Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea

family UNIONIDAE Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics

5 subfamilies, 32 genera

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 800 (1065 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: subfamily) = 37
analyzed in 572 cladograms in 318 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 162 (mean = 21.33, median = 13)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 1.9, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 550
maximum number of included terminals = 162, (mean = 22.15 median = 14)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 1.93, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.94

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 197
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subfamily) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 162 (mean = 31.24, median = 21)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 2.9, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.86

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Unionidae cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Unionidae cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 45 39 4 22 2 1 0 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |                                        
  |           +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--------+                            
--+  |        |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
  |  |        +--+                         
  |  |           |  +----- Unioninae **       
  |  |           +--+                      
  +--+              |  +-- Gonideini **       
     |              +--+                   
     |                 +-- Ambleminae **      
     |                                     
     |  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Hyriidae        
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Pseudomulleria  
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Mulleria        
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Etheria         
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Mycetopodidae   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Iridinidae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 24 15 1 -- 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
162 162 100 4 39 13 1 180 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae  
  |                                    
  |  +-------------- Parreysiinae **      
  |  |                                 
  |  |  +----------- Chamberlainia **     
--+  |  |                              
  |  |  +----------- Megalonaias **       
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  +----------- Uniomerus **         
  |  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Quadrulina **        
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis **     
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Lamprotulini **      
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Gonideini **         
     |  |                              
     +--+----------- Pseudodontini **     
        |                              
        +----------- Rectidentini **      
        |                              
        +----------- Unioninae **         
        |                              
        |  +-------- Amblema **           
        |  |                           
        |  +-------- Toxolasma **         
        |  |                           
        |  +-------- Pleurobemini **      
        |  |                           
        |  |     +-- Obliquaria **        
        |  +-----+                     
        |  |     +-- Plectomerus **       
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Ellipsaria **        
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Medionidus **        
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **  
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Ptychobranchus **    
           +--+                        
              +----- Truncilla **         
              |                        
              +----- Venustaconcha **     
              |                        
              +----- Cambarunio **        
              |                        
              +----- Leaunio **           
              |                        
              |  +-- Ortmanniana **       
              +--+                     
                 +-- Lampsilis **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
162 162 144 4 39 13 1 184 
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Gonideini **       
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Pseudodontini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
160 160 158 4 39 13 1 177 
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Unioninae **       
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Ambleminae **      
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
125 125 72 4 0 0 0 148 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae **          
  |                                        
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **         
  |  |                                     
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **          
     |  |                                  
     |  |  +-------- Unioninae **             
     +--+  |                               
        |  |  +----- Ambleminae **            
        |  |  |                            
        +--+  |  +-- Chamberlainia **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **    
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii **      
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Potomida **              
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pronodularia **          
              |  |                         
              +--+-- Gonidea **               
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi **  
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia **            
                 |                         
                 +-- Microcondylaea **        
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
114 114 114 4 25 10 1 135 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae **      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae **     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini **      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
114 137 123 4 25 10 1 152.5 
                       +-- Chamberlainia **   
  +--------------------+                   
  |                    +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                                        
  |              +-------- Hyriidae        
  +--------------+                         
  |              |  +----- Iridinidae      
--+              +--+                      
  |                 |  +-- Mycetopodidae   
  |                 +--+                   
  |                    +-- Etheriidae      
  |                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
113 113 98 2 5 5 1 152 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
112 112 100 2 0 0 0 151 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111 111 93 4 11 2 1 141 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae **   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae **      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Ambleminae **     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
103 103 62 3 1 1 1 202 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
100 100 90 3 2 2 1 128 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+        +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
100 100 101 3 2 2 1 131 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
  |  |                         
  +--+-------- Unioninae **       
     |                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
86 86 83 4 6 2 1 121 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
86 86 82 4 6 2 1 121 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
85 85 83 4 11 7 1 120 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
85 85 80 4 11 7 1 120 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4262], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
83 83 80 2 0 0 0 120 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Gonideinae **

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
83 83 50 4 0 0 0 106 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae **  
  |                             
--+  +----------- Pseudodontini ** 
  |  |                          
  |  |  +-------- Rectidentini **  
  +--+  |                       
     |  |  +----- Unioninae **     
     |  |  |                    
     +--+  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Potomida **      
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
        +--+  |                 
           |  +-- Gonidea **       
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Leguminaia **    
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Microcondylaea **
           |  |                 
           +--+-- Amblemini **     
              |                 
              +-- Ortmanniana **   
              |                 
              +-- Lampsilis **     
              |                 
              +-- Cambarunio **    
              |                 
              +-- Elliptio **      
              |                 
              +-- Pleurobema **    
              |                 
              +-- Quadrulini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
79 79 77 3 9 6 1 114 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77 77 75 3 9 6 1 112 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
74 74 72 4 17 7 1 106 
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
74 74 72 2 2 2 1 111 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
74 74 72 4 17 7 1 106 
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 67 1 0 0 0 108 
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 63 1 0 0 0 110 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
69 69 63 4 11 2 1 95 
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae **   
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Unioninae **      
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------------- Ambleminae **     
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Sinosolenaia **   
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea **        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66 66 63 3 10 10 1 88 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                               
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **    
     |  |                            
     +--+  +-------- Gonideini **       
        |  |                         
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
           |  +--+                   
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Unioninae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66 66 64 3 10 10 1 86 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                               
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **    
     |  |                            
     +--+  +-------- Gonideini **       
        |  |                         
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
           |  +--+                   
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
65 65 63 3 9 6 1 100 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 2 0 0 0 105 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Wang et al., 2025 [Publ 4488], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 1 2 2 1 104 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 3 11 7 1 97 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 3 11 7 1 97 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
62 62 60 1 0 0 0 105 
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61 61 49 2 0 0 0 103 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61 61 55 2 0 0 0 103 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2024 [Publ 4387], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
60 60 59 1 0 0 0 100 
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 52 2 0 0 0 100 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 56 3 11 7 1 92 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 54 2 0 0 0 100 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 54 2 0 0 0 100 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
56 57 48 2 1 1 1 86 
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55 55 50 2 1 1 1 84 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55 55 53 4 1 1 1 91 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
53 53 51 2 0 0 0 90 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
52 52 50 1 2 2 1 92 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4423], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 1 0 0 0 90 
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 4 2 2 1 90 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 43 3 2 2 1 85 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
--+  |                         
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |                         
  |  |     +-- Amblemini **       
  +--+-----+                   
     |     +-- Lampsilini **      
     |                         
     |     +-- Lamprotulini **    
     |  +--+                   
     |  |  +-- Gonideini **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 2 2 1 87 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 2 2 1 87 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 3 3 1 86 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 47 4 7 2 1 85 
  +----- Ambleminae **  
  |                  
--+----- Gonideinae **  
  |                  
  |  +-- Unioninae **   
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 39 2 2 2 1 90 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Rectidentini **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 48 4 7 2 1 88 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Parreysiinae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4663], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
47 47 45 2 2 2 1 87 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
47 49 42 2 2 2 1 94 
     +----- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--+                   
  |     +-- Rectidentini **    
  |                         
--+     +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Margaritiferinae
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Sinosolenaia **    
  |     |                   
  +-----+-- Leguminaia **      
        |                   
        +-- Gonidea **         
        |                   
        +-- Lamprotula **      
        |                   
        +-- Potomida **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 44 3 10 6 1 80 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 44 2 2 2 1 86 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Konopleva et al., 2025 [Publ 4446], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 43 1 0 0 0 86 
1

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 48 4 23 12 1 83 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 47 4 23 12 1 82 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 43 2 2 2 1 85 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 48 4 23 12 1 83 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                  
  |  +-------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                               
     |  +----------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                            
        |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
              +--+                   
                 +-- Gonideini **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 43 3 3 3 1 82 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 53 2 2 2 1 96 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44 44 42 4 2 2 1 82 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
--+  +----------------- Ambleminae **      
  |  |                                  
  |  |        +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+  +-----+                         
     |  |     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     |  |     +--+                      
     |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     +--+        +--+                   
        |           +-- Discomya **        
        |                               
        |  +----------- Rectidentini **    
        |  |                            
        +--+        +-- Schepmaniini **    
           |  +-----+                   
           |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Caudiculatus **    
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Potomida **        
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Gonideini **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 39 1 2 2 1 81 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 36 4 2 2 1 80 
  +-------------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                           
--+  +----------------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                        
  +--+  +-------------------- Ambleminae **      
     |  |                                     
     |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+  |                                  
        |  |              +-- Anemina **         
        |  +--------------+                   
        |  |              +-- Amuranodonta **    
        +--+                                  
           |           +----- Pletholophus **    
           |  +--------+                      
           |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta **     
           |  |        +--+                   
           |  |           +-- Beringiana **      
           +--+                               
              |  +----------- Cristaria **       
              |  |                            
              |  |        +-- Alasmidontina **   
              +--+--------+                   
                 |        +-- Anodontina **      
                 |                            
                 |  +-------- Lanceolariini **   
                 +--+                         
                    |  +----- Lepidodesmini **   
                    +--+                      
                       |  +-- Acuticostini **    
                       +--+                   
                          +-- Unionini **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 36 4 2 2 1 78 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 42 2 2 2 1 85 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Lamprotulini **    
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 41 1 2 2 1 81 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 42 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 42 2 0 0 0 74 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 41 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 40 3 0 0 0 81 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 40 1 0 0 0 77 
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 36 1 0 0 0 77 
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 41 2 0 0 0 73 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 3 3 1 78 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 40 1 0 0 0 77 
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 1 0 0 0 82 
1

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 42 1 0 0 0 81 
1

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 42 1 0 0 0 83 
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 3 3 1 78 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 8 4 1 80 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
40 40 38 3 6 4 1 79 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 35 4 2 2 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 1 0 0 0 80 
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 1 0 0 0 80 
1

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 4 2 2 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 30 4 2 2 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 38 1 0 0 0 81 
1

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 4 2 2 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 33 2 0 0 0 64 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 34 2 0 0 0 73 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 35 4 2 2 1 75 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Parreysiinae **    
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 35 3 3 3 1 75 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 26 1 0 0 0 75 
1

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al., 2020 [Publ 4101], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 22 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al., 2020 [Publ 4101], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 20 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 34 1 0 0 0 75 
1

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 34 1 0 0 0 76 
1

Perkins et al., 2025 [Publ 4447], fig. 2_mtDNA-ITS

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 37 1 0 0 0 74 
1

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 3 3 3 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 4 2 2 1 73 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 2 2 1 72 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 0 0 0 74 
1

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 0 0 0 78 
1

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 26 2 0 0 0 58 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 2 2 1 74 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 2 2 1 74 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 2 2 1 72 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 23 1 2 2 1 72 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 2 2 1 74 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 30 1 0 0 0 76 
1

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 4041], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 21 1 0 0 0 76 
1

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 21 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 34 33 2 5 4 1 72 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                               
--+  +----------- Unioninae **       
  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Lampsilini **      
     |  |                         
     +--+     +-- Hyriidae        
        |  +--+                   
        |  |  +-- Amblemini **       
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                   
              +-- Quadrulini **

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 34 32 3 1 1 1 76 
                       +----- Prolasmidonta **           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta **             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina **                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini **           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia **           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Oxynaiina **               
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini **           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotulina **         
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias **              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis **  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon **               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta **             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria **               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina **              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis **
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus **        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii **        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini **               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Margaritiferidae        
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini **              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma **               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata **        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 14 3 2 2 1 71 
  +-------- Cumberlandia   
  |                        
  +-------- Margaritifera  
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae **      
  |  |                     
  |  |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
  +--+  |                  
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                  
     +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
        |                  
        +-- Sinosolenaia **   
        |                  
        +-- Ambleminae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 30 3 10 6 1 69 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Dai et al., 2026 [Publ 4757], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 31 2 2 2 1 75 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 31 3 5 4 1 67 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Quadrulina **      
  |  |                               
  |  |        +----- Lamprotulini **    
  +--+  +-----+                      
     |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     |  |     +--+                   
     +--+        +-- Unioninae **       
        |                            
        |  +-------- Megalonaias **     
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Amblemini **       
              +--+                   
                 +-- Lampsilini **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 30 3 2 2 1 71 
  +----------------- Cumberlandia   
  |                                 
--+----------------- Margaritifera  
  |                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae **      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Sinosolenaia **   
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
              +--+                  
                 +-- Ambleminae **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 36 22 3 4 4 1 69 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Ambleminae **      
  |                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 28 3 0 0 0 69 
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 30 2 0 0 0 57 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 38 3 0 0 0 69 
  +----------- Unioninae **      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Ambleminae **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 68 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 22 3 0 0 0 69 
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 27 2 2 2 1 66 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 68 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Zieritz et al., 2020 [Publ 4102], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 27 1 0 0 0 73 
1

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 67 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Burdick & White, 2007 [Publ 2679], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 31 1 0 0 0 70 
1

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 28 2 2 2 1 68 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 13 2 4 3 1 75 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 28 4 10 2 1 61 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 3 3 3 1 68 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 28 3 1 1 1 68 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 28 4 2 1 1 61 
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae **  
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideinae **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 3 2 2 1 68 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 26 1 2 2 1 72 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 2 2 2 1 72 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 30 2 4 2 1 72 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 20 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 1 0 0 0 68 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 26 2 2 2 1 72 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 69 
1

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 27 1 0 0 0 69 
1

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 69 
1

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 2 0 0 0 71 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 1 1 1 1 70 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Konopleva et al., 2021 [Publ 4213], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 22 1 0 0 0 67 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 2 2 2 1 63 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 2 0 0 0 63 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 1 0 0 0 67 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 23 2 2 2 1 64 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 23 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 18 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 4 0 0 0 49 
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae **  
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae **     
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini **  
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini **    
        |  |                                      
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini **     
           |  |                                   
           |  |              +----- Eurynia **       
           +--+  +-----------+                    
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio **    
              |  |           +--+                 
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus **
              +--+                                
                 |              +-- Amblemini **     
                 |  +-----------+                 
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema **    
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Truncilla **     
                    |  |                          
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis **     
                       |  +-----+                 
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma **    
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Ligumia **       
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Obliquaria **    
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Ortmanniana **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 19 4 22 2 1 34 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                         
  +--+  +----- Parreysiinae **    
     |  |                      
     |  +----- Rectidentini **    
     +--+                      
        +----- Unioninae **       
        |                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Ambleminae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 2 0 0 0 66 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 6 1 0 0 0 65 
1

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 2 5 2 1 48 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionini **        
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodontini **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 9 1 0 0 0 65 
1

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 26 24 4 22 2 1 33 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                     
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------------- Etheriidae      
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Unioninae **       
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Pseudodontini **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 19 2 5 2 1 46 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionini **        
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodontini **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 1 2 2 1 65 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 2 2 1 60 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 0 0 0 61 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 3 0 0 0 65 
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Unioninae **   
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideinae **

Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 28 29 2 4 0 0 65 
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Iridinidae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 23 4 12 2 1 51 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae ** 
  |                            
--+           +-- Pseudodontini **
  |  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unioninae **    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideini **    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Ambleminae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 21 4 12 2 1 50 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae ** 
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Pseudodontini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unioninae **    
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Gonideini **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Ambleminae **

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 10 1 0 0 0 62 
1

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 27 24 4 22 2 1 28 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                                     
  |  +----------------- Etheriidae      
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Unioninae **       
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Ambleminae **

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 4 3 1 62 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 20 2 3 3 1 62 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 17 2 0 0 0 61 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 16 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 2 0 0 0 60 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3922], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2017 [Publ 3837], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 1 0 0 0 64 
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 3 0 0 0 59 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_AHE

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 1 0 0 0 64 
1

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 3 1 1 1 60 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 24 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_MtG

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 1 0 0 0 64 
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 20 7 1 61 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 10 2 1 60 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4212], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 1 0 0 0 64 
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 20 7 1 61 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 2 2 1 63 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 0 0 0 58 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 14 2 2 2 1 62 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 3 3 2 1 60 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 17 2 2 2 1 62 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Pieri et al., 2018 [Publ 3867], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 23 2 0 0 0 58 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 13 1 0 0 0 58 
1

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 3 6 2 1 58 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 1 1 1 59 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 20 18 3 1 1 1 58 
  +-------- Unioninae **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 3 6 2 1 56 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 16 3 1 1 1 54 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Amblemini **       
  |  |                         
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini **    
  +--+                         
     +-------- Lampsilini **      
     |                         
     |  +----- Quadrulini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideinae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 1 1 1 59 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 19 17 2 3 3 1 64 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferinae       
  |                                            
  |  +----------------- Anodontini **             
--+  |                                         
  |  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini **        
  |  |  +--+                                   
  +--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii **       
     |  |  +--+                                
     |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata **     
     |  |     +--+                             
     |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae           
     +--+        +--+                          
        |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae **
        |                                      
        |        +----- Aculamprotulina **        
        |     +--+                             
        |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **           
        |     |  +--+                          
        +-----+     +-- Nodularia **              
              |                                
              |  +----- Schistodesmus **          
              +--+                             
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **          
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Acuticostini **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 1 3 4 3 1 55 
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae **         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria **         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma **         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula **           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus **          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema **            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio **           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia **          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus **        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema **         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 1 3 4 3 1 55 
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae **         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria **         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma **         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula **           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus **          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema **            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio **           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia **          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus **        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina **    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina **

Smith et al., 2018 [Publ 3790], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 17 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 21 14 4 16 2 1 47 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |                               
--+  +----------- Etheriidae      
  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Anodontini **      
     |  |                         
     +--+  +----- Gonideinae **      
        |  |                      
        +--+----- Unionini **        
           |                      
           |  +-- Margaritiferidae
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 1 1 1 56 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 20 17 4 13 2 1 43 
  +----------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Ambleminae **

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 10 1 0 0 0 59 
1

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Bolotov et al., 2019 [Publ 3974], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 2 0 0 0 60 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 0 0 0 58 
  +-------------- Sinanodonta **    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Cristaria **      
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Gonideinae **     
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae **     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Acuticostini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 2 0 0 0 60 
           +-- Gonideinae **     
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Lepidodesmini **  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Acuticostini **   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 62 
1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 14 4 13 2 1 51 
  +-------------------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                                 
--+  +----------------------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                              
  +--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae **    
     |  |                                           
     +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia **       
        |  |                                        
        |  +----------------------- Amblemini **       
        +--+                                        
           |  +-------------------- Quadrulini **      
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema **      
              |  |                                  
              +--+  +-------------- Eurynia **         
                 |  |                               
                 |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias **      
                 +--+-----------+                   
                    |           +-- Unioninae **       
                    |                               
                    |  +----------- Ortmanniana **     
                    +--+                            
                       |  +-------- Glebula **         
                       +--+                         
                          |  +----- Potamilus **       
                          +--+                      
                             |  +-- Ligumia **         
                             +--+                   
                                +-- Toxolasma **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 28 16 4 13 2 1 45.5 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |  +----------------- Amblemini **       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Eurynia **         
--+  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Fusconaia **       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Pleurobema **      
  |  |                                  
  +--+----------------- Quadrulini **      
     |                                  
     |     +----------- Ortmanniana **     
     +-----+                            
     |     |  +-------- Glebula **         
     |     +--+                         
     |        |  +----- Potamilus **       
     |        +--+                      
     |           |  +-- Ligumia **         
     |           +--+                   
     |              +-- Toxolasma **       
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Cyrtonaias **      
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Unionini **        
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Anodontini **      
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Hyriidae        
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Iridinidae      
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Mycetopodidae

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 20 17 4 13 2 1 43 
  +----------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideinae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 1 1 1 56 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2e

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 4 13 2 1 43 
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideinae **  
     +--+               
        +-- Ambleminae **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 15 3 2 2 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 1 1 1 1 56 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 5 3 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Grobler et al., 2011 [Publ 3359], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 18 11 3 1 0 0 59 
  +----------- Cristariina **    
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodonta **       
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Unionini **       
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Alasmidontina **  
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Pseudanodonta **  
     |                        
     |  +----- Ambleminae **     
     |  |                     
     +--+  +-- Hyriidae       
        |  |                  
        +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 18 2 4 2 1 60 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 3 0 0 0 54 
  +-- Gonideinae **
  |             
--+-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 2 2 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 2 2 2 1 58 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Fukata & Iigo, 2019 [Publ 4108], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 2 2 1 59 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 5 3 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Johnson et al., 2018 [Publ 3844], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 4 4 1 1 56 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 10 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 12 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 0 0 0 57 
  +-------- Anodontini **   
  |                      
--+     +-- Lanceolariini **
  |  +--+                
  |  |  +-- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Ambleminae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4476], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 1 1 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 3 3 3 3 1 57 
  +----------- Cumberlandia       
  |                               
  +----------- Margaritifera      
  |                               
  |  +-------- Gonideinae **         
--+  |                            
  |  |     +-- Elliptio **           
  |  |     |                      
  |  |     +-- Fusconaia **          
  |  |     |                      
  +--+  +--+-- Amblemini **          
     |  |  |                      
     |  |  +-- Pleurobema **         
     |  |  |                      
     |  |  +-- Unionini **           
     |  |                         
     |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
     +--+  |                      
        |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Utterbackia **        
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
        +--+                      
           +-- Megalonaias **        
           |                      
           +-- Obliquaria **         
           |                      
           +-- Theliderma **         
           |                      
           +-- Quadrula **           
           |                      
           +-- Uniomerus **

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 13 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 2 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Kongim et al., 2023 [Publ 4290], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 2 1 1 55 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 1 1 1 52 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 1 0 0 0 59 
1

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 2 0 0 0 58 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 0 0 0 55 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 2 0 0 0 58 
        +-- Lanceolariini **
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionini **     
--+                      
  |  +----- Acuticostini ** 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 59 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 3 2 2 1 54 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3738], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 10 2 3 2 1 55 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 2 1 1 51 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 0 0 0 50 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 0 0 0 55 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 0 0 0 51 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 12 2 1 1 1 55 
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Hauck et al., 2023 [Publ 4333], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 10 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 4 1 1 1 51 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Sayenko et al., 2021 [Publ 4189], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 12 2 1 1 1 54 
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 2 3 3 1 51 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Douda et al., 2024 [Publ 4364], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 1 1 1 1 57 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 9 2 1 1 1 54 
  +----- Unioninae **       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Quadrulini **      
  |                      
  +----- Lampsilini **      
  |                      
  |  +-- Amblemini **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 1 1 1 54 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+        +-- Quadrulini **      
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Amblemini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Pleurobemini **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 0 0 0 51 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 11 2 1 1 1 55 
  +----- Unioninae **       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Lampsilini **      
  |                      
  +----- Amblemini **       
  |                      
  |  +-- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 3 3 2 1 53 
  +-------------- Margaritifera_margaritifera__2
  |                                             
--+           +-- Margaritifera_margaritifera__1
  |  +--------+                                 
  |  |        +-- Margaritifera_falcata         
  +--+                                          
     |  +-------- Unioninae **                     
     |  |                                       
     +--+     +-- Pleurobemini **                  
        |  +--+                                 
        |  |  +-- Gonideinae **                    
        +--+                                    
           |  +-- Lampsilini **                    
           +--+                                 
              +-- Quadrulini **

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 10 2 0 0 0 55 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Jeratthitikul & Sutcharit, 2023 [Publ 4289], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 8 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 0 0 0 53 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 12 2 0 0 0 55 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 1 1 1 56 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 2 2 1 50 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                               
  |           +-- Anodontina **      
--+  +--------+                   
  |  |        +-- Utterbackia **     
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideinae **      
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Unionini **        
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pyganodon **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Cristariina **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 11 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 3 1 1 47 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Gonidea **         
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Inversidens **     
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Unioninae **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 13 11 3 3 1 1 52 
  +-------------- Unioninae **       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini **    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini **       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini **      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferidae

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 3 1 1 47 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Gonidea **         
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Inversidens **     
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Unioninae **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 12 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 2 1 1 52 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 10

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 8 1 2 2 1 56 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 0 0 0 53 
        +-- Gonideini **      
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Ambleminae **     
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae **

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 6 1 1 35 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Unioninae **       
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Gonideini **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **

Konopleva et al., 2020 [Publ 4072], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Morrison et al., 2021 [Publ 4362], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 3 0 0 0 53 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Roe, 2013 [Publ 3571], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 27

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 7 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 3 3 1 54 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 6 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Schilling et al., 2025 [Publ 4737], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 23 12 1 55 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 2 1 1 1 49 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 23 12 1 55 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 0 0 0 53 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 9 3 1 1 1 50 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Morrison et al., 2021 [Publ 4362], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Stodola et al., 2021 [Publ 4266], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 4 3 1 48 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Roe & Lydeard, 1998 [Publ 2693], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 5 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 6 3 1 1 1 52 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 1 1 1 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 4 6 0 0 56 
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi **
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula **             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida **               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini **             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini **           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotulina **        
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum **          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini **             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus **

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 11 13 2 1 1 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Roe et al., 2002 [Publ 2689], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Schilling et al., 2025 [Publ 4737], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 9 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 2 2 1 54 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 3 0 0 0 49 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 11 9 2 1 1 1 52 
  +----- Ambleminae **      
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 16 13 3 26 6 1 52 
  +-------- Unioninae **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 1 1 1 51 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 3 2 1 48 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 50 
  +----- Gonideini **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 2 1 1 49 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 15 7 4 6 0 0 55 
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
  |                     
  +-------- Gonideinae **  
--+                     
  |     +-- Hyriidae    
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Trigoniidae 
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     |  |               
     +--+-- Lampsilini **  
        |               
        +-- Unioninae **

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 1 1 1 49 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 2 1 1 47 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 25

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 1 1 1 53 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Anodontini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **   
        +--+                   
           +-- Unionini **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 0 4 6 0 0 51 
  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula **     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini **     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida **       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini **     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae **   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Muanta et al., 2019 [Publ 3921], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 8 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Hewitt et al., 2019 [Publ 3962], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 10 2 1 1 1 49 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 2 2 1 53 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 3 2 1 50 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Quadrulini **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 0 0 0 49 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 1 1 1 50 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 52 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 5 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 52 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 6 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3911], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 14 2 0 0 0 52 
  +----- Rectidentini ** 
--+                   
  |  +-- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Marrone et al., 2019 [Publ 3907], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 4 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Tomilova et al., 2020 [Publ 4097], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 1 0 0 45 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 2 1 1 51 
  +----- Gonideinae **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Bespalaya et al., 2018 [Publ 3811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 1 2 2 1 53 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Bauer et al., 2021 [Publ 4365], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 18

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 8A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 3 2 0 0 0 49 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 2 1 1 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Kondakov et al., 2018 [Publ 3914], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 1 0 0 45 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 0 0 0 47 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Vikhrev et al., 2017 [Publ 3810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 2 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 0 0 0 47 
  +-------------- Cristariina **  
--+                            
  |  +----------- Alasmidontina **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lampsilis **    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideinae **   
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Venustaconcha **
           +--+                
              +-- Quadrulini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 2 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Klishko et al., 2018 [Publ 3945], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Hoeh et al., 1995 [Publ 3391], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 4 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Smith et al., 2023 [Publ 4291], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Goncalves et al., 2022 [Publ 4253], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 6 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Jones & Neves, 2010 [Publ 2646], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Serb & Barnhart, 2008 [Publ 2674], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 9 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Serb & Barnhart, 2008 [Publ 2674], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 10 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3727], fig. 3_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 2 2 1 51 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 8 4 1 1 1 1 50 
  +----- Anodontina **      
  |                      
--+  +-- Cristariina **     
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Margaritiferidae
     |                   
     +-- Unionini **

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 8 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 7 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 0 0 0 48 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 8 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 4 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Jones & Neves, 2010 [Publ 2646], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 1 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 1 1 1 49 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lampsilini **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 2 2 1 50 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 0 0 0 45 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3732], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 2 2 1 51 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 1 1 1 49 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Moyer & Díaz-Ferguson, 2012 [Publ 3375], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 2 0 0 0 48 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 7 2 1 1 1 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 2 2 1 50 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Klishko et al., 2017 [Publ 3946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 49 
1

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 3 2 1 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Unioninae **       
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 1 1 1 50 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 7 4 1 1 1 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 4 23 12 1 50 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Parreysiinae **

Zieritz et al., 2016 [Publ 3804], fig. S2-1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 4042], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 3 2 1 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Unioninae **       
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 2 3 0 0 0 48 
  +----- Gonideinae **   
  |                   
--+  +-- Cristariina **  
  |  |                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **   
  +--+                
     +-- Alasmidontina **
     |                
     +-- Quadrulini **

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 6 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 2 2 1 50 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 15 13 3 11 1 1 56.5 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |           +-------- Unionini **        
--+  +--------+                         
  |  |        |  +----- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |        +--+                      
  |  |           |  +-- Anodontini **      
  +--+           +--+                   
     |              +-- Lampsilini **      
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Parreysiini **     
     |  |                               
     +--+  +----------- Coelaturini **     
        |  |                            
        +--+  +-------- Hyriidae        
           |  |                         
           +--+  +----- Iridinidae      
              |  |                      
              +--+  +-- Anodontitinae   
                 |  |                   
                 +--+-- Mycetopodinae   
                    |                   
                    +-- Etheriidae

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 1 1 1 49 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Dyduch-Falniowska & Koziol, 1989 [Publ 3814], fig. 5_7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 47 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Lane et al., 2016 [Publ 3735], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 1 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 2 2 1 49 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 1 1 1 46.5 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideini **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Mabuchi et al., 2021 [Publ 4233], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 49 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Saxon et al., 2023 [Publ 4338], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 47 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 45 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 47 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Nagel et al., 1996 [Publ 3400], fig. 351

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Krebs et al., 2013 [Publ 3515], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Zanatta & Harris, 2013 [Publ 3530], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 47 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Jones et al., 2006 [Publ 2681], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 43 
  +-------- Quadrulini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini **

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 47 
  +----- Quadrulini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Patterson et al., 2021 [Publ 4222], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 46 
1

Klishko et al., 2016 [Publ 3733], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 45 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 3 0 0 0 47 
  +-- Ambleminae **
  |             
--+-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 26 10 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 26 10 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 45 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 7 1 1 42 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Bulakhova et al., 2023 [Publ 4325], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Sayenko et al., 2017 [Publ 3760], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Gangloff et al., 2013 [Publ 3551], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 2 2 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 1 1 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 1 2 2 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 2 2 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3835], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 47 
  +----- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Klishko et al., 2014 [Publ 3666], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 3 0 0 0 47 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
--+-- Ambleminae **
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2D

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Johnson et al., 2023 [Publ 4323], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 42 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 45 
1

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 3 3 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Hinzmann et al., 2013 [Publ 3541], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Imsong & Murali, 2023 [Publ 4370], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Krebs et al., 2019 [Publ 4092], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 46 
1

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 45 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Smith & Johnson, 2020 [Publ 4229], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Metzger et al., 2018 [Publ 3952], fig. 1C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 44 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 12 1 1 46 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 2 3 1 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Lampsilini **      
     |                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 25 14 1 46 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Shirai et al., 2010 [Publ 3353], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 45 
1

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 2 2 1 1 1 47 
  +-------- Cristaria **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Sinanodonta **     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Hoeh et al., 1996 [Publ 2694], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 1 0 0 44 
     +-- None__1   
  +--+             
  |  +-- None__2   
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 8 7 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 9 7 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Xia et al., 2016 [Publ 3712], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46 
  +----- Sinanodonta **
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristaria **  
  +--+              
     +-- Gonideinae **

Kilikowska et al., 2020 [Publ 4335], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 25 14 1 46 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 6A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 14 12 2 11 1 1 45.5 
     +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Hyriidae

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 12 1 1 46 
  +----- Unioninae **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Peng et al., 2012 [Publ 3689], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2016 [Publ 3757], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 7 7 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 2 9 7 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Unionini **        
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Anodontini **      
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Froufe et al., 2014 [Publ 3592], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 3 1 1 45 
  +----- Ambleminae **      
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 3 1 1 45 
  +----- Unioninae **       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 0 0 0 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 11 11 1 -- 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Campbell, 2000 [Publ 2724], fig. 1-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 1 1 1 -- 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 -- 
  +-- Ambleminae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Baker et al., 2003 [Publ 2690], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 -- 
-- Epioblasma_triquetra **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 7 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Välilä et al., 2017 [Publ 3793], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3579], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Baker et al., 2004 [Publ 2685], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 -- 
-- Epioblasma_triquetra **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 -- 
  +-- Ambleminae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 1_2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 11 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae