Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea

family MARGARITIFERIDAE Henderson, 1929: cladomics

10 genera, 3 subfamilies

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 16 (43 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: subfamily) = 16
analyzed in 264 cladograms in 150 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 16 (mean = 3.13, median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 1.27, median = 1)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 179
maximum number of included terminals = 16, (mean = 4.13 median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 1.4, median = 1)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.96

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 70
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subfamily) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 15 (mean = 5.96, median = 5.5)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 2 (mean = 2, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.97

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Margaritiferidae cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Margaritiferidae cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 21 19 2 18 18 1 0 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferinae **       
  |                                            
  |  +----------------- Anodontini             
--+  |                                         
  |  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini        
  |  |  +--+                                   
  +--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii       
     |  |  +--+                                
     |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata     
     |  |     +--+                             
     |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae **           
     +--+        +--+                          
        |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae
        |                                      
        |        +----- Aculamprotulina        
        |     +--+                             
        |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia           
        |     |  +--+                          
        +-----+     +-- Nodularia              
              |                                
              |  +----- Schistodesmus          
              +--+                             
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini          
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Acuticostini

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 9 2 188 162 1 28 
  +-------- Unionidae               
--+                                 
  |  +----- Gibbosula_rochechouartii **
  +--+                              
     |  +-- Gibbosula_laosensis **     
     +--+                           
        +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lyubas et al., 2019 [Publ 3963], fig. 10

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 12 2 0 0 0 31 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 2 11 2 1 30 
  +-------------- Unionidae                
  |                                        
--+  +----------- Pseudunio_marocanus **      
  |  |                                     
  |  |        +-- Pseudunio_auricularius__1 **
  +--+        |                            
     |  +-----+-- Pseudunio_auricularius__2 **
     |  |     |                            
     +--+     +-- Pseudunio_homsensis **      
        |                                  
        |  +----- Gibbosulinae **             
        +--+                               
           |  +-- Cumberlandia **             
           +--+                            
              +-- Margaritifera **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 14 3 1 29 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 14 3 1 29 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 186 160 1 28 
  +-------- Unionidae               
--+                                 
  |  +----- Gibbosula_rochechouartii **
  +--+                              
     |  +-- Gibbosula_laosensis **     
     +--+                           
        +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 9 2 188 162 1 28 
  +-------- Unionidae               
--+                                 
  |  +----- Gibbosula_rochechouartii **
  +--+                              
     |  +-- Gibbosula_laosensis **     
     +--+                           
        +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 17 6 1 27 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 56 45 1 29 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Pseudunio **    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Margaritifera **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 22 11 1 29 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudunio **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 22 11 1 27 
  +-------- Unionidae               
--+                                 
  |  +----- Gibbosula_rochechouartii **
  +--+                              
     |  +-- Gibbosula_laosensis **     
     +--+                           
        +-- Margaritiferinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 56 45 1 29 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudunio **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 56 45 1 29 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Pseudunio **    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Margaritifera **

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 2 0 0 0 29 
  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Pseudunio **    
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Margaritifera **

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 2 2 2 1 27 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 1_2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 2 2 1 1 27 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 2 129 114 1 28 
  +-------- Unionidae    
  |                      
--+  +----- Cumberlandia ** 
  |  |                   
  +--+  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
     |  |                
     +--+-- Pseudunio **    
        |                
        +-- Margaritifera **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 129 114 1 28 
  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Margaritifera **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Pseudunio **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 66 66 1 28 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Gibbosulinae ** 
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Pseudunio **    
        +--+                
           +-- Margaritifera **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 66 66 1 28 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Cumberlandia ** 
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Pseudunio **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 20 4 1 28 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Pseudunio **    
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Cumberlandia **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 20 4 1 28 
  +----------- Unionidae    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Pseudunio **    
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Margaritifera **
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Gibbosulinae ** 
        +--+                
           +-- Cumberlandia **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3579], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 1 1 1 25 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 1 1 1 25 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 1 1 25 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 1 1 1 25 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 1 1 25 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 5 3 1 24 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 34 21 1 23 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 3 3 1 22 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 5 3 1 25 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 84 74 1 23 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 1 1 1 24 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 62 58 1 22 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 84 74 1 23 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 67 63 1 22 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 89 85 1 22 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 67 63 1 22 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 34 21 1 23 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 89 85 1 22 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 4 1 4 3 1 24 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 68 65 1 21 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 50 46 1 21 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 30 10 1 23 
  +-------- Unioninae       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 2 1 2 1 1 23 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 82 79 1 21 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 80 77 1 21 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 36 32 1 21 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 0 2 113 113 1 23 
  +----- Unionidae                  
  |                                 
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **               
--+  |                              
  |  +-- Margaritifera_dahurica **     
  |  |                              
  +--+-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **
     |                              
     +-- Margaritifera_laevis **       
     |                              
     +-- Margaritifera_middendorffi **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 34 33 1 21 
1

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 33 32 1 21 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 0 1 32 32 1 23 
  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  |                      
--+----- Ambleminae      
  |                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 45 41 1 20 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 42 40 1 20 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 19 17 1 20 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 20 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 19 17 1 20 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 31 30 1 21 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 29 29 1 23 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 11 10 1 20 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 41 41 1 23 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 24 24 1 20 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 13 13 1 22 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 22 4 1 19 18 1 37 
  +----- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                   
  +----- None__2      
--+                   
  +----- Margaritifera **
  |                   
  |  +-- None__1      
  +--+                
     +-- Unionidae

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 45 45 1 23 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 51 51 1 21 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 11 11 1 20 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 35 35 1 23 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 19 5 1 16 16 1 36 
  +-- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                
--+-- Margaritifera **
  |                
  +-- Unionidae

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 41 41 1 23 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 25 24 1 20 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 37 37 1 21 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 3 3 1 20 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Mock et al., 2013 [Publ 3598], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 22 
1

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 22 3 1 19 18 1 36 
  +-- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                
  +-- None__1      
  |                
--+-- None__2      
  |                
  +-- Margaritifera **
  |                
  +-- Unionidae

Bespalaya et al., 2018 [Publ 3811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 8 8 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 29 29 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 90 86 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 45 45 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2026 [Publ 4757], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 32 32 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 28 25 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 7 0 2 47 47 1 25 
     +----- Parreysiinae    
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Pseudodontini   
  |  +--+                   
  |     +-- Rectidentini    
  |                         
--+     +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Margaritiferinae **
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Sinosolenaia    
  |     |                   
  +-----+-- Leguminaia      
        |                   
        +-- Gonidea         
        |                   
        +-- Lamprotula      
        |                   
        +-- Potomida

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 25 25 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 50 50 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 45 25 1 -- 
1

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 43 43 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 23 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 24 24 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 37 37 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 100 100 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 34 0 1 32 32 1 39 
  +-- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                
--+-- Margaritifera **
  |                
  +-- Unionidae

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 31 29 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 43 43 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 23 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 120 111 1 -- 
1

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 51 51 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 20 20 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 21 21 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 32 18 1 -- 
  +-------- Anodontini      
  |                         
--+  +----- Gonideinae      
  |  |                      
  +--+----- Unionini        
     |                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 38 30 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 46 46 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 52 52 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 90 86 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 28 25 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 34 24 1 -- 
1

Välilä et al., 2017 [Publ 3793], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
  +----------- Parreysiinae    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideinae      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 31 31 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 15 14 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 15 0 1 14 13 1 33 
  +-------- Margaritifera_margaritifera__2 **
--+                                       
  |  +----- Unionidae                     
  +--+                                    
     |  +-- Margaritifera_margaritifera__1 **
     +--+                                 
        +-- Margaritifera_falcata **

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 74 74 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 26 26 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 43 43 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 29 29 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 45 25 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 34 0 1 32 32 1 40 
  +-- Cumberlandia ** 
  |                
--+-- Margaritifera **
  |                
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 44 24 1 -- 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 27 27 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 14 14 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 19 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 29 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 51 51 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 39 39 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 18 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4663], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 47 47 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 20 20 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 51 51 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 44 24 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 43 43 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Wang et al., 2025 [Publ 4488], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 63 63 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
  +----------- Parreysiinae    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae       
        +--+                   
           +-- Ambleminae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 55 50 1 -- 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 78 69 1 -- 
1

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 34 24 1 -- 
1

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 43 43 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 21 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 10

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 12 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 18 1 -- 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 45 45 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 51 51 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 39 39 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 7 7 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 39 39 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 21 20 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3732], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 6 6 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 12 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 100 100 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 39 39 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Gibbosulinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 55 50 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 30 30 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 29 29 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 44 44 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Vikhrev et al., 2017 [Publ 3810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 8 8 1 -- 
  +----- Unionidae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Gibbosulinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 2 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 11 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Hewitt et al., 2019 [Publ 3962], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 4 1 -- 
-- Cumberlandia_monodonta **

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 29 29 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **
--+               
  +-- Unionidae

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 22 22 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 12 1 -- 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **
--+               
  +-- Unionidae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 6 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  |                      
--+----- Quadrulini      
  |                      
  +----- Lampsilini      
  |                      
  |  +-- Amblemini       
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 29 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 2 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 -- 
-- Cumberlandia_monodonta **

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 27 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
-- Cumberlandia_monodonta **

Campbell, 2000 [Publ 2724], fig. 1-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Douda et al., 2024 [Publ 4364], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 15 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae      
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae       
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferinae **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 18 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionidae       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferinae **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 16 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 3 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 12 1 -- 
  +-------------- Unioninae       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferinae **

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 7 1 -- 
  +----- Anodontina      
  |                      
--+  +-- Cristariina     
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Margaritiferinae **
     |                   
     +-- Unionini

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 56 56 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 3 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 13 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 18 18 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 103 103 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 15 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 12 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 55 55 1 -- 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **
--+               
  +-- Unionidae

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 3 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
--+-- Unioninae       
  |                   
  +-- Parreysiinae

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +----- Unioninae       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  |                      
--+----- Lampsilini      
  |                      
  +----- Amblemini       
  |                      
  |  +-- Quadrulini      
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 3 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 55 55 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Margaritifera_margaritifera **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 13 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferinae **
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 2 1 -- 
  +----- Ambleminae      
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-------- Cristaria       
--+                         
  |  +----- Sinanodonta     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferinae **
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 10 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 5 1 -- 
  +-- Gibbosulinae **
--+               
  +-- Unionidae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 9 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 19 1 -- 
  +-------- Unioninae       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferinae **
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 16 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 4 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferinae **
--+                   
  +-- Unionidae

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 33 1 -- 
                       +----- Prolasmidonta           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Oxynaiina               
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotulina         
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Gibbosulinae **            
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii