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Page last updated
Thu 3 September 2025

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

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Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae

subfamily PARREYSIINAE Henderson, 1935: cladomics
     5 tribes

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 108 (114 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: tribe) = 5
analyzed in 91 cladograms in 56 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 62 (mean = 12.29, median = 3)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 2.53, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 58
maximum number of included terminals = 62, (mean = 18.71 median = 10.5)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 3.4, median = 4)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.97

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 42
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (tribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 62 (mean = 19.52, median = 10)
maximum number of subtaxa (tribe) = 5 (mean = 3.81, median = 4)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.98


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ Tree


Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29292751108530
           +----------- Lamellidentini ** 
  +--------+                           
  |        |  +-------- Parreysiini **    
  |        +--+                        
  |           |  +----- Leoparreysiini ** 
  |           +--+                     
  |              |  +-- Coelaturini **    
--+              +--+                  
  |                 +-- Indochinellini ** 
  |                                    
  |                 +-- Rectidentini   
  |  +--------------+                  
  |  |              +-- Contradentini  
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Pseudodontini  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434305165126318
           +----------- Lamellidentini ** 
  +--------+                           
  |        |  +-------- Parreysiini **    
  |        +--+                        
  |           |  +----- Leoparreysiini ** 
  |           +--+                     
--+              |  +-- Coelaturini **    
  |              +--+                  
  |                 +-- Indochinellini ** 
  |                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Rectidentini   
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Contradentini  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Gonideini      
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Pseudodontini  

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
626260511151
  +-------------- Gonideinae    
  |                             
--+  +----------- Parreysia **     
  |  |                          
  +--+        +-- Leoparreysiini **
     |  +-----+                 
     |  |     +-- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Assamnaia **     
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Coelaturini **   
           +--+                 
              +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
626260500053
  +-------- Lamellidentini **
  |                       
--+     +-- Leoparreysiini **
  |  +--+                 
  |  |  +-- Parreysiini **   
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Coelaturini **   
     +--+                 
        +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
575747544146
  +-------------- Gonideinae    
--+                             
  |  +----------- Parreysiini **   
  +--+                          
     |  +-------- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Coelaturini **   
           +--+                 
              +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
575753544149
  +-------------- Gonideinae    
--+                             
  |  +----------- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                          
     |  +-------- Parreysiini **   
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Coelaturini **   
           +--+                 
              +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
545450544143
  +-------------- Gonideinae    
--+                             
  |  +----------- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                          
     |  +-------- Parreysiini **   
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Coelaturini **   
           +--+                 
              +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
545452544139
  +----------- Gonideinae    
  |                          
--+  +-------- Lamellidentini **
  |  |                       
  +--+     +-- Parreysiini **   
     |  +--+                 
     |  |  +-- Leoparreysiini **
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
545452544143
  +-------------- Gonideinae    
--+                             
  |  +----------- Parreysiini **   
  +--+                          
     |  +-------- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Coelaturini **   
           +--+                 
              +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41413957772136
  +----------- Gonideinae    
  |                          
--+  +-------- Lamellidentini **
  |  |                       
  +--+     +-- Parreysiini **   
     |  +--+                 
     |  |  +-- Leoparreysiini **
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
40403757272137
  +----------- Gonideinae    
  |                          
--+  +-------- Lamellidentini **
  |  |                       
  +--+     +-- Parreysiini **   
     |  +--+                 
     |  |  +-- Leoparreysiini **
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38382858787339
              +-------------- Pseudodontini           
              |                                       
              |           +-- Rectidentini            
  +-----------+  +--------+                           
  |           |  |        +-- Contradentini           
  |           |  |                                    
  |           +--+  +-------- Unioninae               
  |              |  |                                 
  |              |  |  +----- Ambleminae              
  |              |  |  |                              
  |              +--+  |  +-- Chamberlainia           
  |                 |  |  |                           
  |                 |  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis           
  |                 |  |  |                           
  |                 |  |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata      
  |                 +--+  |                           
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii        
  |                    |  |                           
  |                    |  +-- Potomida                
  |                    |  |                           
  |                    |  +-- Pronodularia            
  |                    |  |                           
  |                    +--+-- Gonidea                 
  |                       |                           
  |                       +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi    
--+                       |                           
  |                       +-- Leguminaia              
  |                       |                           
  |                       +-- Microcondylaea          
  |                       |                           
  |                       +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata   
  |                       |                           
  |                       +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora   
  |                       |                           
  |                       +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita  
  |                                                   
  |           +-------------- Trapezidens **             
  |           |                                       
  |  +--------+  +----------- Lamellidens_lamellatus **  
  |  |        |  |                                    
  |  |        +--+  +-------- Lamellidens_jenkinsianus **
  |  |           |  |                                 
  |  |           |  |  +----- Lamellidens_generosus **   
  |  |           +--+  |                              
  |  |              |  +----- Lamellidens_mainwaringi ** 
  |  |              |  |                              
  |  |              +--+  +-- Lamellidens_ferrugineus ** 
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                 |  +-- Lamellidens_marginalis **  
     |                 |                              
     |                 |  +-- Lamellidens_savadiensis ** 
     |                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Lamellidens_corrianus__1 **
     |                                                
     |  +-------------------- Parreysiini **             
     |  |                                             
     +--+  +----------------- Leoparreysiini **          
        |  |                                          
        +--+  +-------------- Coelaturini **             
           |  |                                       
           |  |        +----- Indochinella **            
           +--+  +-----+                              
              |  |     |  +-- Scabies **                 
              |  |     +--+                           
              +--+        +-- Radiatula **               
                 |                                    
                 |  +-------- Indonaia_shurtleffiana **  
                 |  |                                 
                 +--+  +----- Indonaia_rugosa **         
                    |  |                              
                    |  |  +-- Indonaia_andersoniana **   
                    +--+--+                           
                       |  +-- Indonaia_caerulea **       
                       |                              
                       |  +-- Indonaia_bonneaudii **     
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus__2 **

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al., 2020 [Publ 4101], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
363620300046
  +----- Leoparreysiini **
--+                    
  |  +-- Indochinellini **
  +--+                 
     +-- Coelaturini **   

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al., 2020 [Publ 4101], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
363622300044
  +----- Leoparreysiini **
--+                    
  |  +-- Indochinellini **
  +--+                 
     +-- Coelaturini **   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434255165126317
        +-------- Parreysiini **       
        |                           
  +-----+-------- Lamellidentini **    
  |     |                           
  |     |  +----- Leoparreysiini **    
  |     +--+                        
  |        |  +-- Coelaturini **       
  |        +--+                     
  |           +-- Indochinellini **    
  |                                 
  |  +----------- Chamberlainia     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Megalonaias       
--+  |                              
  |  +----------- Uniomerus         
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Quadrulina        
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis     
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Lamprotulini      
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Gonideini         
  |  |                              
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini     
  +--+                              
     +----------- Unioninae         
     |                              
     |        +-- Rectidentini      
     +--------+                     
     |        +-- Contradentini     
     |                              
     |  +-------- Amblema           
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Toxolasma         
     |  |                           
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini      
     |  |                           
     |  |     +-- Obliquaria        
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     +-- Plectomerus       
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Ellipsaria        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Medionidus        
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Potamilus_alatus  
        |  |                        
        |  +----- Ptychobranchus    
        +--+                        
           +----- Truncilla         
           |                        
           +----- Venustaconcha     
           |                        
           +----- Cambarunio        
           |                        
           +----- Leaunio           
           |                        
           |  +-- Ortmanniana       
           +--+                     
              +-- Lampsilis         

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3434305163124321
           +----------- Lamellidentini ** 
  +--------+                           
  |        |  +-------- Parreysiini **    
  |        +--+                        
  |           |  +----- Leoparreysiini ** 
  |           +--+                     
--+              |  +-- Coelaturini **    
  |              +--+                  
  |                 +-- Indochinellini ** 
  |                                    
  |  +----------------- Pseudodontini  
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Rectidentini   
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Contradentini  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Ambleminae     
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Lamprotulini   
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini      

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29292651108536
                    +-- Parreysiini **    
              +-----+                  
              |     +-- Lamellidentini ** 
  +-----------+                        
  |           |  +----- Leoparreysiini ** 
  |           +--+                     
  |              |  +-- Coelaturini **    
--+              +--+                  
  |                 +-- Indochinellini ** 
  |                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Contradentini  
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Rectidentini   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Pseudodontini  
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini   

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
272725510028
  +----------- Lamellidentini **
--+                          
  |  +-------- Parreysiini **   
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24242242523131
  +----------- Gonideinae    
--+                          
  |  +-------- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Parreysiini **   
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Leoparreysiini **
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24242255959316
     +----------- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                          
  |  |  +-------- Parreysiini **   
  |  +--+                       
  |     |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
  |     +--+                    
  |        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
--+        +--+                 
  |           +-- Indochinellini **
  |                             
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini 
  |  |                          
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini  
  |  |  +-----+                 
  +--+  |     +-- Contradentini 
     |  |                       
     |  |  +----- Unioninae     
     |  |  |                    
     +--+  |  +-- Lamprotula    
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Potomida      
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Pronodularia  
        +--+  |                 
           |  +-- Gonidea       
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Leguminaia    
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Microcondylaea
           |  |                 
           +--+-- Amblemini     
              |                 
              +-- Ortmanniana   
              |                 
              +-- Lampsilis     
              |                 
              +-- Cambarunio    
              |                 
              +-- Elliptio      
              |                 
              +-- Pleurobema    
              |                 
              +-- Quadrulini    

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3922], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
232321500033
  +----------- Lamellidentini **
--+                          
  |  +-------- Leoparreysiini **
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Parreysiini **   
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
151513300032
  +----- Indochinellini **
--+                    
  |  +-- Parreysiini **   
  +--+                 
     +-- Leoparreysiini **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4262], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14141016868138
  +-- Indochinellini **
--+                 
  +-- Gonideinae    

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131147861323
              +-------- Lamellidentini ** 
  +-----------+                        
  |           |  +----- Leoparreysiini ** 
  |           +--+                     
  |              |  +-- Coelaturini **    
--+              +--+                  
  |                 +-- Indochinellini ** 
  |                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Rectidentini   
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Contradentini  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13131147861325
              +-------- Lamellidentini ** 
  +-----------+                        
  |           |  +----- Leoparreysiini ** 
  |           +--+                     
  |              |  +-- Coelaturini **    
--+              +--+                  
  |                 +-- Indochinellini ** 
  |                                    
  |  +----------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                                 
  +--+              +-- Contradentini  
     |  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Rectidentini   
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Ambleminae     
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Lamprotulini   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Pseudodontini  
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Gonideini      

Bolotov et al., 2019 [Publ 3974], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
131311355129
  +-------- Gonideinae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Coelaturini **   
     +--+                 
        +-- Indochinellini **

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1212914038125
  +-------- Pseudodontini 
--+                       
  |  +----- Indochinellini **
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Rectidentini  
     +--+                 
        +-- Contradentini 

Konopleva et al., 2020 [Publ 4072], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12129200028
  +-- Leoparreysiini **
--+                 
  +-- Lamellidentini **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1111942010119
  +----------- Gonideinae    
--+                          
  |  +-------- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010844740325
  +-------------- Ambleminae    
  |                             
--+-------------- Gonideinae    
  |                             
  |  +----------- Unioninae     
  +--+                          
     |  +-------- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Coelaturini **   
           +--+                 
              +-- Indochinellini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1010844740325
  +----------------- Ambleminae    
--+                                
  |  +-------------- Gonideinae    
  +--+                             
     |  +----------- Unioninae     
     +--+                          
        |  +-------- Lamellidentini **
        +--+                       
           |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
           +--+                    
              |  +-- Coelaturini **   
              +--+                 
                 +-- Indochinellini **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
99742715322
           +-------- Lamellidentini **
  +--------+                       
  |        |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
  |        +--+                    
  |           |  +-- Indochinellini **
--+           +--+                 
  |              +-- Coelaturini **   
  |                                
  |  +-------------- Contradentini 
  +--+                             
     |  +----------- Pseudodontini 
     +--+                          
        |  +-------- Unioninae     
        +--+                       
           |  +----- Gonideini     
           +--+                    
              |  +-- Lamprotulini  
              +--+                 
                 +-- Ambleminae    

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
996100029
1

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
99842715322
        +-------- Lamellidentini **
  +-----+                       
  |     |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
  |     +--+                    
  |        |  +-- Indochinellini **
  |        +--+                 
--+           +-- Coelaturini **   
  |                             
  |           +-- Pseudodontini 
  |  +--------+                 
  |  |        +-- Contradentini 
  +--+                          
     |  +-------- Unioninae     
     +--+                       
        |  +----- Gonideini     
        +--+                    
           |  +-- Lamprotulini  
           +--+                 
              +-- Ambleminae    

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9912221130
  +-- Leoparreysiini **
--+                 
  +-- Coelaturini **   

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
88643222322
        +----- Unioninae     
  +-----+                    
  |     |  +-- Ambleminae    
  |     +--+                 
--+        +-- Gonideinae    
  |                          
  |  +-------- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77544948325
        +----- Unioninae     
  +-----+                    
  |     |  +-- Ambleminae    
  |     +--+                 
--+        +-- Gonideinae    
  |                          
  |  +-------- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Parreysiini **   
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Leoparreysiini **
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55344139327
  +----------------- Ambleminae     
  |                                 
  |           +----- Unioninae      
  |     +-----+                     
  |     |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini
  |     |     +--+                  
--+  +--+        +-- Discomya       
  |  |  |                           
  |  |  |  +-------- Lamellidentini ** 
  |  |  +--+                        
  |  |     |  +----- Leoparreysiini ** 
  |  |     +--+                     
  |  |        |  +-- Indochinellini ** 
  +--+        +--+                  
     |           +-- Coelaturini **    
     |                              
     |        +----- Ctenodesmini   
     |  +-----+                     
     |  |     |  +-- Rectidentini   
     |  |     +--+                  
     |  |        +-- Contradentini  
     +--+                           
        |        +-- Schepmaniini   
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Pseudodontini  
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Caudiculatus   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Potomida       
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini      

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553100025
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
553100031
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44247664326
  +-------- Lamellidentini **
--+                       
  |  +----- Leoparreysiini **
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Coelaturini **   
     +--+                 
        +-- Indochinellini **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33121816129
  +----- Unioninae     
--+                    
  |  +-- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                 
     +-- Indochinellini **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33033735328
        +-- Gonideinae    
  +-----+                 
  |     +-- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Unioninae     
  |  |                    
  +--+  +-- Coelaturini **   
     |  |                 
     +--+-- Indochinellini **
        |                 
        +-- Parreysiini **   

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331377132
  +-------- Unioninae     
--+                       
  |  +----- Indochinellini **
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                 
        +-- Leoparreysiini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3303118107329
                 +-- Coelaturini **    
                 |                  
  +--------------+-- Leoparreysiini ** 
  |              |                  
  |              +-- Indochinellini ** 
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae      
  |  |                              
  |  |           +-- Lens           
  |  |           |                  
  |  |           +-- Ensidens       
  +--+           |                  
     |  +--------+-- Physunio       
     |  |        |                  
     |  |        +-- Rectidens      
     |  |        |                  
     +--+        +-- Yaukthwa       
        |                           
        |  +-------- Ambleminae     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini      

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33121816129
  +----- Unioninae     
--+                    
  |  +-- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                 
     +-- Indochinellini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33034240328
        +-- Gonideinae    
  +-----+                 
  |     +-- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Unioninae     
  |  |                    
  +--+  +-- Coelaturini **   
     |  |                 
     +--+-- Indochinellini **
        |                 
        +-- Parreysiini **   

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33133735327
           +-- Gonideinae    
  +--------+                 
  |        +-- Ambleminae    
--+                          
  |  +-------- Unioninae     
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Parreysiini **   
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Coelaturini **   
        +--+                 
           +-- Indochinellini **

Imsong & Murali, 2023 [Publ 4370], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
331300030
  +----- Lamellidentini **
--+                    
  |  +-- Indochinellini **
  +--+                 
     +-- Parreysiini **   

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33134240327
  +----------------------- Gonideinae    
  |                                      
  |  +-------------------- Ambleminae    
--+  |                                   
  |  |                 +-- Anemina       
  |  |  +--------------+                 
  |  |  |              +-- Amuranodonta  
  +--+  |                                
     |  |           +----- Parreysiini **   
     |  +-----------+                    
     |  |           |  +-- Coelaturini **   
     |  |           +--+                 
     +--+              +-- Indochinellini **
        |                                
        |           +----- Pletholophus  
        |  +--------+                    
        |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta   
        |  |        +--+                 
        |  |           +-- Beringiana    
        +--+                             
           |  +----------- Cristaria     
           |  |                          
           |  |        +-- Alasmidontina 
           +--+--------+                 
              |        +-- Anodontina    
              |                          
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini 
              +--+                       
                 |  +----- Lepidodesmini 
                 +--+                    
                    |  +-- Acuticostini  
                    +--+                 
                       +-- Unionini      

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220129292--
  +----- Parreysiini **
--+                 
  |  +-- Gonideinae 
  +--+              
     +-- Unioninae  

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220229271--
  +----- Unioninae     
--+                    
  |  +-- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                 
     +-- Indochinellini **

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220212113--
        +-- Lamellidentini **
  +-----+                 
  |     +-- Coelaturini **   
--+                       
  |  +----- Ambleminae    
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Unioninae     
     +--+                 
        +-- Gonideinae    

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21102154238.5
              +-------- Unionini      
  +-----------+                       
  |           |  +----- Pleurobemini  
  |           +--+                    
  |              |  +-- Anodontini    
--+              +--+                 
  |                 +-- Lampsilini    
  |                                   
  |  +----------------- Parreysiini **   
  |  |                                
  +--+  +-------------- Coelaturini **   
     |  |                             
     |  |     +-------- Castaliini    
     +--+  +--+                       
        |  |  |  +----- Rhipidodontini
        |  |  +--+                    
        |  |     |  +-- Hyridellini   
        +--+     +--+                 
           |        +-- Velesunioninae
           |                          
           |  +-------- Iridininae    
           |  |                       
           +--+  +----- Anodontitinae 
              |  |                    
              +--+----- Mycetopodinae 
                 |                    
                 |  +-- Etheria       
                 +--+                 
                    +-- Mulleria      

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220229273--
        +-- Lamellidentini **
  +-----+                 
  |     +-- Coelaturini **   
--+                       
  |  +----- Unioninae     
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Ambleminae    
     +--+                 
        +-- Gonideinae    

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220229271--
  +----- Unioninae     
--+                    
  |  +-- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                 
     +-- Indochinellini **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
220129292--
  +----- Parreysiini **
--+                 
  |  +-- Gonideinae 
  +--+              
     +-- Unioninae  

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21001148336
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi **
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotula          
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus **  

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11012853--
  +-------- Gonideinae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Unioninae     
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Ambleminae    
     +--+                 
        +-- Indochinellini **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110167443--
  +-------------- Indochinellini ** 
--+                              
  |  +----------- Unioninae      
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Chamberlainiini
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Ambleminae     
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lamprotulini   
           +--+                  
              +-- Gonideini      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110123232--
  +----- Indochinellini **
--+                    
  |  +-- Unioninae     
  +--+                 
     +-- Gonideinae    

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110194833--
  +-------- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Gonideinae    
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                 
        +-- Unioninae     

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110127271--
  +-- Indochinellini **
--+                 
  +-- Unioninae     

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110145233--
-- Coelatura_aegyptiaca **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110146243--
  +-------- Pseudodontini
  |                      
--+  +----- Coelaturini **  
  |  |                   
  |  +----- Contradentini
  +--+                   
     +----- Unioninae    
     |                   
     |  +-- Gonideini    
     +--+                
        +-- Ambleminae   

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011483--
-- Lamellidens_corrianus **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110153513--
  +-------- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Gonideinae    
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                 
        +-- Unioninae     

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110146243--
-- Coelatura_aegyptiaca **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110112121--
  +-- Indochinellini **
--+                 
  +-- Unioninae     

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +----------------------------- Gonideinae 
  |                                         
--+  +-------------------------- Coelaturini **
  |  |                                      
  +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia  
     |  |                                   
     |  +----------------------- Amblemini  
     +--+                                   
        |  +-------------------- Quadrulini 
        |  |                                
        +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema 
           |  |                             
           +--+  +-------------- Eurynia    
              |  |                          
              |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias 
              +--+-----------+              
                 |           +-- Unioninae  
                 |                          
                 |  +----------- Ortmanniana
                 +--+                       
                    |  +-------- Glebula    
                    +--+                    
                       |  +----- Potamilus  
                       +--+                 
                          |  +-- Ligumia    
                          +--+              
                             +-- Toxolasma  

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110124243--
  +-------------------------------- Lamellidentini **
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae     
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini  
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini    
        |  |                                      
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini     
           |  |                                   
           |  |              +----- Eurynia       
           +--+  +-----------+                    
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio    
              |  |           +--+                 
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus
              +--+                                
                 |              +-- Amblemini     
                 |  +-----------+                 
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema    
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Truncilla     
                    |  |                          
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis     
                       |  +-----+                 
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma    
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Ligumia       
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Obliquaria    
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Ortmanniana   

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
-- Coelatura_aegyptiaca **

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110133173--
-- Coelatura_aegyptiaca **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110137353--
     +-- Lamellidentini **
  +--+                 
  |  +-- Unioninae     
--+                    
  |  +-- Ambleminae    
  +--+                 
     +-- Gonideinae    

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011422--
  +----- Unioninae     
--+                    
  |  +-- Indochinellini **
  +--+                 
     +-- Ambleminae    

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110135333--
  +-------- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Gonideinae    
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                 
        +-- Unioninae     

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
-- Coelatura_aegyptiaca **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110194833--
  +-------- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Gonideinae    
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                 
        +-- Unioninae     

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110167443--
  +-------- Indochinellini **
--+                       
  |  +----- Unioninae     
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Ambleminae    
     +--+                 
        +-- Gonideinae    

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110133103--
     +-- Ambleminae    
  +--+                 
  |  +-- Indochinellini **
--+                    
  |  +-- Gonideinae    
  +--+                 
     +-- Unioninae     

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110133103--
     +-- Ambleminae    
  +--+                 
  |  +-- Indochinellini **
--+                    
  |  +-- Gonideinae    
  +--+                 
     +-- Unioninae     

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
-- Coelatura_aegyptiaca **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110167443--
  +-------- Indochinellini **
--+                       
  |  +----- Unioninae     
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Ambleminae    
     +--+                 
        +-- Gonideinae    

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110119153--
  +-------- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Gonideinae    
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Indochinellini **
     +--+                 
        +-- Unioninae     

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110190843--
  +-------- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Gonideinae    
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                 
        +-- Unioninae     

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011422--
  +----- Unioninae     
--+                    
  |  +-- Ambleminae    
  +--+                 
     +-- Indochinellini **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110145233--
-- Coelatura_aegyptiaca **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110130173--
  +-------- Coelaturini **
--+                    
  |  +----- Unioninae  
  +--+                 
     |  +-- Gonideinae 
     +--+              
        +-- Ambleminae 

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11011483--
  +-- Aculamprotula  
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri
  |                  
  +-- Lamellidentini ** 
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini   

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
110190843--
  +-------- Ambleminae    
--+                       
  |  +----- Gonideinae    
  +--+                    
     |  +-- Lamellidentini **
     +--+                 
        +-- Unioninae     

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3911], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1101881--
     +-- Pseudodontini 
  +--+                 
  |  +-- Indochinellini **
--+                    
  |  +-- Rectidentini  
  +--+                 
     +-- Contradentini 
 
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