     +-- Obliquaria        
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     +-- Plectomerus       
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Ellipsaria        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Medionidus        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_alatus  
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Ptychobranchus    
        +--+                        
           +----- Truncilla         
           |                        
           +----- Venustaconcha     
           |                        
           +----- Cambarunio        
           |                        
           +----- Leaunio           
           |                        
           |  +-- Ortmanniana       
           +--+                     
              +-- Lampsilis

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55 126 126 5 144 105 3 140 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Ambleminae     
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4423], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 4 0 0 0 74 
     +-- Lamprotulini ** 
  +--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini **    
--+                   
  |  +-- Schepmaniini ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Pseudodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 87 42 5 74 74 3 103 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae          
  |                                        
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **         
  |  |                                     
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **          
     |  |                                  
     |  |  +-------- Unioninae             
     +--+  |                               
        |  |  +----- Ambleminae            
        |  |  |                            
        +--+  |  +-- Chamberlainia **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **    
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii **      
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Potomida **              
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pronodularia **          
              |  |                         
              +--+-- Gonidea **               
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi **  
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia **            
                 |                         
                 +-- Microcondylaea **        
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
49 137 123 5 90 65 3 148 
                 +-------- Chamberlainia **   
                 |                         
  +--------------+  +----- Cumberlandia    
  |              |  |                      
  |              +--+  +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |                 |  |                   
  |                 +--+-- Pseudunio       
  |                    |                   
  |                    +-- Margaritifera   
  |                                        
  |                    +-- Hyriinae        
--+              +-----+                   
  |              |     +-- Velesunioninae  
  +--------------+                         
  |              |  +----- Aspathariinae   
  |              +--+                      
  |                 |  +-- Monocondylaeinae
  |                 +--+                   
  |                    +-- Etheria         
  |                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
49 85 85 5 90 65 3 101 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini **      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini **

Konopleva et al., 2025 [Publ 4446], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 43 1 0 0 0 73 
1

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4663], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44 44 42 6 5 3 1 60 
  +----------------- Unioninae      
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 41 6 5 3 1 59 
  +----------------- Unioninae      
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 41 5 2 0 0 69 
  +----------------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                                       
--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                                    
  |  |              +----- Inversidens **    
  +--+  +-----------+                     
     |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |           +--+                  
     |  |              +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                                 
        |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
        |  |                              
        |  |        +----- Gonidea **        
        +--+  +-----+                     
           |  |     |  +-- Leguminaia **     
           |  |     +--+                  
           |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
           +--+                           
              |        +-- Koreosolenaia **  
              |  +-----+                  
              |  |     +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Postolata **      
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Obovalis **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 39 5 2 0 0 68 
  +----------------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                                       
--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                                    
  |  |  +----------------- Inversidens **    
  +--+  |                                 
     |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  +--------------+                  
     +--+              +-- Lamprotulini **   
        |                                 
        |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
        |  |                              
        |  |        +----- Gonidea **        
        +--+  +-----+                     
           |  |     |  +-- Leguminaia **     
           |  |     +--+                  
           |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
           +--+                           
              |        +-- Koreosolenaia **  
              |  +-----+                  
              |  |     +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Postolata **      
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Obovalis **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 40 6 5 3 1 58 
  +----------------- Unioninae      
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 1 0 0 0 67 
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 1 0 0 0 67 
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 38 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 50 39 2 14 12 1 70 
  +----- Pseudodontini **
--+                   
  |  +-- Parreysiinae 
  +--+                
     +-- Rectidentini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 34 5 0 0 0 58 
  +----------- Rectidentini **   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 6 2 0 0 27 
  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                           
--+  +-------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Schepmaniini **   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 6 2 0 0 29 
  +-------------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                              
  |  +----------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 6 2 0 0 53 
  +----------------------------- Schepmaniini **   
  |                                             
--+  +-------------------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |  |                                          
  +--+  +----------------------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                                       
     +--+  +-------------------- Inversidens **    
        |  |                                    
        |  |              +----- Lamprotula **     
        +--+  +-----------+                     
           |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
           |  |           +--+                  
           +--+              +-- Potomida **       
              |                                 
              |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
              |  |                              
              +--+           +-- Gonidea **        
                 |  +--------+                  
                 |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                 +--+                           
                    |  +-------- Koreosolenaia **  
                    +--+                        
                       |  +----- Parvasolenaia **  
                       +--+                     
                          |  +-- Postolata **      
                          +--+                  
                             +-- Ptychorhynchus **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 23 6 2 0 0 47 
  +----------------------------- Schepmania_nieuwenhuisi__1 **
  |                                                        
  +----------------------------- Schepmania_nieuwenhuisi__2 **
--+                                                        
  |  +-------------------------- Pseudodontini **             
  |  |                                                     
  +--+  +----------------------- Rectidentini **              
     |  |                                                  
     +--+  +-------------------- Inversidens **               
        |  |                                               
        |  |              +----- Lamprotula **                
        +--+  +-----------+                                
           |  |           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **           
           |  |           +--+                             
           +--+              +-- Potomida **                  
              |                                            
              |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **              
              |  |                                         
              +--+  +----------- Gonidea **                   
                 |  |                                      
                 +--+----------- Microcondylaea **            
                    |                                      
                    |  +-------- Koreosolenaia **             
                    +--+                                   
                       |  +----- Parvasolenaia **             
                       +--+                                
                          |  +-- Postolata **                 
                          +--+                             
                             +-- Ptychorhynchus **

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 6 2 0 0 35 
           +-- Schepmaniini **   
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Pseudodontini **  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Gonideini **      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 59 26 4 48 48 3 80 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                             
--+  +----------- Pseudodontini ** 
  |  |                          
  |  |  +-------- Rectidentini **  
  +--+  |                       
     |  |  +----- Unioninae     
     |  |  |                    
     +--+  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Potomida **      
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
        +--+  |                 
           |  +-- Gonidea **       
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Leguminaia **    
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Microcondylaea **
           |  |                 
           +--+-- Amblemini     
              |                 
              +-- Ortmanniana   
              |                 
              +-- Lampsilis     
              |                 
              +-- Cambarunio    
              |                 
              +-- Elliptio      
              |                 
              +-- Pleurobema    
              |                 
              +-- Quadrulini

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 6 2 0 0 27 
  +-------------------------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                                       
  |  |                    +-- Schepmaniini **   
  +--+  +-----------------+                  
     |  |                 +-- Pseudodontini **  
     |  |                                    
     +--+                 +-- Inversidens **    
        |  +--------------+                  
        |  |              +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                                 
           |  +-------------- Sinosolenaia **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Gonidea **        
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Microcondylaea ** 
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Parvasolenaia **  
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Koreosolenaia **  
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Postolata **      
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Ptychorhynchus **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 5 0 0 0 57 
  +----------- Rectidentini **   
--+                           
  |  +-------- Pseudodontini **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 4041], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 21 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Rectidentini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 37 30 5 89 78 3 67 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Zieritz et al., 2020 [Publ 4102], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 27 5 0 0 0 55 
  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Gonideini **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                  
           +-- Rectidentini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 66 63 5 45 35 2 87 
  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                              
--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Gonideini **      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ambleminae     
           +--+                  
              +-- Unioninae

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 66 64 5 45 35 2 86 
  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
  |                              
--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Gonideini **      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ambleminae     
           +--+                  
              +-- Unioninae

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 2 0 0 0 54 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Rectidentini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 35 33 5 62 45 3 60 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 35 33 5 62 45 3 60 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 6 4 2 1 22 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Gonideini **      
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Schepmaniini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 37 32 5 52 41 3 67 
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Sinosolenaia **   
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea **        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia **

Konopleva et al., 2021 [Publ 4213], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 22 3 0 0 0 54 
  +-- Lamprotula **   
  |                
  +-- Leguminaia **   
  |                
--+-- Potomida **     
  |                
  +-- Gonidea **      
  |                
  +-- Pseudodontini **

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 5 2 0 0 51 
  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                           
  |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 49 42 4 26 24 1 73 
     +----- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--+                   
  |     +-- Rectidentini **    
  |                         
--+     +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Margaritiferinae
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Sinosolenaia **    
  |     |                   
  +-----+-- Leguminaia **      
        |                   
        +-- Gonidea **         
        |                   
        +-- Lamprotula **      
        |                   
        +-- Potomida **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 5 31 29 3 48 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4212], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 5 71 65 3 47 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 5 71 65 3 47 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 5 76 65 3 46 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 5 68 59 2 46 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 5 76 65 3 46 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 5 34 32 2 45 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 4 5 5 2 49 
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +-------------------- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------------- Pseudodontini **  
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Sinosolenaia **   
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Inversidens **    
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea **        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 5 68 59 2 44 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 5 2 1 1 44 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 5 2 1 1 44 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 5 40 33 3 36 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
  |           +-- Unioninae      
--+-----------+                  
  |           +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                              
  |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 5 31 28 2 43 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 5 40 33 3 38 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
--+              +-- Unioninae      
  |  +-----------+                  
  |  |           +-- Parreysiinae   
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Gonideini **      
              +--+                  
                 +-- Pseudodontini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4476], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Kongim et al., 2023 [Publ 4290], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 4 0 0 0 51 
  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
--+                        
  |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Pseudodontini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 4 60 51 2 48 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 4 60 49 2 48 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 4 60 49 2 48 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 4 26 16 3 45.5 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Unioninae    
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Ambleminae   
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Gonideini **    
              +--+                
                 +-- Lamprotulini **

Jeratthitikul & Sutcharit, 2023 [Publ 4289], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 4 31 28 2 47 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 4 56 45 2 47 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 43 42 3 50 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 4 31 28 2 47 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 43 42 3 33 31 1 82 
     +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **      
--+                     
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unioninae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 13 3 35 33 1 54 
  +-------------------- Unioninae                 
  |                                               
--+  +----------------- Chamberlainiini **           
  |  |                                            
  |  |           +----- Parvasolenaia_rivularis **   
  +--+  +--------+                                
     |  |        |  +-- Parvasolenaia_triangularis **
     |  |        +--+                             
     |  |           +-- Ptychorhynchus **            
     +--+                                         
        |           +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata **     
        |  +--------+                             
        |  |        +-- Lamprotulini **              
        +--+                                      
           |  +-------- Sinosolenaia_recognita **    
           |  |                                   
           +--+  +----- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__2 **  
              |  |                                
              +--+  +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__1 **  
                 |  |                             
                 +--+-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **     
                    |                             
                    +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora__3 **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 4 27 25 3 46 
              +-- Parreysiinae   
  +-----------+                  
  |           +-- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Gonideini **      
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Lamprotulini **

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 4 42 39 2 46 
  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 5 11 10 2 36 
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
--+                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 0 0 0 51 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Gonideini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 27

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 7 1 0 0 0 45 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 42 40 2 45 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 34 32 4 23 22 2 69 
                       +----- Prolasmidonta           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini **           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia **           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Oxynaiina               
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotulina         
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii **        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini **               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Gibbosulinae            
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 10 5 20 18 3 48.5 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Ambleminae     
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Gonideini **      
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Rectidentini **   
              +--+                  
                 +-- Lamprotulini **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 26 24 3 45 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
  |                              
--+           +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 46 36 2 48 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 4 32 32 2 47 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 21 11 1 44.5 
  +----- Parreysiinae 
--+                   
  |  +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Pseudodontini **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 42 36 3 44 42 2 75 
  +-------- Quadrulini     
  |                        
  +-------- Pleurobemini   
  |                        
  |     +-- Amblemini      
--+-----+                  
  |     +-- Lampsilini     
  |                        
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae

Muanta et al., 2019 [Publ 3921], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 8 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 29 26 2 47 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 25

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 45 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 18

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 1 0 0 0 44 
1

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 25 21 1 49 
  +----------- Unioninae      
  |                           
  |        +-- Obovalis **       
--+  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Inversidens **    
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Sinosolenaia **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 23 23 2 46 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 4 11 10 2 42 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 3 60 37 3 46 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Inversidens **    
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Obovalis **       
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Ptychorhynchus **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 23 23 2 46 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 38 32 2 46 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 34 24 2 46 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 41 33 2 46 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 0 0 0 48 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Gonideini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 9 8 3 60 37 3 47 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Ambleminae     
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3911], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 9 14 2 1 1 1 46 
  +----- Rectidentini ** 
--+                   
  |  +-- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                
     +-- Parreysiinae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 3 60 37 3 46 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Inversidens **    
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Obovalis **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 3 22 21 2 47 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 4 11 10 2 42 
  +-------------- Ambleminae     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Gonideini **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Pseudodontini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 26 22 1 51 
  +-------- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Gonideini **      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                  
        +-- Chamberlainiini **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 8A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 44 
1

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 9 9 2 46 
  +-------------- Anodontini     
  |                              
--+           +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Unionini       
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 16 13 2 45 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3727], fig. 3_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 2 0 0 0 45 
  +----- Potomida **      
  |                    
--+  +-- Pronodularia **  
  |  |                 
  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
  +--+                 
     +-- Leguminaia **    
     |                 
     +-- Microcondylaea **

Goncalves et al., 2022 [Publ 4253], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 6 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 24 22 2 45 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 42.5 
1

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 33 30 2 45 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 45 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 25 22 2 45 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 12 10 3 5 5 2 49 
        +-- Gonideini **      
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Ambleminae     
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 15 15 2 45 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 19 19 1 45 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 15 13 4 30 18 3 51 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae 
  |                            
--+           +-- Pseudodontini **
  |  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unioninae    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideini **    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Ambleminae

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 15 15 3 25 25 2 55 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 2 2 0 0 45 
  +----- Chamberlainia **
--+                   
  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **
  +--+                
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 14 13 2 45 
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                  
        +-- Gonideini **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 15 12 4 30 18 3 51 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Pseudodontini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unioninae    
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Gonideini **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Ambleminae

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 0 2 30 26 2 43 
  +----- Unioninae     
  |                    
  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
--+  |                 
  |  +-- Potomida **      
  |  |                 
  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
  +--+                 
     +-- Gonidea **       
     |                 
     +-- Leguminaia **    
     |                 
     +-- Microcondylaea **

Zieritz et al., 2016 [Publ 3804], fig. S2-1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 1 0 0 0 42 
1

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 25 25 2 47 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 16 16 2 45 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 20 14 2 44 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 8 8 2 43 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 43 
1

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 20 14 2 44 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Gonideini **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 8 8 2 43 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 15 13 2 43 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 9 6 2 44 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2019 [Publ 3974], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 13 13 1 43 
  +-- Rectidentini **
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 9 8 3 41 
  +----------- Parreysiinae
--+                        
  |  +-------- Ambleminae  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Unioninae   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Gonideini **   
        +--+               
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 6 4 2 16 13 1 46 
  +----------------- Anodontini             
  |                                         
  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini **        
  |  +--+                                   
--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii **       
  |  |  +--+                                
  |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata **     
  |  |     +--+                             
  |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae           
  +--+        +--+                          
     |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae **
     |                                      
     |        +----- Aculamprotulina        
     |     +--+                             
     |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia           
     |     |  +--+                          
     +-----+     +-- Nodularia              
           |                                
           |  +----- Schistodesmus          
           +--+                             
              |  +-- Lanceolariini          
              +--+                          
                 +-- Acuticostini

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 30 7 3 43 
        +-- Ambleminae  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 18 7 3 30 28 2 58 
  +----- Unioninae      
  |                     
  |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
--+  |                  
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |                  
  +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
     |                  
     +-- Sinosolenaia **   
     |                  
     +-- Ambleminae

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 25 19 3 43 21 3 59 
  +-------- Pseudodontini **
  |                      
--+  +----- Parreysiinae 
  |  |                   
  |  +----- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                   
     +----- Unioninae    
     |                   
     |  +-- Gonideini **    
     +--+                
        +-- Ambleminae

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 37 17 2 43 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 100 101 3 98 96 2 143 
  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  |                        
--+-------- Unioninae      
  |                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 13 11 2 43 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 23 17 3 42 20 3 59 
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 12 11 2 43 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Ambleminae     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 0 1 54 54 1 42 
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 18 16 3 30 28 2 59 
  +-------------- Unioninae      
--+                              
  |  +----------- Sinosolenaia **   
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
           +--+                  
              +-- Ambleminae

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 17 13 1 45 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Obovalis **       
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Inversidens **    
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 8 8 1 45 
  +----------- Unioninae      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Obovalis **       
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Inversidens **    
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 12 10 3 14 8 2 48 
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 23 20 3 42 20 3 59 
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Unioninae    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 30 7 3 43 
        +-- Ambleminae  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 1 2 0 0 44 
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 18 13 2 43 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 5 5 1 45 
  +-- Gonideini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 0 1 57 57 1 42 
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 0 1 54 54 1 42 
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 2 0 0 44 
  +-- Gonideini **   
--+               
  +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 37 17 2 43 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 100 90 3 98 96 2 143 
        +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Gonideini **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 18 16 3 43 21 3 52 
  +----------- Unioninae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Ambleminae   
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gonideini **    
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudodontini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 18 13 2 43 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 0 1 57 57 1 42 
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 9 9 1 44 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 0 1 54 54 1 42 
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae

Shirai et al., 2010 [Publ 3353], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 43 
  +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 12 10 2 12 9 2 50.5 
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea **      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unioninae    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 20 18 1 43 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 7 6 2 42 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 10 8 3 12 9 2 49 
  +-------------- Unioninae       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini **    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini **       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferinae

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 5 5 2 43 
  +-------------- Cristariina    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Alasmidontina  
  |  |                           
  +--+  +-------- Lampsilis      
     |  |                        
     +--+     +-- Venustaconcha  
        |  +--+                  
        |  |  +-- Quadrulini     
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Chamberlainiini **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 5 5 2 42 
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 1 2 15 14 2 44 
  +----------- Cristariina    
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  |  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodonta       
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Unionini       
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Alasmidontina  
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Pseudanodonta  
     |                        
     |  +----- Ambleminae     
     |  |                     
     +--+  +-- Velesunioninae 
        |  |                  
        +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 15 15 2 44 
  +-------------- Sinanodonta    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Cristaria      
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Lamprotulini **   
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Acuticostini   
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 6 6 2 42 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 17 13 3 41 
  +----------- Ambleminae     
  |                           
--+        +-- Parreysiinae   
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Unioninae      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Rectidentini **   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 6A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 40 
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 12 10 2 12 9 2 50.5 
  +----------- Pseudodontini **
--+                         
  |  +-------- Gonidea **      
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unioninae    
        +--+                
           +-- Ambleminae

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 7 6 1 43 
  +----------- Anodontini   
  |                         
--+        +-- Lanceolariini
  |  +-----+                
  |  |     +-- Unionini     
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Inversidens **  
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Obovalis **     
        +--+                
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 5 4 2 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Lampsilini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Unioninae   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 10 10 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 6 4 2 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
  |                  
--+----- Ambleminae  
  |                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 17 15 2 -- 
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 22 22 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 5 0 2 4 3 1 43 
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 14 11 2 -- 
  +----------- Unioninae   
  |                        
--+        +-- Lampsilini  
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 43 41 3 -- 
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 39 37 3 -- 
     +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 9 0 1 14 8 3 46 
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula **             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida **               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotulina        
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 12 12 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae      
--+                     
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 15 12 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideini **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 13 7 3 -- 
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 10 7 2 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideini **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 39 37 3 -- 
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 39 37 3 -- 
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 9 0 2 7 7 1 45 
  +----- Gonideini **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 5 4 2 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
  |                     
--+     +-- Lamprotulini **
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+               
        +-- Unioninae

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 21 21 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 13 13 2 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae      
--+                        
  |  +----- Ambleminae     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 2 2 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae     
  |                     
--+----- Unioninae      
  |                     
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 4 4 2 -- 
  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  |                     
--+  +-- Cristariina    
  |  |                  
  |  +-- Lampsilini     
  +--+                  
     +-- Alasmidontina  
     |                  
     +-- Quadrulini

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 5 5 2 -- 
  +-------- Ambleminae     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     +--+                  
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 12 8 2 -- 
     +-- Gonideini **    
  +--+                
  |  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                   
  |  +-- Unioninae    
  +--+                
     +-- Ambleminae

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 43 41 3 -- 
  +----------------------- Lamprotulini ** 
  |                                     
--+  +-------------------- Ambleminae   
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae 
  +--+  |                               
     |  |              +-- Anemina      
     |  +--------------+                
     |  |              +-- Amuranodonta 
     +--+                               
        |           +----- Pletholophus 
        |  +--------+                   
        |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta  
        |  |        +--+                
        |  |           +-- Beringiana   
        +--+                            
           |  +----------- Cristaria    
           |  |                         
           |  |        +-- Alasmidontina
           +--+--------+                
              |        +-- Anodontina   
              |                         
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini
              +--+                      
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini
                 +--+                   
                    |  +-- Acuticostini 
                    +--+                
                       +-- Unionini

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 8 8 2 -- 
  +-------- Ambleminae  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lamprotulini **
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideini **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 4 4 2 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae   
--+                     
  |  +----- Ambleminae  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Lamprotulini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 27 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Lamprotulini **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae  
     +--+               
        +-- Parreysiinae

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 12 10 2 -- 
           +-- Anodontina 
  +--------+              
  |        +-- Utterbackia
  |                       
--+        +-- Gonideini **  
  |  +-----+              
  |  |     +-- Ambleminae 
  +--+                    
     |  +----- Unionini   
     +--+                 
        |  +-- Pyganodon  
        +--+              
           +-- Cristariina

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 8 7 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 15 0 2 23 23 3 54 
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae  
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae     
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini **  
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini    
        |  |                                      
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini **     
           |  |                                   
           |  |              +----- Eurynia       
           +--+  +-----------+                    
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio    
              |  |           +--+                 
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus
              +--+                                
                 |              +-- Amblemini     
                 |  +-----------+                 
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema    
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Truncilla     
                    |  |                          
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis     
                       |  +-----+                 
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma    
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Ligumia       
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Obliquaria    
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Ortmanniana

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 39 37 3 -- 
     +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Parreysiinae
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 10 7 2 -- 
  +----------- Unioninae   
--+                        
  |  +-------- Lampsilini  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Quadrulini  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lamprotulini **
        +--+               
           +-- Gonideini **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 34 8 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae   
--+                   
  |  +-- Gonideini **    
  +--+                
     +-- Pseudodontini **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 9 0 1 13 7 3 47 
  +-- Aculamprotulina
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula **     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida **       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 22 22 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 6 4 2 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
  |                  
--+----- Ambleminae  
  |                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Peng et al., 2012 [Publ 3689], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae      
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae      
--+                  
  +-- Chamberlainiini **

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 14 0 2 35 30 2 54 
  +-------------- Quadrulina     
  |                              
  |        +----- Lamprotulini **   
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Unioninae      
     |                           
     |  +-------- Megalonaias    
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Pleurobemini   
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Amblemini      
           +--+                  
              +-- Lampsilini

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 2 2 2 -- 
  +----- Unioninae      
  |                     
--+----- Ambleminae     
  |                     
  |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                  
     +-- Lamprotulini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 30 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideini ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 2 1 -- 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 17 3 -- 
  +----------------------------- Gonideini **   
  |                                          
--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia   
     |  |                                    
     |  +----------------------- Amblemini   
     +--+                                    
        |  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema  
           |  |                              
           +--+  +-------------- Eurynia     
              |  |                           
              |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias  
              +--+-----------+               
                 |           +-- Unioninae   
                 |                           
                 |  +----------- Ortmanniana 
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-------- Glebula     
                    +--+                     
                       |  +----- Potamilus   
                       +--+                  
                          |  +-- Ligumia     
                          +--+               
                             +-- Toxolasma

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 2 2 -- 
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 21 17 2 -- 
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideini **          
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 103 102 2 -- 
  +----- Unioninae 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 13 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 8 2 -- 
  +----- Unioninae   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Ambleminae

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 17 3 -- 
-- Gonidea_angulata **

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 10 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Välilä et al., 2017 [Publ 3793], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 0 0 -- 
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 17 3 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideini ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 20 20 1 -- 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 15 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 17 3 -- 
  +----- Gonideini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae 
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 30 2 -- 
  +----- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 62 62 1 -- 
  +-- Pseudodontini **
--+                
  +-- Parreysiinae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 18 15 2 -- 
  +-------- Gonideini **          
  |                            
  |     +-- Elliptio           
  |     |                      
  |     +-- Fusconaia          
  |     |                      
--+  +--+-- Amblemini          
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Pleurobema         
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Unionini           
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  +--+  |                      
     |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Utterbackia        
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
     +--+                      
        +-- Megalonaias        
        |                      
        +-- Obliquaria         
        |                      
        +-- Theliderma         
        |                      
        +-- Quadrula           
        |                      
        +-- Uniomerus

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 20 20 1 -- 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 12 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 3 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideini **
--+            
  +-- Unioninae

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Ambleminae

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 17 3 -- 
  +-------- Parreysiinae
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 2 2 -- 
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 2 1 -- 
  +-- Lamprotulini **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 8 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 14 1 -- 
        +-- Lanceolariini
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionini     
--+                      
  |  +----- Acuticostini 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideini **

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 0 0 -- 
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 17 3 -- 
-- Gonidea_angulata **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 2 -- 
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 2 1 -- 
-- Lamprotula_leaii **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 16 2 -- 
  +-- Gonideini ** 
  |             
--+-- Unioninae 
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
           +-- Chamberlainiini **
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Lepidodesmini  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Aculamprotulina
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Acuticostini   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 30 2 -- 
  +----- Parreysiinae
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideini **   
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 0 0 -- 
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 11 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 26 26 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideini ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 18 2 -- 
  +-------- Amblemini   
  |                     
  +-------- Pleurobemini
--+                     
  +-------- Lampsilini  
  |                     
  |  +----- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideini **   
     +--+               
        +-- Unioninae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 9 2 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae  
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 21 17 2 -- 
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideini **          
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 7 2 -- 
  +----- Gonideini ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 25 1 1 -- 
  +-- Ambleminae  
--+               
  +-- Lamprotulini **

Xia et al., 2016 [Publ 3712], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +----- Sinanodonta    
--+                     
  |  +-- Cristaria      
  +--+                  
     +-- Chamberlainiini **

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 1_2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 0 0 -- 
-- Potomida_littoralis **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 9 2 -- 
  +----- Lamprotulini **
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae