MUSSELpdb
Taxonomy
Species & Genus Richness of
freshwater mussels
by Taxonomy
Species & Genus Richness of
freshwater bivalves
by Family
Geography
Species Richness & Endemism of
freshwater mussels
by Geography
Data last updated
Mon 13 July 2026
Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae
tribe POPENAIADINI Heard & Guckert, 1970: cladomics
Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!
The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.
The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.
Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.
For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!
Cladomics Summary
number of species = 36 (36 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: genus) = 6
analyzed in 46 cladograms in 29 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 6 (mean = 1.65, median = 1)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3 (mean = 1.35, median = 1)
Basic Monophyly
number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 13
maximum number of included terminals = 6, (mean = 3.31 median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3 (mean = 2.23, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.85
Rigorous Monophyly
number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 13
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (genus) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 6 (mean = 3.31, median = 2)
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3 (mean = 2.23, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.85
Pairwise Cladogram Clustering
The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.
Cladograms
Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14
** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.636 | 6 | 105 | 122 | 3 | 627 | 185 | 4 | ** |
+-- Quadrulini
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| +-- Pleurobemini
|
| +----- Amblema
--+ +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Nephronaias **
| | +--+
| | +-- Psoronaias **
| |
+--+ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- Reginaia
| |
| | +----- Popenaias **
| | +--------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | +-- Cyrtonaias
+--+ | +--+
| | +-- Glebula
| |
| | +----------------------------------------------------------------- Paetulunio
| | |
+--+ | +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum
| | |
| | | +----- Toxolasma_lividum__2
| | | +--------+
| | +--------------------------------------------+ | | +-- Toxolasma_cylindrellus
| | | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Toxolasma_lividum__1
| | | | |
+--+ | +--+ +-------- Toxolasma_texasiense__2
| | | +--+
| | | | | +----- Toxolasma_glans
| | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Toxolasma_paulum
| | +--+ +--+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_texasiense__1
| | |
| | | +-------- Toxolasma__4
| | +--+
+--+ | +----- Toxolasma_granulatum
| +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma__2
| +--+
| +-- Toxolasma__3
|
| +----- Toxolasma_pullus
| +-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Toxolasma_germanum
| | +--+
| | +-- Toxolasma__1
| |
| | +-- Obliquaria
| | +-----------------------------------------------------+
| | | +-- Plectomerus
+--+ |
| | +-------- Potamilus_inflatus
| | +--------+
| | | | +----- Potamilus_ohiensis
| | | +--+
| | | | +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus
| | | +--+
| | +-----------------------------------+ +-- Potamilus_streckersoni
| | | |
+--+ | | +----- Potamilus_fragilis__2
| | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Potamilus_leptodon
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Potamilus_fragilis__1
| | |
| | | +----------- Potamilus_metnecktayi
| | | |
| | +--+ +-------- Potamilus_alatus__3
| | | |
| | +--+ +----- Potamilus_alatus__2
+--+ | |
| +--+----- Potamilus_purpuratus__2
| |
| | +-- Potamilus_alatus__1
| +--+
| +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__1
|
| +-- Villosa_villosa
| +-----------------------------------------------+
| | +-- Atlanticoncha
| |
| | +-- Cambarunio_nebulosus
| | +--------------------------------------------+
+--+ | +-- Ligumia
| |
| | +-------- Leaunio_umbrans
| | +-----------------------------------+
| | | | +----- Cambarunio_taeniatus
+--+ | +--+
| | | +-- Cambarunio_iris
| | +--+
| | +-- Cambarunio_simus
| |
| | +----------------------------------------- Hamiota
| | |
+--+ | +----------------------- Pachynaias
| | |
| | +--------------+ +-------------------- Sagittunio
| | | | |
| | | | | +----- Ellipsaria
| | | +--+ +-----------+
| | | | | | +-- Potamilus_capax
| | | | | +--+
| | | | | +-- Truncilla
+--+ | +--+
| | | +----- Medionidus_acutissimus
| | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Lemiox
| | | | +--+
| | +--+ +-- Medionidus_penicillatus
| | |
| | | +----------- Ptychobranchus
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__2
| | | +-----+
+--+ | | +-- Dromus
| +--+
| | +----- Cyprogenia_stegaria__2
| +--+
| | +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__1
| +--+
| +-- Cyprogenia_stegaria__1
|
| +-- Villosa_delumbis
| +--------------------------------+
| | +-- Villosa_vibex
| |
| | +-------------- Obovaria_olivaria
| | |
| | +-----------------+ +-- Venustaconcha
| | | | +--------+
| | | | | +-- Epioblasma
| | | +--+
| | | | +-------- Obovaria_retusa
+--+ | +--+
| | | +----- Obovaria_choctawensis
| | +--+
| | | +-- Obovaria_unicolor
| | +--+
| | +-- Obovaria_subrotunda
| |
| | +-- Mesonaias
| | +-----------------------+
| | | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
| | |
+--+ +--+ +-- Lampsilis_splendida
| | | +--------------------+
| | | | +-- Lampsilis_bracteata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-- Lampsilis_fasciola
| | | +-----------------+
| | | | +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa
| | +--+
| | | +----------------- Lampsilis_ornata
| | | |
| | +--+ +-------------- Lampsilis_ovata__2
| | | |
| | +--+ +----------- Lampsilis_dolabraeformis
| | | |
| | | | +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2
| | +--+ +--+
| | | | | +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1
+--+ | | +--+
| +--+ +-- Lampsilis_satura
| |
| | +----- Lampsilis_cariosa__2
| +--+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ovata__1
| +--+
| +-- Lampsilis_cariosa__1
|
| +----------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__2
| +--------------+
| | | +-------- Lampsilis_abrupta
| | +--+
| | | +----- Lampsilis_higginsii__2
| | +--+
| | | +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__1
| | +--+
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_higginsii__1
|
| +----- Medionidus_conradicus
| +-----------------+
| | | +-- Leaunio_lienosus
| | +--+
| | +-- Leaunio_vanuxemensis
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_floridensis
| +-----------------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_teres
| |
| | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__1
+--+ |
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__2
| +--------------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_powellii__1
| | |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_powellii__2
|
| +-------------- Lampsilis_sietmani
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_straminea__2
| +--------+
| | +-- Lampsilis_virescens
+--+
| +-------- Lampsilis_hydiana__2
+--+
| +----- Lampsilis_hydiana__1
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_straminea__1
Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 126.0 |
+-------- Lampsilini --+ | +----- Popenaias ** +--+ | +-- Nephronaias ** +--+ +-- Psoronaias **
Martínez et al., 2026 [Publ 4820], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.625 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 127.0 |
+----------- Anodontites_trapesialis
|
+--+ +-- Anodontites_trigona
| | +-----+
| | | +-- Anodontites_elongata
| +--+
| | +----- Anodontites_guanarensis
| +--+
--+ | +-- Anodontites_tortilis
| +--+
| +-- Mycetopoda
|
| +-- Popenaias **
| +--------+
| | +-- Lampsilini
+--+
| +-------- Nephronaias_hjalmarsoni **
+--+
| +----- Psoronaias **
+--+
| +-- Nephronaias_goascoranensis **
+--+
+-- Nephronaias_tempisquensis **
Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.938 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 28 | 27 | 4 | 128.0 |
+-------------- Quadrulini --+ | +----------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +-------- Amblemini +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Psoronaias **
Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 55 | 13 | 4 | -- |
+-------------- Quadrulini --+ | +----------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +-------- Amblemini +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Psoronaias ** +--+ +-- Popenaias **
Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 55 | 13 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini | --+ +-- Pleurobemini | +-----+ | | +-- Amblemini +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Psoronaias ** +--+ +-- Popenaias **
Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 4 | -- |
+-------------- Quadrulini --+ | +----------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +-------- Amblemini +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Psoronaias **
Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 4 | -- |
+-------------- Quadrulini --+ | +----------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +-------- Amblemini +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Psoronaias **
Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 4 | -- |
+----- Lampsilini
+--+
| | +-- Nephronaias **
| +--+
--+ +-- Popenaias **
|
| +----- Amblemini
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Quadrulini
Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.947 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 4 | -- |
+----- Amblemini
+--+
| | +-- Pleurobemini
| +--+
| +-- Quadrulini
--+
| +----- Obliquaria
| |
| +----- Toxolasma
| |
+--+ +-- Glebula
+--+
| +-- Cyrtonaias
|
| +-- Nephronaias **
+--+
+-- Popenaias **
Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 5
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 9 | 4 | -- |
+----- Lampsilini
+--+
| | +-- Nephronaias **
| +--+
--+ +-- Popenaias **
|
| +----- Amblemini
+--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
+--+
+-- Quadrulini
Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.957 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 18 | 18 | 3 | 124.0 |
+-------------- Quadrulini --+ | +----------- Reginaia +--+ | +-------- Amblema +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Psoronaias **
Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.955 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 17 | 17 | 3 | 124.0 |
+-------------- Quadrulini --+ | +----------- Reginaia +--+ | +-------- Amblema +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Psoronaias **
Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.857 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 101 | 89 | 4 | -- |
+-------------- Quadrulini | --+ +----------- Pleurobemini | | +--+ +-- Plectomerus | +-----+ | | +-- Reginaia +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Amblema
Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.796 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 101 | 89 | 4 | -- |
+-------------------------- Quadrulini | | +----------------------- Pleurobemini --+ | | | +----- Popenaias ** | | +--------------+ | | | | +-- Amblema +--+ | +--+ | | +-- Reginaia | | | | +-- Plectomerus | | +--------------+ +--+ | +-- Toxolasma | | | | +----- Obliquaria | | +--------+ | | | | +-- Cyrtonaias | | | +--+ | | | +-- Glebula | | | +--+ | +----------- Sagittunio | | | | | +----------- Leaunio | | | | | +----------- Potamilus | | | | | +----------- Hamiota | | | | | | +-- Ellipsaria +--+ +--------+ | | +-- Truncilla | | | | +----- Lampsilis_teres | +-----+ | | | +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina | | +--+ | | +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea | | | | +----- Villosa | +-----+ | | | +-- Ligumia | | +--+ | | +-- Cambarunio | | +--+ +-------- Ortmanniana_pectorosa +--+ | | +----- Lampsilis_ornata | +--+ | | +-- Lampsilis_cardium | +--+ | +-- Lampsilis_ovata | | +-------- Obovaria_olivaria | | | +-------- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2 +--+ | +-------- Epioblasma | | | | +----- Obovaria_unicolor | +--+ | | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis | +--+ | +-- Obovaria_subrotunda | | +-- Ptychobranchus | +-----+ | | +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1 | | +--+ +----- Medionidus_conradicus | | | | +-- Lemiox +--+--+ | +-- Medionidus_acutissimus | | +-- Dromus +--+ +-- Cyprogenia
Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.920 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 19 | 4 | -- |
+-------------- Quadrulini --+ | +----------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +-------- Amblema +--+ | +----- Plectomerus +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.920 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 19 | 4 | -- |
+-------------- Quadrulini --+ | +----------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +-------- Amblema +--+ | +----- Plectomerus +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.852 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 41 | 4 | -- |
+-------------------- Quadrulini | --+ +----------------- Pleurobemini | | | | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-----------+ | | +-- Amblema | | +--+ +-- Cyrtonaias | +--------+ | | +-- Reginaia +--+ | +-------- Plectomerus +--+ | +----- Lemiox +--+ | +-- Lampsilis +--+ +-- Obovaria
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.889 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 41 | 4 | -- |
+-------------------- Quadrulini | --+ +----------------- Pleurobemini | | +--+ +-- Reginaia | +-----------+ | | +-- Amblema +--+ | +----------- Popenaias ** | | +--+ +-------- Cyrtonaias | | +--+-------- Plectomerus | | +----- Lemiox +--+ | +-- Lampsilis +--+ +-- Obovaria
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.786 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 42 | 42 | 4 | -- |
+-------------------------------- Quadrulini | | +-------------- Elliptoideus | +--------------+ | | | +----------- Plectomerus --+ | +--+ | | | +-------- Obovaria_unicolor | | +--+ | | | +----- Obovaria_olivaria | | +--+ | | | +-- Lampsilis +--+ +--+ | +-- Lemiox | | +-------- Cyrtonaias | +-----------------+ | | | +----- Reginaia | | +--+ | | | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +--+ | +-- Amblema | | +----------------------- Elliptio | | +--+ +-------------------- Eurynia | | | | +----------------- Parvaspina +--+ | | | +-- Hemistena | +--------------+ +--+ +-- Plethobasus | | +-------------- Pleuronaia | | | | +-- Pleurobema_cordatum +--+ +--------+ | | +-- Fusconaia | | +--+ +-- Pleurobema_stabile | +-----+ | | +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia +--+ | +----- Pleurobema_decisum +--+ | +-- Pleurobema_clava +--+ +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.852 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 41 | 4 | -- |
+----------------- Quadrulini | --+ +-------------- Pleurobemini | | | | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +--------+ | | +-- Amblema | | +--+ +-------- Plectomerus | | | | +-- Cyrtonaias +--+-----+ | +-- Reginaia | | +----- Lemiox +--+ | +-- Lampsilis +--+ +-- Obovaria
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.806 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 72 | 4 | -- |
+-------------- Quadrulini | --+ +----------- Pleurobemini | | +--+ +-- Plectomerus | +-----+ | | +-- Reginaia +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Amblema
Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.833 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 72 | 4 | -- |
+----------------------------------- Quadrulini | --+ +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini | | | | +-- Amblema +--+ +--------------------------+ | | +-- Reginaia | | +--+ +-------------------------- Popenaias ** | | | | +-- Glebula +--+ +--------------------+ | | +-- Paetulunio | | +--+ +-- Toxolasma | +-----------------+ | | +-- Plectomerus | | +--+ +----------------- Obliquaria | | | | +----- Potamilus +--+ +--------+ | | | +-- Dromus | | +--+ +--+ +-- Lemiox | | +----------- Lampsilis_ovata | | +--+ +-------- Lampsilis_virescens | | +--+ +-- Epioblasma | +--+ | | +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis +--+ | +-- Obovaria_olivaria +--+ +-- Venustaconcha
Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.758 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 104 | 82 | 4 | -- |
+-------- Reginaia | +-------- Amblema | | +-- Quadrulini +-----+ | +-- Pleurobemini --+ | +----- Popenaias ** | | | | +-- Dromus | | | | | +-- Epioblasma | | | +--+ +-- Glebula | | | +-- Lampsilis_ovata | | | +-- Lampsilis_virescens | | | +-- Lemiox +--+ +-- Obliquaria | +-- Obovaria_olivaria | +-- Obovaria_unicolor | +-- Plectomerus | +-- Potamilus_alatus | +-- Potamilus_capax
Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.906 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 32 | 32 | 4 | -- |
+-------------------------- Quadrulini | | +----------------------- Plectomerus --+ | | | +-------------------- Popenaias ** | | | | | +-------------------- Pleurobemini +--+ | | | +-- Cyrtonaias | | +--+ | | | +-- Glebula | +--------------+ | | | +-- Reginaia +--+ +--+ | +-- Obliquaria | | +----------------- Toxolasma | | | | +-------------- Potamilus | | | | | | +-- Ellipsaria | | +-----------+ +--+ | +-- Truncilla | | | | +----- Medionidus | +--------+ | | | +-- Lemiox | | +--+ +--+ +-- Dromus | | +----------- Cambarunio | | | +----------- Leaunio | | | +----------- Villosa | | | | +-- Sagittunio | +--------+ +--+ +-- Lampsilis_ovata | | +----- Venustaconcha +-----+ | | +-- Epioblasma | +--+ | +-- Obovaria | | +-------- Lampsilis_teres +--+ | +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea +--+ | +-- Lampsilis_hydiana +--+ +-- Lampsilis_straminea
Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.941 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 13 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 14 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 14 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.933 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 67 | 11 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 14 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.882 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 14 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Toxolasma
+--+
| | +-------- Popenaias **
| +--+
| | +----- Amblemini
| +--+
--+ | +-- Quadrulini
| +--+
| +-- Pleurobemini
|
| +----------- Potamilus
| |
+--+ +-- Lampsilis_cardium
| +-----+
| | +-- Lampsilis_ornata
+--+
| +----- Venustaconcha
+--+
| +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
+--+
+-- Lampsilis_powellii
Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 14 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 25 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Lampsilini +--+ +-- Popenaias **
Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 16 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 94 | 16 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 16 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 90 | 16 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 11 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 86 | 15 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.944 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 84 | 14 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Amblemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.947 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 139 | 17 | 4 | -- |
+----------- Quadrulini --+ | +-------- Pleurobemini +--+ | +----- Lampsilini +--+ | +-- Amblemini +--+ +-- Popenaias **
Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.912 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 55 | 53 | 3 | -- |
+-------- Lampsilini --+ | +----- Pleurobemini +--+ | +-- Amblemini +--+ +-- Popenaias **
Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.886 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 56 | 54 | 3 | -- |
+----- Pleurobemini | --+ +-- Amblemini | | +--+-- Popenaias ** | +-- Lampsilini
Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 1
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.833 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 40 | 40 | 3 | -- |
+----------- Amblema | --+ +-- Lampsilis | +-----+ | | +-- Plectomerus +--+ | +----- Popenaias ** +--+ | +-- Cyrtonaias +--+ +-- Pleurobemini
Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 0.903 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 40 | 40 | 3 | -- |
+-------------------------------------- Quadrulini | | +-- Amblema --+ +--------------------------------+ | | +-- Reginaia | | +--+ +-------------------------------- Plectomerus | | | | +----------------------------- Toxolasma +--+ | | | +----- Popenaias ** | | +--------------------+ +--+ | | +-- Glebula | | +--+ | | +-- Cyrtonaias | | +--+ +----------------------- Obliquaria | | | | +-- Medionidus | | +--+ | | | +-- Lemiox +--+ +--------------+ | | | +-- Cyprogenia | | +--+ | | +-- Ptychobranchus | | +--+ +-------- Potamilus | +--------+ | | | +----- Atlanticoncha | | +--+ | | | +-- Ellipsaria | | +--+ +--+ +-- Truncilla | | +-- Hamiota | +-----------+ | | +-- Villosa | | +--+ +----------- Ligumia | | | | +----- Venustaconcha +--+ +--+ | | | +-- Obovaria | | +--+ +--+ +-- Epioblasma | | +----- Ortmanniana_pectorosa +--+ | +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina +--+ +-- Lampsilis
Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6
| iT | tT | bi | riS | oT | roT | roS | iD | |
| 1.000 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 9 | 3 | -- |
+-------- Quadrulini --+ | +----- Pleurobemini +--+ | +-- Popenaias ** +--+ +-- Lampsilini
