Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea

family UNIONIDAE Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics

5 subfamilies, 32 genera

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 806 (1071 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: subfamily) = 37
analyzed in 582 cladograms in 322 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 567 (mean = 22.46, median = 13)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 1.9, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 560
maximum number of included terminals = 567, (mean = 23.3 median = 14)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 1.94, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.94

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 202
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subfamily) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 567 (mean = 34.53, median = 21)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 2.91, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.86


Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Unionidae cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Unionidae cladogram distances
NJ Tree


Cladograms

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 45 39 4 22 2 1 0
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |                                        
  |           +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--------+                            
--+  |        |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
  |  |        +--+                         
  |  |           |  +----- Unioninae **       
  |  |           +--+                      
  +--+              |  +-- Gonideini **       
     |              +--+                   
     |                 +-- Ambleminae **      
     |                                     
     |  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Hyriidae        
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Pseudomulleria  
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Mulleria        
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Etheria         
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Mycetopodidae   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Iridinidae      

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 24 15 1 --
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **      

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
567 582 651 4 64 14 1 700
                                                           +-------------------------------- Lamellidens **                   
                                                           |                                                               
                                                     +-----+                             +-- Balwantia **                     
                                                     |     |  +--------------------------+                                 
                                                     |     |  |                          +-- Trapezidens **                   
                                                     |     +--+                                                            
                                                     |        |  +-------------------------- Leoparreysiini **                
                                                     |        |  |                                                         
                                                     |        +--+  +----------------------- Etheriidae                    
                                                     |           |  |                                                      
                                                     |           |  |                    +-- Parreysiini **                   
                                                     |           +--+  +-----------------+                                 
                                                     |              |  |                 +-- Coelaturini **                   
                                                     |              |  |                                                   
                                                     |              +--+                 +-- Pseudoscabies **                 
                                                     |                 |  +--------------+                                 
                                                     |                 |  |              +-- Indonaia **                      
                                                     |                 +--+                                                
                                                     |                    |  +-------------- Indochinella **                  
                                                     |                    |  |                                             
                                                     |                    +--+  +----------- Radiatula **                     
  +--------------------------------------------------+                       |  |                                          
  |                                                  |                       +--+        +-- Songkhlanaia_songkhramensis__2 **
  |                                                  |                          |  +-----+                                 
  |                                                  |                          |  |     +-- Unionetta_fabagina__2 **         
  |                                                  |                          +--+                                       
  |                                                  |                             |  +----- Harmandia **                     
  |                                                  |                             +--+                                    
  |                                                  |                                |  +-- Unionetta_fabagina__1 **         
  |                                                  |                                +--+                                 
  |                                                  |                                   +-- Scabies **                       
  |                                                  |                                                                     
  |                                                  |                                +----- Amuranodonta **                  
  |                                                  |  +-----------------------------+                                    
  |                                                  |  |                             |  +-- Anemina **                       
  |                                                  |  |                             +--+                                 
  |                                                  |  |                                +-- Buldowskia **                    
  |                                                  |  |                                                                  
  |                                                  |  |                                +-- Beringiana **                    
  |                                                  |  |                          +-----+                                 
  |                                                  |  |                          |     +-- Pletholophus **                  
  |                                                  +--+  +-----------------------+                                       
  |                                                     |  |                       |  +----- Mimo **                          
  |                                                     |  |                       +--+                                    
  |                                                     |  |                          |  +-- Acudonta **                      
  |                                                     |  |                          +--+                                 
  |                                                     |  |                             +-- Sinanodonta **                   
  |                                                     |  |                                                               
  |                                                     |  |  +----------------------------- Cristaria **                     
  |                                                     +--+  |                                                            
  |                                                        |  |           +----------------- Lepidodesmini **                 
  |                                                        |  |           |                                                
  |                                                        |  |           |     +----------- Lanceolariini **                 
  |                                                        |  |           |  +--+                                          
  |                                                        |  |  +--------+  |  |  +-------- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__2 **  
  |                                                        |  |  |        |  |  +--+                                       
  |                                                        |  |  |        |  |     |  +----- Acuticosta_chinensis__2 **       
  |                                                        +--+  |        |  |     +--+                                    
  |                                                           |  |        +--+        |  +-- Acuticosta_chinensis__1 **       
  |                                                           |  |           |        +--+                                 
  |                                                           |  |           |           +-- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__1 **  
  |                                                           |  |           |                                             
  |                                                           |  |           |  +----------- Globunio **                      
  |                                                           |  |           +--+                                          
  |                                                           |  |              |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **               
  |                                                           |  |              +--+                                       
  |                                                           +--+                 |  +----- Middendorffinaiina **            
  |                                                              |                 +--+                                    
  |                                                              |                    |  +-- Unionina **                      
  |                                                              |                    +--+                                 
  |                                                              |                       +-- Oxynaiina **                     
  |                                                              |                                                         
  |                                                              |                 +-------- Pseudodontoideus **              
--+                                                              |  +--------------+                                       
  |                                                              |  |              |  +----- Lasmigona **                     
  |                                                              |  |              +--+                                    
  |                                                              |  |                 |  +-- Pterosyna **                     
  |                                                              |  |                 +--+                                 
  |                                                              +--+                    +-- Arcidens **                      
  |                                                                 |                                                      
  |                                                                 |  +-------------------- Anodontina **                    
  |                                                                 |  |                                                   
  |                                                                 |  |     +-------------- Utterbackia **                   
  |                                                                 |  |  +--+                                             
  |                                                                 +--+  |  |  +----------- Pyganodon_grandis **             
  |                                                                    |  |  +--+                                          
  |                                                                    |  |     |  +-------- Pyganodon_lacustris **           
  |                                                                    |  |     +--+                                       
  |                                                                    |  |        |  +----- Pyganodon_cataracta__2 **        
  |                                                                    +--+        +--+                                    
  |                                                                       |           |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta__1 **        
  |                                                                       |           +--+                                 
  |                                                                       |              +-- Potamilus_fragilis__3 **         
  |                                                                       |                                                
  |                                                                       |  +-------------- Utterbackiana **                 
  |                                                                       |  |                                             
  |                                                                       +--+  +----------- Simpsonaias **                   
  |                                                                          |  |                                          
  |                                                                          |  |        +-- Alasminota **                    
  |                                                                          +--+  +-----+                                 
  |                                                                             |  |     +-- Alasmidonta **                   
  |                                                                             |  |                                       
  |                                                                             +--+     +-- Prolasmidonta **                 
  |                                                                                |  +--+                                 
  |                                                                                |  |  +-- Platynaias **                    
  |                                                                                +--+                                    
  |                                                                                   |  +-- Anodontoides **                  
  |                                                                                   +--+                                 
  |                                                                                      +-- Strophitus **                    
  |                                                                                                                        
  |  +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rectidentini **                  
  |  |                                                                                                                     
  |  |  +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Margaritiferidae              
  |  |  |                                                                                                                  
  |  |  |                                                              +-------------------- Chamberlainiini **               
  |  |  |                                                              |                                                   
  |  |  |                                                           +--+  +----------------- Parvasolenaia **                 
  |  |  |                                                           |  |  |                                                
  |  |  |                                                           |  +--+  +-------------- Pseudopostolata **               
  |  |  |                                                           |     |  |                                             
  |  |  |                                                           |     +--+  +----------- Koreosolenaia **                 
  |  |  |                                                           |        |  |                                          
  |  |  |                                                           |        +--+        +-- Cosmopseudodon **                
  |  |  |                                                           |           |  +-----+                                 
  |  |  |                                                           |           |  |     +-- Guiunio **                       
  +--+  |                                                           |           +--+                                       
     |  |                                                  +--------+              |  +----- Ptychorhynchus **                
     |  |                                                  |        |              +--+                                    
     |  |                                                  |        |                 |  +-- Obovalis **                      
     |  |                                                  |        |                 +--+                                 
     |  |                                                  |        |                    +-- Postolata **                     
     |  |                                                  |        |                                                      
     |  |                                                  |        |                    +-- Caudiculatus **                  
     |  |                                                  |        |     +--------------+                                 
     |  |                                                  |        |     |              +-- Lamprotulini **                  
     |  |                                                  |        |     |                                                
     |  |                                                  |        +-----+  +-------------- Sinosolenaia_carinata **         
     |  |                                                  |              |  |                                             
     |  |                                                  |              |  |        +----- Gonidea **                       
     |  |                                                  |              +--+  +-----+                                    
     +--+  +-----------------------------------------------+                 |  |     |  +-- Microcondylaea **                
        |  |                                               |                 |  |     +--+                                 
        |  |                                               |                 +--+        +-- Leguminaia **                    
        |  |                                               |                    |                                          
        |  |                                               |                    |  +-------- Inversidens **                   
        |  |                                               |                    +--+                                       
        |  |                                               |                       |  +----- Sinosolenaia_recognita **        
        |  |                                               |                       +--+                                    
        |  |                                               |                          |  +-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **         
        |  |                                               |                          +--+                                 
        |  |                                               |                             +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora **         
        |  |                                               |                                                               
        |  |                                               |  +----------------------------- Indopseudodontina **             
        |  |                                               |  |                                                            
        |  |                                               |  |                          +-- Lannanaia **                     
        |  |                                               +--+  +-----------------------+                                 
        |  |                                                  |  |                       +-- Pilsbryoconcha **                
        |  |                                                  |  |                                                         
        |  |                                                  |  |                    +----- Songkhlanaia_tamodienica **      
        |  |                                                  +--+  +-----------------+                                    
        |  |                                                     |  |                 |  +-- Songkhlanaia_moreleti **         
        |  |                                                     |  |                 +--+                                 
        |  |                                                     |  |                    +-- Songkhlanaia_songkhramensis__1 **
        |  |                                                     |  |                                                      
        |  |                                                     +--+                    +-- Nyeinchanconcha **               
        |  |                                                        |  +-----------------+                                 
        |  |                                                        |  |                 +-- Sundadontina **                  
        |  |                                                        |  |                                                   
        +--+                                                        |  |                 +-- Isannaia **                      
           |                                                        +--+              +--+                                 
           |                                                           |              |  +-- Namkongnaia **                   
           |                                                           |  +-----------+                                    
           |                                                           |  |           |  +-- Thaiconcha **                    
           |                                                           |  |           +--+                                 
           |                                                           +--+              +-- Bineurus **                      
           |                                                              |                                                
           |                                                              |  +-------------- Pseudodon_walpolei **            
           |                                                              |  |                                             
           |                                                              +--+  +----------- Pseudodon_vagulus **             
           |                                                                 |  |                                          
           |                                                                 |  |     +----- Pseudodon_vondembuschianus **    
           |                                                                 +--+  +--+                                    
           |                                                                    |  |  |  +-- Pseudodon_mekongi **             
           |                                                                    |  |  +--+                                 
           |                                                                    +--+     +-- Schepmaniini **                  
           |                                                                       |                                       
           |                                                                       |  +----- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__2 **      
           |                                                                       +--+                                    
           |                                                                          |  +-- Pseudodon_inoscularis **         
           |                                                                          +--+                                 
           |                                                                             +-- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__1 **      
           |                                                                                                               
           |                                                                             +-- Quadrulini **                    
           |  +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+                                 
           |  |                                                                          +-- Pleurobemini **                  
           |  |                                                                                                            
           |  |                                                                       +----- Amblema **                       
           +--+  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+                                    
              |  |                                                                    |  +-- Nephronaias **                   
              |  |                                                                    +--+                                 
              |  |                                                                       +-- Psoronaias **                    
              |  |                                                                                                         
              +--+  +----------------------------------------------------------------------- Reginaia **                      
                 |  |                                                                                                      
                 |  |                                                                 +----- Popenaias **                     
                 |  |  +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                    
                 |  |  |                                                              |  +-- Cyrtonaias **                    
                 +--+  |                                                              +--+                                 
                    |  |                                                                 +-- Glebula **                       
                    |  |                                                                                                   
                    |  |  +----------------------------------------------------------------- Paetulunio **                    
                    |  |  |                                                                                                
                    +--+  |                                               +----------------- Toxolasma_parvum **              
                       |  |                                               |                                                
                       |  |                                               |           +----- Toxolasma_lividum__2 **          
                       |  |                                               |  +--------+                                    
                       |  |  +--------------------------------------------+  |        |  +-- Toxolasma_cylindrellus **        
                       |  |  |                                            |  |        +--+                                 
                       |  |  |                                            |  |           +-- Toxolasma_lividum__1 **          
                       |  |  |                                            |  |                                             
                       +--+  |                                            +--+     +-------- Toxolasma_texasiense__2 **       
                          |  |                                               |  +--+                                       
                          |  |                                               |  |  |  +----- Toxolasma_glans **               
                          |  |                                               |  |  +--+                                    
                          |  |                                               |  |     |  +-- Toxolasma_paulum **              
                          |  |                                               +--+     +--+                                 
                          |  |                                                  |        +-- Toxolasma_texasiense__1 **       
                          |  |                                                  |                                          
                          |  |                                                  |  +-------- Toxolasma__4 **                  
                          |  |                                                  +--+                                       
                          +--+                                                     |  +----- Toxolasma_granulatum **          
                             |                                                     +--+                                    
                             |                                                        |  +-- Toxolasma__2 **                  
                             |                                                        +--+                                 
                             |                                                           +-- Toxolasma__3 **                  
                             |                                                                                             
                             |                                                        +----- Toxolasma_pullus **              
                             |  +-----------------------------------------------------+                                    
                             |  |                                                     |  +-- Toxolasma_germanum **            
                             |  |                                                     +--+                                 
                             |  |                                                        +-- Toxolasma__1 **                  
                             |  |                                                                                          
                             |  |                                                        +-- Obliquaria **                    
                             |  |  +-----------------------------------------------------+                                 
                             |  |  |                                                     +-- Plectomerus **                   
                             +--+  |                                                                                       
                                |  |                                               +-------- Potamilus_inflatus **            
                                |  |                                      +--------+                                       
                                |  |                                      |        |  +----- Potamilus_ohiensis **            
                                |  |                                      |        +--+                                    
                                |  |                                      |           |  +-- Potamilus_amphichaenus **        
                                |  |                                      |           +--+                                 
                                |  |  +-----------------------------------+              +-- Potamilus_streckersoni **        
                                |  |  |                                   |                                                
                                +--+  |                                   |           +----- Potamilus_fragilis__2 **         
                                   |  |                                   |  +--------+                                    
                                   |  |                                   |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_leptodon **            
                                   |  |                                   |  |        +--+                                 
                                   |  |                                   +--+           +-- Potamilus_fragilis__1 **         
                                   |  |                                      |                                             
                                   |  |                                      |  +----------- Potamilus_metnecktayi **         
                                   |  |                                      |  |                                          
                                   |  |                                      +--+  +-------- Potamilus_alatus__3 **           
                                   |  |                                         |  |                                       
                                   |  |                                         +--+  +----- Potamilus_alatus__2 **           
                                   +--+                                            |  |                                    
                                      |                                            +--+----- Potamilus_purpuratus__2 **       
                                      |                                               |                                    
                                      |                                               |  +-- Potamilus_alatus__1 **           
                                      |                                               +--+                                 
                                      |                                                  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus__1 **       
                                      |                                                                                    
                                      |                                                  +-- Villosa_villosa **               
                                      |  +-----------------------------------------------+                                 
                                      |  |                                               +-- Atlanticoncha **                 
                                      |  |                                                                                 
                                      |  |                                               +-- Cambarunio_nebulosus **          
                                      |  |  +--------------------------------------------+                                 
                                      +--+  |                                            +-- Ligumia **                       
                                         |  |                                                                              
                                         |  |                                      +-------- Leaunio_umbrans **               
                                         |  |  +-----------------------------------+                                       
                                         |  |  |                                   |  +----- Cambarunio_taeniatus **          
                                         +--+  |                                   +--+                                    
                                            |  |                                      |  +-- Cambarunio_iris **               
                                            |  |                                      +--+                                 
                                            |  |                                         +-- Cambarunio_simus **              
                                            |  |                                                                           
                                            |  |  +----------------------------------------- Hamiota **                       
                                            |  |  |                                                                        
                                            +--+  |                 +----------------------- Pachynaias **                    
                                               |  |                 |                                                      
                                               |  |  +--------------+  +-------------------- Sagittunio **                    
                                               |  |  |              |  |                                                   
                                               |  |  |              |  |              +----- Ellipsaria **                    
                                               |  |  |              +--+  +-----------+                                    
                                               |  |  |                 |  |           |  +-- Potamilus_capax **               
                                               |  |  |                 |  |           +--+                                 
                                               |  |  |                 |  |              +-- Truncilla **                     
                                               +--+  |                 +--+                                                
                                                  |  |                    |           +----- Medionidus_acutissimus **        
                                                  |  |                    |  +--------+                                    
                                                  |  |                    |  |        |  +-- Lemiox **                        
                                                  |  |                    |  |        +--+                                 
                                                  |  |                    +--+           +-- Medionidus_penicillatus **       
                                                  |  |                       |                                             
                                                  |  |                       |  +----------- Ptychobranchus **                
                                                  |  |                       |  |                                          
                                                  |  |                       +--+        +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__2 **          
                                                  |  |                          |  +-----+                                 
                                                  +--+                          |  |     +-- Dromus **                        
                                                     |                          +--+                                       
                                                     |                             |  +----- Cyprogenia_stegaria__2 **        
                                                     |                             +--+                                    
                                                     |                                |  +-- Cyprogenia_aberti__1 **          
                                                     |                                +--+                                 
                                                     |                                   +-- Cyprogenia_stegaria__1 **        
                                                     |                                                                     
                                                     |                                   +-- Villosa_delumbis **              
                                                     |  +--------------------------------+                                 
                                                     |  |                                +-- Villosa_vibex **                 
                                                     |  |                                                                  
                                                     |  |                    +-------------- Obovaria_olivaria **             
                                                     |  |                    |                                             
                                                     |  |  +-----------------+           +-- Venustaconcha **                 
                                                     |  |  |                 |  +--------+                                 
                                                     |  |  |                 |  |        +-- Epioblasma **                    
                                                     |  |  |                 +--+                                          
                                                     |  |  |                    |  +-------- Obovaria_retusa **               
                                                     +--+  |                    +--+                                       
                                                        |  |                       |  +----- Obovaria_choctawensis **         
                                                        |  |                       +--+                                    
                                                        |  |                          |  +-- Obovaria_unicolor **             
                                                        |  |                          +--+                                 
                                                        |  |                             +-- Obovaria_subrotunda **           
                                                        |  |                                                               
                                                        |  |                             +-- Mesonaias **                     
                                                        |  |     +-----------------------+                                 
                                                        |  |     |                       +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis **        
                                                        |  |     |                                                         
                                                        +--+  +--+                       +-- Lampsilis_splendida **           
                                                           |  |  |  +--------------------+                                 
                                                           |  |  |  |                    +-- Lampsilis_bracteata **           
                                                           |  |  |  |                                                      
                                                           |  |  +--+                    +-- Lampsilis_fasciola **            
                                                           |  |     |  +-----------------+                                 
                                                           |  |     |  |                 +-- Ortmanniana_pectorosa **         
                                                           |  |     +--+                                                   
                                                           |  |        |  +----------------- Lampsilis_ornata **              
                                                           |  |        |  |                                                
                                                           |  |        +--+  +-------------- Lampsilis_ovata__2 **            
                                                           |  |           |  |                                             
                                                           |  |           +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_dolabraeformis **      
                                                           |  |              |  |                                          
                                                           |  |              |  |     +----- Lampsilis_cardium__2 **          
                                                           |  |              +--+  +--+                                    
                                                           |  |                 |  |  |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium__1 **          
                                                           +--+                 |  |  +--+                                 
                                                              |                 +--+     +-- Lampsilis_satura **              
                                                              |                    |                                       
                                                              |                    |  +----- Lampsilis_cariosa__2 **          
                                                              |                    +--+                                    
                                                              |                       |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata__1 **            
                                                              |                       +--+                                 
                                                              |                          +-- Lampsilis_cariosa__1 **          
                                                              |                                                            
                                                              |                 +----------- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__2 **    
                                                              |  +--------------+                                          
                                                              |  |              |  +-------- Lampsilis_abrupta **             
                                                              |  |              +--+                                       
                                                              |  |                 |  +----- Lampsilis_higginsii__2 **        
                                                              |  |                 +--+                                    
                                                              |  |                    |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina__1 **    
                                                              |  |                    +--+                                 
                                                              +--+                       +-- Lampsilis_higginsii__1 **        
                                                                 |                                                         
                                                                 |                    +----- Medionidus_conradicus **         
                                                                 |  +-----------------+                                    
                                                                 |  |                 |  +-- Leaunio_lienosus **              
                                                                 |  |                 +--+                                 
                                                                 |  |                    +-- Leaunio_vanuxemensis **          
                                                                 |  |                                                      
                                                                 +--+                    +-- Lampsilis_floridensis **         
                                                                    |  +-----------------+                                 
                                                                    |  |                 +-- Lampsilis_teres **               
                                                                    |  |                                                   
                                                                    |  |                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__1 **      
                                                                    +--+                 |                                 
                                                                       |                 +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea__2 **      
                                                                       |  +--------------+                                 
                                                                       |  |              +-- Lampsilis_powellii__1 **         
                                                                       |  |              |                                 
                                                                       +--+              +-- Lampsilis_powellii__2 **         
                                                                          |                                                
                                                                          |  +-------------- Lampsilis_sietmani **            
                                                                          |  |                                             
                                                                          +--+           +-- Lampsilis_straminea__2 **        
                                                                             |  +--------+                                 
                                                                             |  |        +-- Lampsilis_virescens **           
                                                                             +--+                                          
                                                                                |  +-------- Lampsilis_hydiana__2 **          
                                                                                +--+                                       
                                                                                   |  +----- Lampsilis_hydiana__1 **          
                                                                                   +--+                                    
                                                                                      |  +-- Lampsilis_bergmanni **           
                                                                                      +--+                                 
                                                                                         +-- Lampsilis_straminea__1 **        

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
161 161 143 4 39 13 1 183
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Gonideini **       
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Pseudodontini **   

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
161 161 99 4 39 13 1 179
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae  
  |                                    
  |  +-------------- Parreysiinae **      
  |  |                                 
  |  |  +----------- Chamberlainia **     
--+  |  |                              
  |  |  +----------- Megalonaias **       
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  +----------- Uniomerus **         
  |  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Quadrulina **        
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis **     
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Lamprotulini **      
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Gonideini **         
     |  |                              
     +--+----------- Pseudodontini **     
        |                              
        +----------- Rectidentini **      
        |                              
        +----------- Unioninae **         
        |                              
        |  +-------- Amblema **           
        |  |                           
        |  +-------- Toxolasma **         
        |  |                           
        |  +-------- Pleurobemini **      
        |  |                           
        |  |     +-- Obliquaria **        
        |  +-----+                     
        |  |     +-- Plectomerus **       
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Ellipsaria **        
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Medionidus **        
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **  
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Ptychobranchus **    
           +--+                        
              +----- Truncilla **         
              |                        
              +----- Venustaconcha **     
              |                        
              +----- Cambarunio **        
              |                        
              +----- Leaunio **           
              |                        
              |  +-- Ortmanniana **       
              +--+                     
                 +-- Lampsilis **         

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
159 159 156 4 39 13 1 175
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Unioninae **       
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Ambleminae **      
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **       

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
124 124 71 4 0 0 0 147
  +----------------- Parreysiinae **          
  |                                        
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **         
  |  |                                     
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **          
     |  |                                  
     |  |  +-------- Unioninae **             
     +--+  |                               
        |  |  +----- Ambleminae **            
        |  |  |                            
        +--+  |  +-- Chamberlainia **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **    
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii **      
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Potomida **              
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pronodularia **          
              |  |                         
              +--+-- Gonidea **               
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi **  
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia **            
                 |                         
                 +-- Microcondylaea **        
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
114 114 114 4 27 14 1 151
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
113 136 122 4 25 10 1 151.5
                       +-- Chamberlainia **   
  +--------------------+                   
  |                    +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                                        
  |              +-------- Hyriidae        
  +--------------+                         
  |              |  +----- Iridinidae      
--+              +--+                      
  |                 |  +-- Mycetopodidae   
  |                 +--+                   
  |                    +-- Etheriidae      
  |                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lamprotulini **    

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
113 113 113 4 25 10 1 134
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae **      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae **     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini **      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini **   

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
112 112 97 2 5 5 1 151
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111 111 93 4 11 2 1 140
  +----------------- Parreysiinae **   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae **      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Ambleminae **     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **      

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111 111 99 2 0 0 0 150
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Gonideinae **  

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
104 104 62 3 1 1 1 202
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **      

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
100 100 101 3 2 2 1 131
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
  |  |                         
  +--+-------- Unioninae **       
     |                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamprotulini **    

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
100 100 90 3 2 2 1 128
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+        +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamprotulini **    

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
93 93 93 2 2 2 1 133
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
86 86 83 4 6 2 1 121
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
86 86 82 4 6 2 1 121
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
85 85 80 4 11 7 1 120
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
85 85 83 4 11 7 1 120
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4262], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
82 82 79 2 0 0 0 119
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Gonideinae **  

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
82 82 50 4 0 0 0 106
  +-------------- Parreysiinae **  
  |                             
--+  +----------- Pseudodontini ** 
  |  |                          
  |  |  +-------- Rectidentini **  
  +--+  |                       
     |  |  +----- Unioninae **     
     |  |  |                    
     +--+  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Potomida **      
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
        +--+  |                 
           |  +-- Gonidea **       
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Leguminaia **    
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Microcondylaea **
           |  |                 
           +--+-- Amblemini **     
              |                 
              +-- Ortmanniana **   
              |                 
              +-- Lampsilis **     
              |                 
              +-- Cambarunio **    
              |                 
              +-- Elliptio **      
              |                 
              +-- Pleurobema **    
              |                 
              +-- Quadrulini **    

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
79 79 77 3 9 6 1 114
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
77 77 75 3 9 6 1 112
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae ** 

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
74 74 72 4 17 7 1 106
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **       

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
74 74 72 4 17 7 1 106
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **       

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
74 74 72 2 2 2 1 111
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 63 1 0 0 0 110
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 67 1 0 0 0 108
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
69 69 63 4 11 2 1 95
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae **   
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Unioninae **      
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------------- Ambleminae **     
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Sinosolenaia **   
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea **        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia **     

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66 66 64 3 10 10 1 86
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                               
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **    
     |  |                            
     +--+  +-------- Gonideini **       
        |  |                         
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
           |  +--+                   
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Unioninae **       

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66 66 63 3 10 10 1 88
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                               
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **    
     |  |                            
     +--+  +-------- Gonideini **       
        |  |                         
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
           |  +--+                   
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
65 65 63 3 9 6 1 100
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 3 11 7 1 98
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 3 11 7 1 98
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 2 0 0 0 105
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Wang et al., 2025 [Publ 4488], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 1 2 2 1 104
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
62 62 60 1 0 0 0 105
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61 61 55 2 0 0 0 103
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61 61 49 2 0 0 0 103
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2024 [Publ 4387], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
59 59 57 1 0 0 0 98
1

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 56 3 11 7 1 93
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 52 2 0 0 0 100
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 54 2 0 0 0 100
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 54 2 0 0 0 100
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
56 57 48 2 1 1 1 86
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **      

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55 55 50 2 1 1 1 84
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55 55 53 4 1 1 1 91
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **      

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
53 53 51 2 0 0 0 90
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
52 52 50 1 2 2 1 92
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 43 3 2 2 1 85
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
--+  |                         
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |                         
  |  |     +-- Amblemini **       
  +--+-----+                   
     |     +-- Lampsilini **      
     |                         
     |     +-- Lamprotulini **    
     |  +--+                   
     |  |  +-- Gonideini **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 2 2 1 87
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 4 2 2 1 90
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 3 3 1 86
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 2 2 1 88
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 47 4 7 2 1 86
  +----- Ambleminae **  
  |                  
--+----- Gonideinae **  
  |                  
  |  +-- Unioninae **   
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4423], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 48 1 0 0 0 89
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 48 4 7 2 1 89
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Parreysiinae **    

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
49 49 39 2 2 2 1 90
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Rectidentini **    

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
47 49 42 2 2 2 1 94
     +----- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--+                   
  |     +-- Rectidentini **    
  |                         
--+     +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Margaritiferinae
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Sinosolenaia **    
  |     |                   
  +-----+-- Leguminaia **      
        |                   
        +-- Gonidea **         
        |                   
        +-- Lamprotula **      
        |                   
        +-- Potomida **        

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 44 3 10 6 1 80
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **      

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4663], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 45 2 2 2 1 86
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **      

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 53 2 2 2 1 96
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 48 4 23 12 1 83
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                  
  |  +-------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                               
     |  +----------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                            
        |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
              +--+                   
                 +-- Gonideini **       

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 43 3 3 3 1 82
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 44 2 2 2 1 85
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **      

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 47 4 23 12 1 82
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **      

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 48 4 23 12 1 83
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **      

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44 44 42 2 2 2 1 84
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **      

Konopleva et al., 2025 [Publ 4446], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44 44 42 1 0 0 0 85
1

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 36 4 2 2 1 78
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 36 4 2 2 1 80
  +-------------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                           
--+  +----------------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                        
  +--+  +-------------------- Ambleminae **      
     |  |                                     
     |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+  |                                  
        |  |              +-- Anemina **         
        |  +--------------+                   
        |  |              +-- Amuranodonta **    
        +--+                                  
           |           +----- Pletholophus **    
           |  +--------+                      
           |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta **     
           |  |        +--+                   
           |  |           +-- Beringiana **      
           +--+                               
              |  +----------- Cristaria **       
              |  |                            
              |  |        +-- Alasmidontina **   
              +--+--------+                   
                 |        +-- Anodontina **      
                 |                            
                 |  +-------- Lanceolariini **   
                 +--+                         
                    |  +----- Lepidodesmini **   
                    +--+                      
                       |  +-- Acuticostini **    
                       +--+                   
                          +-- Unionini **        

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 42 2 2 2 1 85
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Lamprotulini **    
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 39 1 2 2 1 80
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 41 4 2 2 1 81
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
--+  +----------------- Ambleminae **      
  |  |                                  
  |  |        +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+  +-----+                         
     |  |     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     |  |     +--+                      
     |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     +--+        +--+                   
        |           +-- Discomya **        
        |                               
        |  +----------- Rectidentini **    
        |  |                            
        +--+        +-- Schepmaniini **    
           |  +-----+                   
           |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Caudiculatus **    
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Potomida **        
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Gonideini **       

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 41 1 2 2 1 80
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 42 1 0 0 0 79
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 42 2 0 0 0 74
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 41 1 0 0 0 79
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 36 1 0 0 0 77
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 40 1 0 0 0 77
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 40 3 0 0 0 81
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae ** 

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 8 4 1 80
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 40 1 0 0 0 77
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 3 3 1 78
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 3 3 1 78
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 42 1 0 0 0 83
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 6 3 1 77
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 42 1 0 0 0 81
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 41 2 0 0 0 73
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
40 40 38 3 6 4 1 79
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae ** 

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
40 40 38 1 0 0 0 81
1

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 4 2 2 1 74
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 4 2 2 1 74
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 30 4 2 2 1 74
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 35 4 2 2 1 74
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 1 0 0 0 80
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 36 1 0 0 0 79
1

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 33 2 0 0 0 64
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 34 2 0 0 0 73
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 36 1 0 0 0 79
1

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 34 1 0 0 0 77
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 35 4 2 2 1 75
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Parreysiinae **    
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 35 3 3 3 1 75
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 26 1 0 0 0 75
1

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al., 2020 [Publ 4101], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 22 1 0 0 0 79
1

Perkins et al., 2025 [Publ 4447], fig. 2_mtDNA-ITS

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 37 1 0 0 0 74
1

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al., 2020 [Publ 4101], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 20 1 0 0 0 79
1

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 0 0 0 74
1

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 3 3 3 1 74
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 26 2 0 0 0 58
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 30 1 0 0 0 76
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 4 2 2 1 73
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 0 0 0 78
1

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 0 0 0 73
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 35 34 2 5 4 1 73
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                               
--+  +----------- Unioninae **       
  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Lampsilini **      
     |  |                         
     +--+     +-- Hyriidae        
        |  +--+                   
        |  |  +-- Amblemini **       
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                   
              +-- Quadrulini **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 22 1 2 2 1 71
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 73
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 71
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 73
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4805], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 0 0 0 77
1

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 4041], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 21 1 0 0 0 76
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 73
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 71
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 21 1 0 0 0 72
1

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 34 32 3 1 1 1 76
                       +----- Prolasmidonta **           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta **             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina **                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini **           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia **           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Oxynaiina **               
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini **           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotulina **         
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias **              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis **  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon **               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta **             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria **               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina **              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis **
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus **        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii **        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini **               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Margaritiferidae        
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini **              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma **               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata **        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii **      

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 32 3 5 4 1 68
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Quadrulina **      
  |  |                               
  |  |        +----- Lamprotulini **    
  +--+  +-----+                      
     |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     |  |     +--+                   
     +--+        +-- Unioninae **       
        |                            
        |  +-------- Megalonaias **     
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Amblemini **       
              +--+                   
                 +-- Lampsilini **      

Dai et al., 2026 [Publ 4757], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 31 2 2 2 1 75
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 30 3 10 6 1 69
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 30 3 2 2 1 71
  +----------------- Cumberlandia   
  |                                 
--+----------------- Margaritifera  
  |                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae **      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Sinosolenaia **   
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
              +--+                  
                 +-- Ambleminae **     

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 14 3 2 2 1 71
  +-------- Cumberlandia   
  |                        
  +-------- Margaritifera  
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae **      
  |  |                     
  |  |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
  +--+  |                  
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                  
     +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
        |                  
        +-- Sinosolenaia **   
        |                  
        +-- Ambleminae **     

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 36 22 3 4 4 1 69
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Ambleminae **      
  |                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 22 3 0 0 0 69
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **   

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 68
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Zieritz et al., 2020 [Publ 4102], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 27 1 0 0 0 73
1

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 27 2 2 2 1 66
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 38 3 0 0 0 69
  +----------- Unioninae **      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Ambleminae **     

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 68
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 28 3 0 0 0 69
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **   

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 67
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 30 2 0 0 0 57
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Burdick & White, 2007 [Publ 2679], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 31 1 0 0 0 70
1

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 28 4 10 2 1 61
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **      

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 13 2 4 3 1 75
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 28 4 2 1 1 61
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae **  
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideinae **  

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 1 0 0 0 72
1

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 2 2 2 1 67
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **      

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 26 2 2 2 1 72
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 30 2 4 2 1 72
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 20 1 0 0 0 66
1

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 3 2 2 1 68
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 28 3 1 1 1 68
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 2 2 2 1 72
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 26 1 2 2 1 72
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 3 3 3 1 68
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 1 0 0 0 68
1

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 69
1

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 2 0 0 0 71
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **   

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 72
1

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 69
1

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 72
1

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 27 1 0 0 0 69
1

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 2 0 0 0 63
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 2 2 2 1 63
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 1 0 0 0 67
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 1 1 1 1 70
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Parreysiinae **    

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 18 1 0 0 0 66
1

Konopleva et al., 2021 [Publ 4213], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 21 1 0 0 0 66
1

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 23 1 0 0 0 66
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 23 2 2 2 1 64
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 19 2 5 2 1 46
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionini **        
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodontini **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **      

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 6 1 0 0 0 65
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 2 0 0 0 66
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 9 1 0 0 0 65
1

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 2 5 2 1 48
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionini **        
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodontini **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **      

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 4 0 0 0 49
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae **  
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae **     
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini **  
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini **    
        |  |                                      
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini **     
           |  |                                   
           |  |              +----- Eurynia **       
           +--+  +-----------+                    
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio **    
              |  |           +--+                 
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus **
              +--+                                
                 |              +-- Amblemini **     
                 |  +-----------+                 
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema **    
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Truncilla **     
                    |  |                          
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis **     
                       |  +-----+                 
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma **    
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Ligumia **       
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Obliquaria **    
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Ortmanniana **   

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 1 2 2 1 65
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 26 24 4 22 2 1 33
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                     
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------------- Etheriidae      
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Unioninae **       
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Pseudodontini **   

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 19 4 22 2 1 34
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                         
  +--+  +----- Parreysiinae **    
     |  |                      
     |  +----- Rectidentini **    
     +--+                      
        +----- Unioninae **       
        |                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Ambleminae **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 2 2 1 60
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 17 2 0 0 0 61
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 0 0 0 61
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 27 24 4 22 2 1 28
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                                     
  |  +----------------- Etheriidae      
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Unioninae **       
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Ambleminae **      

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 4 3 1 62
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 3 0 0 0 65
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Unioninae **   
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideinae **  

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 21 4 12 2 1 50
  +----------------- Parreysiinae ** 
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Pseudodontini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unioninae **    
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Gonideini **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Ambleminae **   

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 23 4 12 2 1 51
  +-------------- Parreysiinae ** 
  |                            
--+           +-- Pseudodontini **
  |  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unioninae **    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideini **    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Ambleminae **   

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 10 1 0 0 0 62
1

Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 28 29 2 4 0 0 65
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Iridinidae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **   

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 20 2 3 3 1 62
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3922], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 1 0 0 0 66
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2017 [Publ 3837], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 1 0 0 0 64
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 16 1 0 0 0 53
1

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 2 0 0 0 60
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 3 1 1 1 60
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_MtG

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 1 0 0 0 64
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_AHE

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 1 0 0 0 64
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 24 1 0 0 0 56
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 3 0 0 0 59
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4212], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 1 0 0 0 64
1

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 0 0 0 56
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 0 0 0 56
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 10 2 1 60
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Parreysiinae **    

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 20 7 1 61
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 2 2 1 63
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 20 7 1 61
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 0 0 0 58
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 17 2 2 2 1 62
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 3 3 2 1 60
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 14 2 2 2 1 62
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Pieri et al., 2018 [Publ 3867], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 23 2 0 0 0 58
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 13 1 0 0 0 58
1

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 1 1 1 59
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **      

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 16 3 1 1 1 54
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Amblemini **       
  |  |                         
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini **    
  +--+                         
     +-------- Lampsilini **      
     |                         
     |  +----- Quadrulini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideinae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 3 6 2 1 56
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 3 6 2 1 58
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 1 1 1 59
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **      

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 20 18 3 1 1 1 58
  +-------- Unioninae **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Smith et al., 2018 [Publ 3790], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 17 1 0 0 0 60
1

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 0 0 0 58
  +-------------- Sinanodonta **    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Cristaria **      
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Gonideinae **     
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae **     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Acuticostini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **      

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 14 4 13 2 1 51
  +-------------------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                                 
--+  +----------------------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                              
  +--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae **    
     |  |                                           
     +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia **       
        |  |                                        
        |  +----------------------- Amblemini **       
        +--+                                        
           |  +-------------------- Quadrulini **      
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema **      
              |  |                                  
              +--+  +-------------- Eurynia **         
                 |  |                               
                 |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias **      
                 +--+-----------+                   
                    |           +-- Unioninae **       
                    |                               
                    |  +----------- Ortmanniana **     
                    +--+                            
                       |  +-------- Glebula **         
                       +--+                         
                          |  +----- Potamilus **       
                          +--+                      
                             |  +-- Ligumia **         
                             +--+                   
                                +-- Toxolasma **       

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 28 16 4 13 2 1 45.5
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |  +----------------- Amblemini **       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Eurynia **         
--+  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Fusconaia **       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Pleurobema **      
  |  |                                  
  +--+----------------- Quadrulini **      
     |                                  
     |     +----------- Ortmanniana **     
     +-----+                            
     |     |  +-------- Glebula **         
     |     +--+                         
     |        |  +----- Potamilus **       
     |        +--+                      
     |           |  +-- Ligumia **         
     |           +--+                   
     |              +-- Toxolasma **       
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Cyrtonaias **      
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Unionini **        
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Anodontini **      
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Hyriidae        
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Iridinidae      
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Mycetopodidae   

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 21 14 4 16 2 1 47
  +-------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |                               
--+  +----------- Etheriidae      
  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Anodontini **      
     |  |                         
     +--+  +----- Gonideinae **      
        |  |                      
        +--+----- Unionini **        
           |                      
           |  +-- Margaritiferidae
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **      

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 20 17 4 13 2 1 43
  +----------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideinae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 10 1 0 0 0 59
1

Bolotov et al., 2019 [Publ 3974], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 2 0 0 0 60
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 1 3 4 3 1 55
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae **         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria **         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma **         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula **           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus **          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema **            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio **           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia **          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus **        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema **         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini **           

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 2 0 0 0 60
           +-- Gonideinae **     
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Lepidodesmini **  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Acuticostini **   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **      

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 13 1 0 0 0 56
1

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 20 17 4 13 2 1 43
  +----------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Ambleminae **      

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 1 1 1 56
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 62
1

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2e

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 60
1

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 15 3 2 2 1 57
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 57
1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 4 13 2 1 43
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideinae **  
     +--+               
        +-- Ambleminae **  

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 1 3 4 3 1 55
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae **         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria **         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma **         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula **           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus **          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema **            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio **           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia **          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus **        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina **    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina **           

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 1 1 1 56
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 19 17 2 3 3 1 64
  +-------------------- Margaritiferinae       
  |                                            
  |  +----------------- Anodontini **             
--+  |                                         
  |  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini **        
  |  |  +--+                                   
  +--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii **       
     |  |  +--+                                
     |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata **     
     |  |     +--+                             
     |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae           
     +--+        +--+                          
        |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae **
        |                                      
        |        +----- Aculamprotulina **        
        |     +--+                             
        |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **           
        |     |  +--+                          
        +-----+     +-- Nodularia **              
              |                                
              |  +----- Schistodesmus **          
              +--+                             
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **          
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Acuticostini **           

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 18 2 4 2 1 60
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 2 2 1 59
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 2 2 1 57
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 18 11 3 1 0 0 59
  +----------- Cristariina **    
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodonta **       
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Unionini **       
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Alasmidontina **  
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Pseudanodonta **  
     |                        
     |  +----- Ambleminae **     
     |  |                     
     +--+  +-- Hyriidae       
        |  |                  
        +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 5 3 1 57
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 0 0 0 60
1

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 3 0 0 0 54
  +-- Gonideinae **
  |             
--+-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Fukata & Iigo, 2019 [Publ 4108], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 0 0 0 60
1

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 2 2 2 1 58
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 5 3 1 57
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Grobler et al., 2011 [Publ 3359], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 1 0 0 0 54
1

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 1 1 1 1 56
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 3 3 3 3 1 57
  +----------- Cumberlandia       
  |                               
  +----------- Margaritifera      
  |                               
  |  +-------- Gonideinae **         
--+  |                            
  |  |     +-- Elliptio **           
  |  |     |                      
  |  |     +-- Fusconaia **          
  |  |     |                      
  +--+  +--+-- Amblemini **          
     |  |  |                      
     |  |  +-- Pleurobema **         
     |  |  |                      
     |  |  +-- Unionini **           
     |  |                         
     |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
     +--+  |                      
        |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Utterbackia **        
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
        +--+                      
           +-- Megalonaias **        
           |                      
           +-- Obliquaria **         
           |                      
           +-- Theliderma **         
           |                      
           +-- Quadrula **           
           |                      
           +-- Uniomerus **          

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 13 1 0 0 0 57
1

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 12 1 0 0 0 52
1

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 4 4 1 1 56
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 0 0 0 57
  +-------- Anodontini **   
  |                      
--+     +-- Lanceolariini **
  |  +--+                
  |  |  +-- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Ambleminae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae **   

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 1 1 1 57
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Johnson et al., 2018 [Publ 3844], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 56
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 60
1

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 10 1 0 0 0 57
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 59
1

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 2 2 1 55
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Kongim et al., 2023 [Publ 4290], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 2 1 0 0 0 56
1

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4476], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56
1

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 2 0 0 0 58
        +-- Lanceolariini **
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionini **     
--+                      
  |  +----- Acuticostini ** 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae **   

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 2 0 0 0 58
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 1 1 1 52
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 2 1 1 55
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 0 0 0 55
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 1 0 0 0 59
1

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 57
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56
1

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 1 0 0 0 52
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 0 0 0 56
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **   

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 56
1

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 0 0 0 56
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 3 2 2 1 54
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 10 2 3 2 1 55
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3738], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 55
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 57
1

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 0 0 0 50
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Hauck et al., 2023 [Publ 4333], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 1 0 0 0 53
1

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 12 2 1 1 1 54
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **      

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 11 2 1 1 1 55
  +----- Unioninae **       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Lampsilini **      
  |                      
  +----- Amblemini **       
  |                      
  |  +-- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini **    

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 10 1 0 0 0 57
1

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 0 0 0 51
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 4 1 1 1 51
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **      

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 10 2 0 0 0 55
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 2 1 1 51
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 0 0 0 55
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 1 1 1 54
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+        +-- Quadrulini **      
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Amblemini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Pleurobemini **    

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 0 0 0 51
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 2 3 3 1 51
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 3 3 2 1 53
  +-------------- Margaritifera_margaritifera__2
  |                                             
--+           +-- Margaritifera_margaritifera__1
  |  +--------+                                 
  |  |        +-- Margaritifera_falcata         
  +--+                                          
     |  +-------- Unioninae **                     
     |  |                                       
     +--+     +-- Pleurobemini **                  
        |  +--+                                 
        |  |  +-- Gonideinae **                    
        +--+                                    
           |  +-- Lampsilini **                    
           +--+                                 
              +-- Quadrulini **                    

Douda et al., 2024 [Publ 4364], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 1 1 1 1 57
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 12 2 1 1 1 55
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **      

Sayenko et al., 2021 [Publ 4189], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 1 0 0 0 56
1

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 9 2 1 1 1 54
  +----- Unioninae **       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Quadrulini **      
  |                      
  +----- Lampsilini **      
  |                      
  |  +-- Amblemini **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini **    

Jeratthitikul & Sutcharit, 2023 [Publ 4289], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 1 0 0 0 54
1

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 12 2 0 0 0 55
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 12 1 0 0 0 56
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 3 1 1 48
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Gonidea **         
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Inversidens **     
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Unioninae **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **      

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 10

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 8 1 2 2 1 56
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 51
1

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 0 0 0 53
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 2 1 1 52
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 55
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 3 1 1 48
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Gonidea **         
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Inversidens **     
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Unioninae **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **      

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 1 1 1 56
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 54
1

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 6 1 1 35
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Unioninae **       
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Gonideini **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **      

Konopleva et al., 2020 [Publ 4072], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 0 0 0 56
1

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 55
1

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 11 1 0 0 0 55
1

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 0 0 0 53
        +-- Gonideini **      
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Ambleminae **     
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae **      

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 55
1

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 8 1 0 0 0 51
1

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 0 0 0 56
1

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 56
1

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 2 2 1 50
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                               
  |           +-- Anodontina **      
--+  +--------+                   
  |  |        +-- Utterbackia **     
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideinae **      
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Unionini **        
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pyganodon **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Cristariina **     

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 13 11 3 3 1 1 53
  +-------------- Unioninae **       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini **    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini **       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini **      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferidae

Roe, 2013 [Publ 3571], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 52
1

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 55
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 23 12 1 55
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Morrison et al., 2021 [Publ 4362], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 52
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 3 3 1 54
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 23 12 1 55
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 6 1 0 0 0 49
1

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 2 1 1 1 49
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 50
1

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 55
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 1 0 0 0 54
1

Schilling et al., 2025 [Publ 4737], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 53
1

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 3 0 0 0 53
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae ** 

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 27

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 7 1 0 0 0 55
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 9 3 1 1 1 50
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 2 2 1 54
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 0 0 0 53
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **   

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 1 1 1 1 52
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 16 13 3 26 6 1 52
  +-------- Unioninae **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **      

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 51
1

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 4 6 0 0 56
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi **
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula **             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida **               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini **             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini **           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotulina **        
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum **          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini **             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus **  

Roe & Lydeard, 1998 [Publ 2693], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 5 1 0 0 0 52
1

Schilling et al., 2025 [Publ 4737], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 9 1 0 0 0 52
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 3 0 0 0 49
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae ** 

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 53
1

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 52
1

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 11 13 2 1 1 1 52
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
  +-- Parreysiinae **    

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 11 9 2 1 1 1 52
  +----- Ambleminae **      
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferidae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 6 3 1 1 1 52
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Morrison et al., 2021 [Publ 4362], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 52
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 4 3 1 48
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **      

Stodola et al., 2021 [Publ 4266], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 1 0 0 0 53
1

Roe et al., 2002 [Publ 2689], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 51
1

Muanta et al., 2019 [Publ 3921], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 8 1 0 0 0 54
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 1 1 1 51
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 50
1

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 50
  +----- Gonideini **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **   

Hewitt et al., 2019 [Publ 3962], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 10 2 1 1 1 49
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 2 1 1 49
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 51
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 5 1 0 0 0 51
1

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 47
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 6 1 0 0 0 53
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 52
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 52
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 3 2 1 48
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **      

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 3 2 1 50
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Quadrulini **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **      

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 1 1 1 53
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Anodontini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **   
        +--+                   
           +-- Unionini **        

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 0 0 0 49
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae ** 

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3911], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 14 2 0 0 0 52
  +----- Rectidentini ** 
--+                   
  |  +-- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                
     +-- Parreysiinae ** 

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 2 2 1 53
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 15 7 4 6 0 0 55
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
  |                     
  +-------- Gonideinae **  
--+                     
  |     +-- Hyriidae    
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Trigoniidae 
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     |  |               
     +--+-- Lampsilini **  
        |               
        +-- Unioninae **   

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 0 4 6 0 0 51
  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula **     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini **     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida **       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini **     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae **   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini **   

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 50
1

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 1 1 1 50
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 25

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 53
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 2 1 1 47
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 1 1 1 49
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 2 1 1 51
  +----- Gonideinae **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae ** 

Tomilova et al., 2020 [Publ 4097], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 50
1

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 3 2 0 0 0 49
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 2 1 52
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Bespalaya et al., 2018 [Publ 3811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 1 2 2 1 53
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 0 0 0 47
  +-------------- Cristariina **  
--+                            
  |  +----------- Alasmidontina **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lampsilis **    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideinae **   
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Venustaconcha **
           +--+                
              +-- Quadrulini **   

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 50
1

Vikhrev et al., 2017 [Publ 3810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 2 1 52
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 18

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 1 0 0 0 53
1

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 1 0 0 45
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 50
1

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 8 1 0 0 0 51
1

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 2 1 1 1 45
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Klishko et al., 2018 [Publ 3945], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 51
1

Kondakov et al., 2018 [Publ 3914], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 52
1

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 52
1

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 0 0 0 47
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Bauer et al., 2021 [Publ 4365], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 52
1

Marrone et al., 2019 [Publ 3907], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 4 1 0 0 0 51
1

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 1 0 0 45
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 51
1

Jones & Neves, 2010 [Publ 2646], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 1 1 0 0 0 50
1

Serb & Barnhart, 2008 [Publ 2674], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 9 1 0 0 0 48
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 0 0 0 46
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 7 1 0 0 0 48
1

Serb & Barnhart, 2008 [Publ 2674], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 10 1 0 0 0 48
1

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 51
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 0 0 0 46
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 8 4 1 1 1 1 50
  +----- Anodontina **      
  |                      
--+  +-- Cristariina **     
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Margaritiferidae
     |                   
     +-- Unionini **        

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 8 1 0 0 0 48
1

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 0 0 0 48
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 4 1 0 0 0 49
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 50
1

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 8A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50
1

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3727], fig. 3_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 51
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 49
1

Hoeh et al., 1995 [Publ 3391], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 4 1 0 0 0 50
1

Smith et al., 2023 [Publ 4291], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50
1

Goncalves et al., 2022 [Publ 4253], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 6 1 0 0 0 51
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 2 2 1 51
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50
1

Jones & Neves, 2010 [Publ 2646], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50
1

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 8 1 0 0 0 48
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 49
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 49
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 1 1 1 49
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lampsilini **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **       

Klishko et al., 2017 [Publ 3946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 49
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 1 1 1 49
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **      

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 1 0 0 0 47
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 1 1 1 50
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Zieritz et al., 2016 [Publ 3804], fig. S2-1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 1 0 0 0 50
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 4042], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50
1

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 7 4 1 1 1 1 48
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **        

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 6 1 0 0 0 51
1

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Moyer & Díaz-Ferguson, 2012 [Publ 3375], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 2 0 0 0 48
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 46
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 0 0 0 49
1

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50
1

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 4 23 12 1 50
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Parreysiinae **    

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 0 0 0 50
1

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 7 2 1 1 1 1 48
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **        

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 2 2 1 50
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3732], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 2 2 1 51
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 2 2 1 50
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 3 2 1 1 46
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Unioninae **       
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 3 2 1 1 46
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Unioninae **       
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50
1

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 0 0 0 45
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 15 13 3 11 1 1 56.5
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |           +-------- Unionini **        
--+  +--------+                         
  |  |        |  +----- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |        +--+                      
  |  |           |  +-- Anodontini **      
  +--+           +--+                   
     |              +-- Lampsilini **      
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Parreysiini **     
     |  |                               
     +--+  +----------- Coelaturini **     
        |  |                            
        +--+  +-------- Hyriidae        
           |  |                         
           +--+  +----- Iridinidae      
              |  |                      
              +--+  +-- Anodontitinae   
                 |  |                   
                 +--+-- Mycetopodinae   
                    |                   
                    +-- Etheriidae      

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 2 3 0 0 0 48
  +----- Gonideinae **   
  |                   
--+  +-- Cristariina **  
  |  |                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **   
  +--+                
     +-- Alasmidontina **
     |                
     +-- Quadrulini **   

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 2 2 1 50
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 1 1 1 49
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 1 1 1 46.5
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideini **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 48
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48
1

Krebs et al., 2013 [Publ 3515], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48
1

Saxon et al., 2023 [Publ 4338], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 47
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Mabuchi et al., 2021 [Publ 4233], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49
1

Lane et al., 2016 [Publ 3735], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 1 1 0 0 0 49
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 2 2 1 49
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 47
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49
1

Nagel et al., 1996 [Publ 3400], fig. 351

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 49
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Zanatta & Harris, 2013 [Publ 3530], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 47
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 49
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 47
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 45
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 49
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 43
  +-------- Quadrulini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini **

Jones et al., 2006 [Publ 2681], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 47
1

Dyduch-Falniowska & Koziol, 1989 [Publ 3814], fig. 5_7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 47
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48
1

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 46
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 7 1 1 42
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47
1

Klishko et al., 2016 [Publ 3733], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 45
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 3 0 0 0 47
  +-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
--+-- Ambleminae **
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Patterson et al., 2021 [Publ 4222], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 46
1

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 45
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae ** 

Gangloff et al., 2013 [Publ 3551], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47
1

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 1 1 1 46
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 47
  +----- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 7a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 1 0 0 0 48
1

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 3 0 0 0 47
  +-- Ambleminae **
  |             
--+-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 2 2 1 48
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3835], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 1 0 0 0 48
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2D

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47
1

Klishko et al., 2014 [Publ 3666], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 47
  +----- Quadrulini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Sayenko et al., 2017 [Publ 3760], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Bulakhova et al., 2023 [Publ 4325], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 2 2 1 48
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 42
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 1 2 2 1 48
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **      

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 26 10 1 45
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 26 10 1 45
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48
1

Johnson et al., 2023 [Publ 4323], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47
1

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 2 9 7 1 46
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Unionini **        
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Anodontini **      
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 3 3 1 45
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Shirai et al., 2010 [Publ 3353], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 6A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Hinzmann et al., 2013 [Publ 3541], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 45
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Ambleminae **      

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 45
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 25 14 1 46
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Kilikowska et al., 2020 [Publ 4335], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Hoeh et al., 1996 [Publ 2694], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 1 0 0 44
     +-- None__1   
  +--+             
  |  +-- None__2   
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae ** 

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 9 7 1 45
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 2 3 1 1 46
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Lampsilini **      
     |                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 8 7 1 45
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 45
1

Froufe et al., 2014 [Publ 3592], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Imsong & Murali, 2023 [Publ 4370], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Metzger et al., 2018 [Publ 3952], fig. 1C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 44
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Xia et al., 2016 [Publ 3712], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46
  +----- Sinanodonta **
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristaria **  
  +--+              
     +-- Gonideinae ** 

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 2 2 1 1 1 47
  +-------- Cristaria **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Sinanodonta **     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **      

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 14 12 2 11 1 1 45.5
     +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Hyriidae        

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 12 1 1 46
  +----- Unioninae **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Peng et al., 2012 [Publ 3689], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2016 [Publ 3757], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 7 7 1 45
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 25 14 1 46
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **       

Smith & Johnson, 2020 [Publ 4229], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47
1

Krebs et al., 2019 [Publ 4092], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 46
1

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 12 1 1 46
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **      

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 --
1

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 3 1 1 45
  +----- Unioninae **       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 0 0 0 --
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 --
1

Campbell, 2000 [Publ 2724], fig. 1-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 1 1 1 --
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 11 11 1 --
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **      

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 3 1 1 45
  +----- Ambleminae **      
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **       

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 --
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 --
1

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 2 1 1 --
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 --
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 --
1

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 --
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 --
-- Unio_pictorum **

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 --
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 1_2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 11 1 --
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 7 1 --
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 --
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Ambleminae **      

Baker et al., 2003 [Publ 2690], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 --
-- Epioblasma_triquetra **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 --
-- Unio_pictorum **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 --
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 --
-- Unio_pictorum **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3579], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 --
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 1 1 --
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 --
  +-- Ambleminae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 --
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 --
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Baker et al., 2004 [Publ 2685], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 --
-- Epioblasma_triquetra **

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 --
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **       

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 --
  +-- Ambleminae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 --
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 --
-- Unio_pictorum **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 6 1 --
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Välilä et al., 2017 [Publ 3793], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 --
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae