Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea

family UNIONIDAE Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics

5 subfamilies, 32 genera

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 806 (1071 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: subfamily) = 37
analyzed in 592 cladograms in 329 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 567 (mean = 22.44, median = 13)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 1.9, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 570
maximum number of included terminals = 567, (mean = 23.27 median = 14)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 1.93, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.94

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 205
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subfamily) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 567 (mean = 34.47, median = 22)
maximum number of subtaxa (subfamily) = 4 (mean = 2.91, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.86

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Unionidae cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Unionidae cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

** Top Monophyly Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 45 39 4 22 2 1 0 
  +----------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |                                        
  |           +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--------+                            
--+  |        |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
  |  |        +--+                         
  |  |           |  +----- Unioninae **       
  |  |           +--+                      
  +--+              |  +-- Gonideini **       
     |              +--+                   
     |                 +-- Ambleminae **      
     |                                     
     |  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Hyriidae        
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Pseudomulleria  
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Mulleria        
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Etheria         
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Mycetopodidae   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Iridinidae

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4455], fig. 1

** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 24 15 1 -- 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
567 582 647 4 65 14 1 696 
                          +-------------------- Unioninae **                 
                          |                                               
  +-----------------------+  +----------------- Lamellidens **               
  |                       |  |                                            
  |                       +--+              +-- Balwantia **                 
  |                          |  +-----------+                             
  |                          |  |           +-- Trapezidens **               
  |                          +--+                                         
  |                             |  +----------- Leoparreysiini **            
  |                             +--+                                      
  |                                |  +-------- Etheriidae                
  |                                +--+                                   
--+                                   |  +----- Indochinellini **            
  |                                   +--+                                
  |                                      |  +-- Parreysiini **               
  |                                      +--+                             
  |                                         +-- Coelaturini **               
  |                                                                       
  |  +----------------------------------------- Rectidentini **              
  |  |                                                                    
  |  |  +-------------------------------------- Margaritiferidae          
  |  |  |                                                                 
  +--+  |  +----------------------------------- Ambleminae **                
     |  |  |                                                              
     |  |  |     +----------------------------- Indopseudodontina **         
     |  |  |     |                                                        
     |  |  |     |                          +-- Lannanaia **                 
     +--+  |  +--+  +-----------------------+                             
        |  |  |  |  |                       +-- Pilsbryoconcha **            
        |  |  |  |  |                                                     
        |  |  |  +--+  +----------------------- Songkhlanaia **              
        |  |  |     |  |                                                  
        |  |  |     |  |                    +-- Nyeinchanconcha **           
        |  |  |     +--+  +-----------------+                             
        |  |  |        |  |                 +-- Sundadontina **              
        +--+  |        |  |                                               
           |  |        |  |                 +-- Isannaia **                  
           |  |        +--+              +--+                             
           |  |           |              |  +-- Namkongnaia **               
           |  |           |  +-----------+                                
           |  |           |  |           |  +-- Thaiconcha **                
           |  |           |  |           +--+                             
           |  |           +--+              +-- Bineurus **                  
           |  |              |                                            
           |  |              |  +-------------- Pseudodon_walpolei **        
           |  |              |  |                                         
           |  |              +--+  +----------- Pseudodon_vagulus **         
           |  |                 |  |                                      
           |  |                 |  |     +----- Pseudodon_vondembuschianus **
           +--+                 +--+  +--+                                
              |                    |  |  |  +-- Pseudodon_mekongi **         
              |                    |  |  +--+                             
              |                    +--+     +-- Schepmaniini **              
              |                       |                                   
              |                       |  +----- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__2 **  
              |                       +--+                                
              |                          |  +-- Pseudodon_inoscularis **     
              |                          +--+                             
              |                             +-- Pseudodon_lenyanensis__1 **  
              |                                                           
              |           +-------------------- Chamberlainiini **           
              |           |                                               
              |        +--+  +----------------- Parvasolenaia **             
              |        |  |  |                                            
              |        |  +--+  +-------------- Pseudopostolata **           
              |        |     |  |                                         
              |        |     +--+  +----------- Koreosolenaia **             
              |        |        |  |                                      
              |        |        +--+        +-- Cosmopseudodon **            
              |        |           |  +-----+                             
              |        |           |  |     +-- Guiunio **                   
              |        |           +--+                                   
              +--------+              |  +----- Ptychorhynchus **            
                       |              +--+                                
                       |                 |  +-- Obovalis **                  
                       |                 +--+                             
                       |                    +-- Postolata **                 
                       |                                                  
                       |                    +-- Caudiculatus **              
                       |     +--------------+                             
                       |     |              +-- Lamprotulini **              
                       |     |                                            
                       +-----+  +-------------- Sinosolenaia_carinata **     
                             |  |                                         
                             |  |        +----- Gonidea **                   
                             +--+  +-----+                                
                                |  |     |  +-- Microcondylaea **            
                                |  |     +--+                             
                                +--+        +-- Leguminaia **                
                                   |                                      
                                   |  +-------- Inversidens **               
                                   +--+                                   
                                      |  +----- Sinosolenaia_recognita **    
                                      +--+                                
                                         |  +-- Sinosolenaia_iridinea **     
                                         +--+                             
                                            +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
162 162 100 4 39 13 1 180 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae  
  |                                    
  |  +-------------- Parreysiinae **      
  |  |                                 
  |  |  +----------- Chamberlainia **     
--+  |  |                              
  |  |  +----------- Megalonaias **       
  |  |  |                              
  |  |  +----------- Uniomerus **         
  |  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Quadrulina **        
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Sinohyriopsis **     
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Lamprotulini **      
     |  |                              
     |  +----------- Gonideini **         
     |  |                              
     +--+----------- Pseudodontini **     
        |                              
        +----------- Rectidentini **      
        |                              
        +----------- Unioninae **         
        |                              
        |  +-------- Amblema **           
        |  |                           
        |  +-------- Toxolasma **         
        |  |                           
        |  +-------- Pleurobemini **      
        |  |                           
        |  |     +-- Obliquaria **        
        |  +-----+                     
        |  |     +-- Plectomerus **       
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Ellipsaria **        
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Medionidus **        
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Potamilus_alatus **  
           |  |                        
           |  +----- Ptychobranchus **    
           +--+                        
              +----- Truncilla **         
              |                        
              +----- Venustaconcha **     
              |                        
              +----- Cambarunio **        
              |                        
              +----- Leaunio **           
              |                        
              |  +-- Ortmanniana **       
              +--+                     
                 +-- Lampsilis **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
162 162 143 4 39 13 1 183 
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Gonideini **       
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Pseudodontini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
160 160 157 4 39 13 1 176 
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Unioninae **       
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Ambleminae **      
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
125 125 71 4 0 0 0 147 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae **          
  |                                        
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **         
  |  |                                     
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **          
     |  |                                  
     |  |  +-------- Unioninae **             
     +--+  |                               
        |  |  +----- Ambleminae **            
        |  |  |                            
        +--+  |  +-- Chamberlainia **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **         
           |  |  |                         
           |  |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **    
           +--+  |                         
              |  +-- Lamprotula_leaii **      
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Potomida **              
              |  |                         
              |  +-- Pronodularia **          
              |  |                         
              +--+-- Gonidea **               
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia_wheatleyi **  
                 |                         
                 +-- Leguminaia **            
                 |                         
                 +-- Microcondylaea **        
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_carinata ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_oleivora ** 
                 |                         
                 +-- Sinosolenaia_recognita **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
114 114 114 4 25 10 1 135 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **   
--+                                    
  |  +----------------- Rectidentini **   
  +--+                                 
     |  +-------------- Pseudodontini **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----------- Unioninae **      
        +--+                           
           |  +-------- Ambleminae **     
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Gonideini **      
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Lamprotulini **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
114 137 123 4 25 10 1 152.5 
                       +-- Chamberlainia **   
  +--------------------+                   
  |                    +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                                        
  |              +-------- Hyriidae        
  +--------------+                         
  |              |  +----- Iridinidae      
--+              +--+                      
  |                 |  +-- Mycetopodidae   
  |                 +--+                   
  |                    +-- Etheriidae      
  |                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Lamprotulini **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
113 113 113 4 27 14 1 150 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
112 112 97 2 5 5 1 151 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111 111 93 4 11 2 1 140 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae **   
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Unioninae **      
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Ambleminae **     
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini **
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **   
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Gonideini **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4100], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
111 111 99 2 0 0 0 150 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Gonideinae **

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
104 104 62 3 1 1 1 202 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
100 100 90 3 2 2 1 128 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+        +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
100 100 101 3 2 2 1 131 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
  |  |                         
  +--+-------- Unioninae **       
     |                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Lamprotulini **

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
93 93 92 2 2 2 1 132 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
85 85 81 4 6 2 1 120 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
85 85 82 4 6 2 1 120 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
84 84 82 4 11 7 1 119 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
84 84 79 4 11 7 1 119 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
82 82 50 4 0 0 0 106 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae **  
  |                             
--+  +----------- Pseudodontini ** 
  |  |                          
  |  |  +-------- Rectidentini **  
  +--+  |                       
     |  |  +----- Unioninae **     
     |  |  |                    
     +--+  |  +-- Lamprotula **    
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Potomida **      
        |  |  |                 
        |  |  +-- Pronodularia **  
        +--+  |                 
           |  +-- Gonidea **       
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Leguminaia **    
           |  |                 
           |  +-- Microcondylaea **
           |  |                 
           +--+-- Amblemini **     
              |                 
              +-- Ortmanniana **   
              |                 
              +-- Lampsilis **     
              |                 
              +-- Cambarunio **    
              |                 
              +-- Elliptio **      
              |                 
              +-- Pleurobema **    
              |                 
              +-- Quadrulini **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4262], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
82 82 79 2 0 0 0 119 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Gonideinae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
78 78 76 3 9 6 1 113 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
76 76 74 3 9 6 1 111 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
74 74 72 4 17 7 1 106 
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
74 74 72 4 17 7 1 106 
  +----------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                        
  |  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------------- Rectidentini **    
        +--+                               
           |  +----------- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                            
              |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
              +--+                         
                 |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
                 +--+                      
                    |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
                    +--+                   
                       +-- Gonideini **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 63 1 0 0 0 110 
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 67 1 0 0 0 108 
1

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
73 73 71 2 2 2 1 110 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
70 70 63 4 11 2 1 95 
  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae **   
  |                                          
--+  +----------------------- Unioninae **      
  |  |                                       
  +--+  +-------------------- Rectidentini **   
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------------- Ambleminae **     
        |  |                                 
        |  |              +-- Chamberlainiini **
        +--+  +-----------+                  
           |  |           +-- Lamprotulini **   
           |  |                              
           +--+           +-- Parvasolenaia **  
              |  +--------+                  
              |  |        +-- Pseudodontini **  
              +--+                           
                 |  +-------- Sinosolenaia **   
                 +--+                        
                    |  +----- Gonidea **        
                    +--+                     
                       |  +-- Microcondylaea ** 
                       +--+                  
                          +-- Leguminaia **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66 66 63 3 10 10 1 88 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                               
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **    
     |  |                            
     +--+  +-------- Gonideini **       
        |  |                         
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
           |  +--+                   
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Unioninae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
66 66 64 3 10 10 1 86 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                               
  +--+  +----------- Rectidentini **    
     |  |                            
     +--+  +-------- Gonideini **       
        |  |                         
        +--+     +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
           |  +--+                   
           |  |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                   
                 +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
64 64 62 3 9 6 1 99 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 61 2 0 0 0 105 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4825], fig. 6B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
63 63 62 1 2 2 1 104 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
62 62 60 3 11 7 1 97 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wang et al., 2025 [Publ 4488], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
62 62 60 1 2 2 1 103 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2024 [Publ 4369], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
62 62 60 1 0 0 0 105 
1

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
62 62 60 3 11 7 1 97 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61 61 49 2 0 0 0 103 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4252], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
61 61 55 2 0 0 0 103 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2024 [Publ 4387], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
59 59 57 1 0 0 0 98 
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 54 2 0 0 0 100 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 52 2 0 0 0 100 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4239], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
58 58 54 2 0 0 0 100 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
57 57 55 3 11 7 1 92 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
56 57 48 2 1 1 1 86 
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55 55 50 2 1 1 1 84 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
55 55 53 4 1 1 1 91 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
52 52 50 2 0 0 0 89 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 1 2 2 1 91 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 43 3 2 2 1 85 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
--+  |                         
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |                         
  |  |     +-- Amblemini **       
  +--+-----+                   
     |     +-- Lampsilini **      
     |                         
     |     +-- Lamprotulini **    
     |  +--+                   
     |  |  +-- Gonideini **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 4 2 2 1 90 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 2 2 1 87 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 2 2 1 88 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
51 51 49 3 3 3 1 86 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 48 4 7 2 1 89 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Parreysiinae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 47 4 7 2 1 86 
  +----- Ambleminae **  
  |                  
--+----- Gonideinae **  
  |                  
  |  +-- Unioninae **   
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4423], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
50 50 48 1 0 0 0 89 
1

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 3900], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
49 49 39 2 2 2 1 90 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Rectidentini **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
47 49 42 2 2 2 1 94 
     +----- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
  |  |  +-- Pseudodontini **   
  |  +--+                   
  |     +-- Rectidentini **    
  |                         
--+     +-- Gibbosulinae    
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Margaritiferinae
  |     |                   
  |     +-- Sinosolenaia **    
  |     |                   
  +-----+-- Leguminaia **      
        |                   
        +-- Gonidea **         
        |                   
        +-- Lamprotula **      
        |                   
        +-- Potomida **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 47 4 23 12 1 83 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 48 4 23 12 1 84 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 48 4 23 12 1 84 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                  
  |  +-------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                               
     |  +----------- Unioninae **       
     +--+                            
        |  +-------- Chamberlainiini ** 
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Ambleminae **      
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Lamprotulini **    
              +--+                   
                 +-- Gonideini **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 44 3 10 6 1 80 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4663], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
46 46 45 2 2 2 1 86 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4441], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 44 2 2 2 1 85 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 51 2 2 2 1 91 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
45 45 43 3 3 3 1 82 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44 44 43 2 2 2 1 86 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Lamprotulini **    
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Gonideini **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Konopleva et al., 2025 [Publ 4446], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44 44 42 1 0 0 0 85 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4389], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
44 44 42 2 2 2 1 84 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 41 1 2 2 1 80 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 42 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 41 4 2 2 1 81 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
--+  +----------------- Ambleminae **      
  |  |                                  
  |  |        +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+  +-----+                         
     |  |     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     |  |     +--+                      
     |  |        |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     +--+        +--+                   
        |           +-- Discomya **        
        |                               
        |  +----------- Rectidentini **    
        |  |                            
        +--+        +-- Schepmaniini **    
           |  +-----+                   
           |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Caudiculatus **    
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Potomida **        
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Gonideini **

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
43 43 39 1 2 2 1 80 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 41 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 35 4 2 2 1 77 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 36 1 0 0 0 77 
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 40 1 0 0 0 77 
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 42 2 0 0 0 74 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
42 42 35 4 2 2 1 79 
  +-------------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                           
--+  +----------------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                        
  +--+  +-------------------- Ambleminae **      
     |  |                                     
     |  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+  |                                  
        |  |              +-- Anemina **         
        |  +--------------+                   
        |  |              +-- Amuranodonta **    
        +--+                                  
           |           +----- Pletholophus **    
           |  +--------+                      
           |  |        |  +-- Sinanodonta **     
           |  |        +--+                   
           |  |           +-- Beringiana **      
           +--+                               
              |  +----------- Cristaria **       
              |  |                            
              |  |        +-- Alasmidontina **   
              +--+--------+                   
                 |        +-- Anodontina **      
                 |                            
                 |  +-------- Lanceolariini **   
                 +--+                         
                    |  +----- Lepidodesmini **   
                    +--+                      
                       |  +-- Acuticostini **    
                       +--+                   
                          +-- Unionini **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 3 3 1 78 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 42 1 0 0 0 81 
1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 6 3 1 77 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 40 1 0 0 0 77 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 0 0 0 80 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 42 1 0 0 0 83 
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 39 3 3 3 1 78 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
41 41 41 2 0 0 0 73 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
40 40 38 3 8 4 1 79 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
40 40 38 3 6 4 1 79 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
40 40 38 1 0 0 0 81 
1

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 35 4 2 2 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 4 2 2 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 37 4 2 2 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
39 39 30 4 2 2 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 36 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 36 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 33 2 0 0 0 64 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Bolotov et al., 2023 [Publ 4312], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 36 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
38 38 34 2 0 0 0 73 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 35 3 3 3 1 75 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 34 1 0 0 0 77 
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
37 37 35 4 2 2 1 75 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Parreysiinae **    
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al., 2020 [Publ 4101], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 22 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 26 1 0 0 0 75 
1

Ortiz-Sepulveda et al., 2020 [Publ 4101], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 20 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Perkins et al., 2025 [Publ 4447], fig. 2_mtDNA-ITS

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
36 36 37 1 0 0 0 74 
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 4 2 2 1 73 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 3 1 1 1 71 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 0 0 0 78 
1

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 26 2 0 0 0 58 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 3 1 1 1 71 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 1 0 0 0 74 
1

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 30 1 0 0 0 76 
1

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
35 35 33 3 3 3 1 74 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4219], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 0 0 0 73 
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 35 34 2 5 4 1 73 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                               
--+  +----------- Unioninae **       
  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Lampsilini **      
     |  |                         
     +--+     +-- Hyriidae        
        |  +--+                   
        |  |  +-- Amblemini **       
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                   
              +-- Quadrulini **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 73 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 71 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Konopleva et al., 2019 [Publ 4041], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 21 1 0 0 0 76 
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 22 1 2 2 1 71 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4805], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 0 0 0 77 
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 71 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 6-7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 73 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
34 34 32 1 2 2 1 73 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 21 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 32 3 5 4 1 68 
  +----------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                  
--+  +-------------- Quadrulina **      
  |  |                               
  |  |        +----- Lamprotulini **    
  +--+  +-----+                      
     |  |     |  +-- Chamberlainiini ** 
     |  |     +--+                   
     +--+        +-- Unioninae **       
        |                            
        |  +-------- Megalonaias **     
        +--+                         
           |  +----- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                      
              |  +-- Amblemini **       
              +--+                   
                 +-- Lampsilini **

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 34 32 3 1 1 1 76 
                       +----- Prolasmidonta **           
                    +--+                              
                    |  |  +-- Alasmidonta **             
                    |  +--+                           
  +-----------------+     +-- Anemina **                 
  |                 |                                 
  |                 |  +----- Pseudodontini **           
  |                 +--+                              
  |                    |  +-- Lamprotula_caveata **      
  |                    +--+                           
  |                       +-- Chamberlainia **           
  |                                                   
  |                    +----- Oxynaiina **               
  |              +-----+                              
  |              |     |  +-- Lepidodesmini **           
--+              |     +--+                           
  |              |        +-- Aculamprotulina **         
  |  +-----------+                                    
  |  |           |     +----- Platynaias **              
  |  |           |  +--+                              
  |  |           |  |  |  +-- Utterbackia_imbecillis **  
  |  |           |  |  +--+                           
  |  |           +--+     +-- Pyganodon **               
  |  |              |                                 
  |  |              |  +----- Sinanodonta **             
  |  |              +--+                              
  |  |                 |  +-- Cristaria **               
  +--+                 +--+                           
     |                    +-- Anodontina **              
     |                                                
     |                    +-- Utterbackia_peninsularis **
     |              +-----+                           
     |              |     +-- Potamilus_alatus **        
     |  +-----------+                                 
     |  |           |  +----- Lamprotula_leaii **        
     |  |           +--+                              
     |  |              |  +-- Sinohyriopsis **           
     +--+              +--+                           
        |                 +-- Gonideini **               
        |                                             
        |  +----------------- Margaritiferidae        
        +--+                                          
           |  +-------------- Quadrulini **              
           +--+                                       
              |  +----------- Toxolasma **               
              +--+                                    
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_ornata **        
                 +--+                                 
                    |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon **      
                    +--+                              
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea **   
                       +--+                           
                          +-- Lampsilis_powellii **

Dai et al., 2026 [Publ 4757], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 31 2 2 2 1 75 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 30 3 10 6 1 69 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 30 3 2 2 1 71 
  +----------------- Cumberlandia   
  |                                 
--+----------------- Margaritifera  
  |                                 
  |  +-------------- Unioninae **      
  +--+                              
     |  +----------- Sinosolenaia **   
     +--+                           
        |  +-------- Lamprotulini **   
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
              +--+                  
                 +-- Ambleminae **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 36 22 3 4 4 1 69 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Ambleminae **      
  |                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
32 32 14 3 2 2 1 71 
  +-------- Cumberlandia   
  |                        
  +-------- Margaritifera  
--+                        
  |  +----- Unioninae **      
  |  |                     
  |  |  +-- Ptychorhynchus ** 
  +--+  |                  
     |  +-- Chamberlainiini **
     |  |                  
     +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
        |                  
        +-- Sinosolenaia **   
        |                  
        +-- Ambleminae **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 68 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 38 3 0 0 0 69 
  +----------- Unioninae **      
--+                           
  |  +-------- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Lamprotulini **   
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Gonideini **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Ambleminae **

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 27 2 2 2 1 66 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 67 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 30 2 0 0 0 57 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 22 3 0 0 0 69 
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **

Zieritz et al., 2020 [Publ 4102], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 27 1 0 0 0 73 
1

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 28 3 0 0 0 69 
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Gonideinae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
31 31 29 3 0 0 0 68 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 28 4 10 2 1 61 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 13 2 4 3 1 75 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Burdick & White, 2007 [Publ 2679], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 31 1 0 0 0 70 
1

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 1 0 0 0 68 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 3 3 3 1 68 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 26 2 2 2 1 72 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 2 2 2 1 67 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 3 2 2 1 68 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 28 4 2 1 1 61 
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ambleminae **  
     +--+               
        +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 28 3 1 1 1 68 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 30 2 4 2 1 72 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 20 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 26 1 2 2 1 72 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4385], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
29 29 27 2 2 2 1 72 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 2 0 0 0 71 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 69 
1

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 27 1 0 0 0 69 
1

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 1 0 0 0 69 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 2 2 2 1 63 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 2 0 0 0 63 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Whelan et al., 2023 [Publ 4287], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 1 0 0 0 67 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
27 27 25 1 1 1 1 70 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 23 2 2 2 1 64 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 23 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 18 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Konopleva et al., 2021 [Publ 4213], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 21 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4833], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 24 2 2 2 1 67 
  +----------------------------------- Margaritiferidae            
  |                                                                
--+  +-------------------------------- Lamellidens **                 
  |  |                                                             
  +--+  +----------------------------- Trapezidens **                 
     |  |                                                          
     +--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiini **                 
        |  |                                                       
        +--+  +----------------------- Leoparreysiini **              
           |  |                                                    
           +--+  +-------------------- Coelaturini **                 
              |  |                                                 
              +--+                 +-- Indochinella **                
                 |  +--------------+                               
                 |  |              +-- Indonaia **                    
                 +--+                                              
                    |  +-------------- Radiatula **                   
                    |  |                                           
                    +--+  +----------- Gonideinae **                  
                       |  |                                        
                       +--+  +-------- Harmandia **                   
                          |  |                                     
                          +--+     +-- Unionetta_xishuangbannaensis **
                             |  +--+                               
                             |  |  +-- Unionetta_fabagina__2 **       
                             +--+                                  
                                |  +-- Unionetta_fabagina__1 **       
                                +--+                               
                                   +-- Scabies **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 2 0 0 0 66 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 19 2 5 2 1 46 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionini **        
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodontini **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 6 1 0 0 0 65 
1

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 19 4 22 2 1 34 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Pseudodontini **   
  |  |                         
  +--+  +----- Parreysiinae **    
     |  |                      
     |  +----- Rectidentini **    
     +--+                      
        +----- Unioninae **       
        |                      
        |  +-- Gonideini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Ambleminae **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 2 5 2 1 48 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unionini **        
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodontini **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 9 1 0 0 0 65 
1

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 4 0 0 0 49 
  +-------------------------------- Parreysiinae **  
  |                                               
--+  +----------------------------- Unioninae **     
  |  |                                            
  +--+  +-------------------------- Lamprotulini **  
     |  |                                         
     +--+  +----------------------- Quadrulini **    
        |  |                                      
        +--+  +-------------------- Gonideini **     
           |  |                                   
           |  |              +----- Eurynia **       
           +--+  +-----------+                    
              |  |           |  +-- Cambarunio **    
              |  |           +--+                 
              |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus **
              +--+                                
                 |              +-- Amblemini **     
                 |  +-----------+                 
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema **    
                 +--+                             
                    |  +----------- Truncilla **     
                    |  |                          
                    +--+        +-- Lampsilis **     
                       |  +-----+                 
                       |  |     +-- Epioblasma **    
                       +--+                       
                          |  +----- Ligumia **       
                          +--+                    
                             |  +-- Obliquaria **    
                             +--+                 
                                +-- Ortmanniana **

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 25 23 1 2 2 1 65 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
25 26 24 4 22 2 1 33 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                                     
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------------- Etheriidae      
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Unioninae **       
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Ambleminae **      
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Pseudodontini **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 2 2 1 60 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 3 0 0 0 65 
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Unioninae **   
  +--+               
     +-- Gonideinae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 23 4 12 2 1 51 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae ** 
  |                            
--+           +-- Pseudodontini **
  |  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Unioninae **    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideini **    
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
           +--+                
              +-- Ambleminae **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 0 0 0 61 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Galal-Khallaf et al., 2024 [Publ 4459], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 28 29 2 4 0 0 65 
  +----- Parreysiinae **
--+                  
  |  +-- Iridinidae  
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 27 24 4 22 2 1 28 
  +-------------------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                                     
  |  +----------------- Etheriidae      
  +--+                                  
     |  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Unioninae **       
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Gonideini **       
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Ambleminae **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 21 4 12 2 1 50 
  +----------------- Parreysiinae ** 
--+                               
  |  +-------------- Rectidentini ** 
  +--+                            
     |  +----------- Pseudodontini **
     +--+                         
        |  +-------- Unioninae **    
        +--+                      
           |  +----- Gonideini **    
           +--+                   
              |  +-- Lamprotulini ** 
              +--+                
                 +-- Ambleminae **

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 2 4 3 1 62 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 10 1 0 0 0 62 
1

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 17 2 0 0 0 61 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 20 2 3 3 1 62 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3922], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 1 0 0 0 66 
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2017 [Publ 3837], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 1 0 0 0 64 
1

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 2 0 0 0 60 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 16 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_MtG

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 1 0 0 0 64 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_AHE

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 1 0 0 0 64 
1

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 3 1 1 1 60 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 24 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 3 0 0 0 59 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 20 7 1 61 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 20 7 1 61 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 2 2 1 63 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2021 [Publ 4212], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 1 0 0 0 64 
1

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 2 10 2 1 60 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 0 0 0 58 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Pieri et al., 2018 [Publ 3867], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 23 2 0 0 0 58 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 3 3 2 1 60 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 13 1 0 0 0 58 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 17 2 2 2 1 62 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 14 2 2 2 1 62 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 1 1 1 59 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 3 6 2 1 58 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 16 3 1 1 1 54 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+  +-------- Amblemini **       
  |  |                         
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini **    
  +--+                         
     +-------- Lampsilini **      
     |                         
     |  +----- Quadrulini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideinae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 20 18 3 1 1 1 58 
  +-------- Unioninae **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 1 1 1 59 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Gonideinae **

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4825], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 0 0 0 62 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 3 6 2 1 56 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 1 3 4 3 1 55 
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae **         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria **         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma **         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula **           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus **          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema **            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio **           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia **          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus **        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina **    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 1 1 1 56 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Bolotov et al., 2019 [Publ 3974], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 2 0 0 0 60 
  +-- Gonideinae **  
--+               
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 10 1 0 0 0 59 
1

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 0 0 0 58 
  +-------------- Sinanodonta **    
  |                              
--+  +----------- Cristaria **      
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Gonideinae **     
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae **     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Acuticostini **   
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 28 16 4 13 2 1 45.5 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |  +----------------- Amblemini **       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Eurynia **         
--+  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Fusconaia **       
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                  
  |  +----------------- Pleurobema **      
  |  |                                  
  +--+----------------- Quadrulini **      
     |                                  
     |     +----------- Ortmanniana **     
     +-----+                            
     |     |  +-------- Glebula **         
     |     +--+                         
     |        |  +----- Potamilus **       
     |        +--+                      
     |           |  +-- Ligumia **         
     |           +--+                   
     |              +-- Toxolasma **       
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Cyrtonaias **      
     +--+                               
        |  +----------- Unionini **        
        +--+                            
           |  +-------- Anodontini **      
           +--+                         
              |  +----- Hyriidae        
              +--+                      
                 |  +-- Iridinidae      
                 +--+                   
                    +-- Mycetopodidae

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 1 1 1 56 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 20 17 4 13 2 1 43 
  +----------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Gonideinae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 1 3 4 3 1 55 
  +----- Anodontina **         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideinae **         
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias **        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria **         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma **         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula **           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus **          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema **            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio **           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia **          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus **        
     |                      
     +-- Pleurobema **         
     |                      
     +-- Unionini **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2e

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 1 0 0 0 62 
1

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 20 17 4 13 2 1 43 
  +----------- Parreysiinae **    
--+                            
  |  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Ambleminae **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 15 3 2 2 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 4 13 2 1 43 
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Gonideinae **  
     +--+               
        +-- Ambleminae **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 19 17 2 3 3 1 64 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferinae       
  |                                            
  |  +----------------- Anodontini **             
--+  |                                         
  |  |     +----------- Chamberlainiini **        
  |  |  +--+                                   
  +--+  |  |  +-------- Lamprotula_leaii **       
     |  |  +--+                                
     |  |     |  +----- Lamprotula_caveata **     
     |  |     +--+                             
     |  |        |  +-- Gibbosulinae           
     +--+        +--+                          
        |           +-- Lamprotula_cornuumlunae **
        |                                      
        |        +----- Aculamprotulina **        
        |     +--+                             
        |     |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **           
        |     |  +--+                          
        +-----+     +-- Nodularia **              
              |                                
              |  +----- Schistodesmus **          
              +--+                             
                 |  +-- Lanceolariini **          
                 +--+                          
                    +-- Acuticostini **

Smith et al., 2018 [Publ 3790], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 17 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 21 14 4 16 2 1 47 
  +-------------- Parreysiinae **    
  |                               
--+  +----------- Etheriidae      
  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Anodontini **      
     |  |                         
     +--+  +----- Gonideinae **      
        |  |                      
        +--+----- Unionini **        
           |                      
           |  +-- Margaritiferidae
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 14 4 13 2 1 51 
  +-------------------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                                 
--+  +----------------------------- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                                              
  +--+  +-------------------------- Parreysiinae **    
     |  |                                           
     +--+  +----------------------- Fusconaia **       
        |  |                                        
        |  +----------------------- Amblemini **       
        +--+                                        
           |  +-------------------- Quadrulini **      
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +----------------- Pleurobema **      
              |  |                                  
              +--+  +-------------- Eurynia **         
                 |  |                               
                 |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias **      
                 +--+-----------+                   
                    |           +-- Unioninae **       
                    |                               
                    |  +----------- Ortmanniana **     
                    +--+                            
                       |  +-------- Glebula **         
                       +--+                         
                          |  +----- Potamilus **       
                          +--+                      
                             |  +-- Ligumia **         
                             +--+                   
                                +-- Toxolasma **

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 2 0 0 0 60 
           +-- Gonideinae **     
  +--------+                  
  |        +-- Lepidodesmini **  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Acuticostini **   
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Lanceolariini **  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 2 2 1 59 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 2 2 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 18 2 4 2 1 60 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Fukata & Iigo, 2019 [Publ 4108], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 18 11 3 1 0 0 59 
  +----------- Cristariina **    
  |                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini **  
  |  |                        
--+  +-------- Anodonta **       
  |  |                        
  |  +-------- Unionini **       
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Alasmidontina **  
     +-----+                  
     |     +-- Pseudanodonta **  
     |                        
     |  +----- Ambleminae **     
     |  |                     
     +--+  +-- Hyriidae       
        |  |                  
        +--+-- Lamprotulini **   
           |                  
           +-- Chamberlainiini **

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 5 3 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Grobler et al., 2011 [Publ 3359], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 2 2 2 1 58 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 3 5 3 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 3 0 0 0 54 
  +-- Gonideinae **
  |             
--+-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 13 1 1 1 1 56 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 10 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 3 3 3 3 1 57 
  +----------- Cumberlandia       
  |                               
  +----------- Margaritifera      
  |                               
  |  +-------- Gonideinae **         
--+  |                            
  |  |     +-- Elliptio **           
  |  |     |                      
  |  |     +-- Fusconaia **          
  |  |     |                      
  +--+  +--+-- Amblemini **          
     |  |  |                      
     |  |  +-- Pleurobema **         
     |  |  |                      
     |  |  +-- Unionini **           
     |  |                         
     |  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta **
     +--+  |                      
        |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis **  
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Utterbackia **        
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis_teres **    
        |  |                      
        |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea **
        +--+                      
           +-- Megalonaias **        
           |                      
           +-- Obliquaria **         
           |                      
           +-- Theliderma **         
           |                      
           +-- Quadrula **           
           |                      
           +-- Uniomerus **

Zanatta et al., 2007 [Publ 2698], fig. 1B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 13 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 4 4 1 1 56 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Johnson et al., 2018 [Publ 3844], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 12 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 0 0 0 60 
1

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 0 0 0 57 
  +-------- Anodontini **   
  |                      
--+     +-- Lanceolariini **
  |  +--+                
  |  |  +-- Unionini **     
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Ambleminae **   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae **

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 1 1 1 57 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 2 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Jeratthitikul et al., 2025 [Publ 4476], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Hoeh, 1990 [Publ 2717], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Kongim et al., 2023 [Publ 4290], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 2 0 0 0 58 
        +-- Lanceolariini **
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Unionini **     
--+                      
  |  +----- Acuticostini ** 
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Anodontini **   
     +--+                
        +-- Gonideinae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 2 1 1 55 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 1 1 1 52 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 2 0 0 0 58 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 0 0 0 55 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 12 1 0 0 0 59 
1

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 3 2 2 1 55 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 15 13 1 0 0 0 59 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 10 2 3 2 1 55 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 3 2 2 1 54 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3738], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 0 0 0 56 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 12 2 1 1 1 55 
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 2 1 1 51 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Stewart et al., 2021 [Publ 4451], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 2 3 3 1 51 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 0 0 0 51 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Xiang et al., 2025 [Publ 4433], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 0 0 0 55 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 12 2 1 1 1 54 
  +-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
--+-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 10 1 0 0 0 57 
1

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 4 1 1 1 51 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Douda et al., 2024 [Publ 4364], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 1 1 1 1 57 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 9 2 1 1 1 54 
  +----- Unioninae **       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Quadrulini **      
  |                      
  +----- Lampsilini **      
  |                      
  |  +-- Amblemini **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 0 0 0 51 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Sayenko et al., 2021 [Publ 4189], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 10 2 0 0 0 55 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 3 3 2 1 53 
  +-------------- Margaritifera_margaritifera__2
  |                                             
--+           +-- Margaritifera_margaritifera__1
  |  +--------+                                 
  |  |        +-- Margaritifera_falcata         
  +--+                                          
     |  +-------- Unioninae **                     
     |  |                                       
     +--+     +-- Pleurobemini **                  
        |  +--+                                 
        |  |  +-- Gonideinae **                    
        +--+                                    
           |  +-- Lampsilini **                    
           +--+                                 
              +-- Quadrulini **

Jeratthitikul & Sutcharit, 2023 [Publ 4289], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Hauck et al., 2023 [Publ 4333], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 12 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 0 0 0 50 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 1 1 1 54 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
  |                            
--+        +-- Quadrulini **      
  |  +-----+                   
  |  |     +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Amblemini **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Pleurobemini **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 14 11 2 1 1 1 55 
  +----- Unioninae **       
  |                      
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+----- Lampsilini **      
  |                      
  +----- Amblemini **       
  |                      
  |  +-- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Pleurobemini **

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4825], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 2 2 1 50 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                               
  |           +-- Anodontina **      
--+  +--------+                   
  |  |        +-- Utterbackia **     
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideinae **      
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Unionini **        
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pyganodon **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Cristariina **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 11 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 13 11 3 3 1 1 53 
  +-------------- Unioninae **       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Lamprotulini **    
  |  |                            
  +--+        +-- Gonideini **       
     |  +-----+                   
     |  |     +-- Pseudodontini **   
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Lampsilini **      
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Pleurobemini **    
           +--+                   
              +-- Margaritiferidae

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4136], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 1 1 1 56 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 3 1 1 48 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Gonidea **         
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Inversidens **     
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Unioninae **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **

Sano et al., 2022 [Publ 4311], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 12 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 10

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 8 1 2 2 1 56 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 0 0 0 53 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 2 1 1 52 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 0 0 0 53 
        +-- Gonideini **      
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Lamprotulini **   
--+                        
  |  +----- Chamberlainiini **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Ambleminae **     
     +--+                  
        +-- Unioninae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 3 1 1 48 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Gonidea **         
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Inversidens **     
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Unioninae **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 12 2 0 0 0 55 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 3 6 1 1 35 
  +-------------- Margaritiferidae
--+                               
  |  +----------- Pseudodontini **   
  +--+                            
     |  +-------- Rectidentini **    
     +--+                         
        |  +----- Unioninae **       
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Gonideini **       
           +--+                   
              +-- Ambleminae **

Liu et al., 2024 [Publ 4380], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Konopleva et al., 2020 [Publ 4072], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 1 0 0 0 56 
1

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 8 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 27

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 7 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Roe, 2013 [Publ 3571], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 23 12 1 55 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 3 3 1 54 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 3 0 0 0 53 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Prie et al., 2026 [Publ 4818], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Schilling et al., 2025 [Publ 4737], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 2 1 1 1 49 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 6 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 4 23 12 1 55 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
  |                         
--+     +-- Ambleminae **      
  |  +--+                   
  |  |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 55 
1

Morrison et al., 2021 [Publ 4362], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 0 0 0 53 
  +-- Parreysiinae **
--+               
  +-- Unioninae **

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 1 1 1 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 16 13 3 26 6 1 52 
  +-------- Unioninae **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Morrison et al., 2021 [Publ 4362], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Stodola et al., 2021 [Publ 4266], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 9 3 1 1 1 50 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Walker et al., 2006 [Publ 2666], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 4 3 1 48 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Unioninae **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Roe et al., 2002 [Publ 2689], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 7 3 0 0 0 49 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 11 9 2 1 1 1 52 
  +----- Ambleminae **      
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Margaritiferidae

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 2 2 1 54 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 11 13 2 1 1 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Unioninae **       
  |                   
  +-- Parreysiinae **

Roe & Lydeard, 1998 [Publ 2693], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 5 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 4 6 0 0 56 
  +-------------------------- Lamellidens_mainwaringi **
--+                                                  
  |  +----------------------- Lamprotula **             
  +--+                                               
     |  +-------------------- Potomida **               
     +--+                                            
        |  +----------------- Lampsilini **             
        +--+                                         
           |  +-------------- Pleurobemini **           
           +--+                                      
              |  +----------- Aculamprotulina **        
              +--+                                   
                 |  +-------- Unio_pictorum **          
                 +--+                                
                    |  +----- Anodontini **             
                    +--+                             
                       |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **        
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Lamellidens_corrianus **

Schilling et al., 2025 [Publ 4737], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 9 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 6 3 1 1 1 52 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 2 1 1 47 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 3 2 1 50 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Unioninae **       
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Quadrulini **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Martínez et al., 2026 [Publ 4820], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 7 0 0 53 
1

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 5 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 1 1 1 53 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Anodontini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lanceolariini **   
        +--+                   
           +-- Unionini **

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 2 2 1 53 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Muanta et al., 2019 [Publ 3921], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 8 1 0 0 0 54 
1

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 50 
  +----- Gonideini **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Lamprotulini **
  +--+               
     +-- Unioninae **

Hewitt et al., 2019 [Publ 3962], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 10 2 1 1 1 49 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 2 1 1 49 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 25

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 52 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 3 2 1 48 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 0 0 0 49 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 1 1 1 49 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 0 0 0 52 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 0 4 6 0 0 51 
  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula **     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini **     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida **       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini **     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  |                  
  +-- Parreysiinae **   
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 2 1 1 1 50 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 15 7 4 6 0 0 55 
  +-------- Parreysiinae **
  |                     
  +-------- Gonideinae **  
--+                     
  |     +-- Hyriidae    
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Trigoniidae 
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini **
     |  |               
     +--+-- Lampsilini **  
        |               
        +-- Unioninae **

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 6 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 1 1 1 51 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2019 [Publ 3911], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 14 2 0 0 0 52 
  +----- Rectidentini ** 
--+                   
  |  +-- Pseudodontini **
  +--+                
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Zhang et al., 2024 [Publ 4397], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Sheng et al., 2014 [Publ 3704], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 0 0 0 47 
  +-------------- Cristariina **  
--+                            
  |  +----------- Alasmidontina **
  +--+                         
     |  +-------- Lampsilis **    
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Gonideinae **   
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Venustaconcha **
           +--+                
              +-- Quadrulini **

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 8 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 2 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Bauer et al., 2021 [Publ 4365], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 2 1 1 51 
  +----- Gonideinae **
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Tomilova et al., 2020 [Publ 4097], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Bespalaya et al., 2018 [Publ 3811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 1 2 2 1 53 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Hewitt et al., 2018 [Publ 3758], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 2 1 1 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 18

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 7 1 0 0 0 53 
1

Klishko et al., 2018 [Publ 3945], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Kondakov et al., 2018 [Publ 3914], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 52 
1

Marrone et al., 2019 [Publ 3907], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 4 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 1 0 0 45 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 3 2 0 0 0 49 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Vikhrev et al., 2017 [Publ 3810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 2 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4827], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 4 4 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Froufe et al., 2015 [Publ 3664], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 0 0 0 47 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2673], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 1 0 0 45 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Kashiri et al., 2024 [Publ 4822], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 2 2 1 52 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2021 [Publ 4126], fig. 30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 4 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Serb & Barnhart, 2008 [Publ 2674], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 9 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 8A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Hoeh et al., 1995 [Publ 3391], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 4 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Smith et al., 2023 [Publ 4291], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Jones & Neves, 2010 [Publ 2646], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 1 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Goncalves et al., 2022 [Publ 4253], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 6 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3827], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Serb & Barnhart, 2008 [Publ 2674], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 10 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3727], fig. 3_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 2 2 1 51 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Jones & Neves, 2010 [Publ 2646], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 7 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 8 4 1 1 1 1 50 
  +----- Anodontina **      
  |                      
--+  +-- Cristariina **     
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Margaritiferidae
     |                   
     +-- Unionini **

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 8 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Chen et al., 2012 [Publ 3624], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 0 0 0 48 
  +----- Ambleminae **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Gonideinae **

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Serb, 2006 [Publ 2678], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 8 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 7 4 1 1 1 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 4042], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 3 2 1 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Unioninae **       
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Moyer & Díaz-Ferguson, 2012 [Publ 3375], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 2 0 0 0 48 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3732], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 2 2 1 51 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 2 2 1 50 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

King et al., 1999 [Publ 2699], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 1 1 1 50 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3B-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 1 1 1 49 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Lampsilini **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Unioninae **       
        +--+                   
           +-- Gonideinae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 16

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 2 2 1 50 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 4 23 12 1 50 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Unioninae **       
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Ambleminae **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Parreysiinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 2 2 1 50 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 6 1 0 0 0 51 
1

Wei et al., 2016 [Publ 3665], fig. 0

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 2 3 0 0 0 48 
  +----- Gonideinae **   
  |                   
--+  +-- Cristariina **  
  |  |                
  |  +-- Lampsilini **   
  +--+                
     +-- Alasmidontina **
     |                
     +-- Quadrulini **

Zieritz et al., 2016 [Publ 3804], fig. S2-1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Amaro et al., 2017 [Publ 3791], fig. 3A-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 1 1 1 49 
  +----------- Margaritiferidae
--+                            
  |  +-------- Quadrulini **      
  +--+                         
     |  +----- Gonideinae **      
     +--+                      
        |  +-- Lampsilini **      
        +--+                   
           +-- Unioninae **

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 15 13 3 11 1 1 56.5 
  +-------------------- Margaritiferidae
  |                                     
  |           +-------- Unionini **        
--+  +--------+                         
  |  |        |  +----- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |        +--+                      
  |  |           |  +-- Anodontini **      
  +--+           +--+                   
     |              +-- Lampsilini **      
     |                                  
     |  +-------------- Parreysiini **     
     |  |                               
     +--+  +----------- Coelaturini **     
        |  |                            
        +--+  +-------- Hyriidae        
           |  |                         
           +--+  +----- Iridinidae      
              |  |                      
              +--+  +-- Anodontitinae   
                 |  |                   
                 +--+-- Mycetopodinae   
                    |                   
                    +-- Etheriidae

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 7 2 1 1 1 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
  |                   
--+-- Anodontini **      
  |                   
  +-- Unionini **

Freeman et al., 2025 [Publ 4443], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 50 
1

Klishko et al., 2017 [Publ 3946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 0 0 0 45 
  +----- Unioninae ** 
--+                
  |  +-- Gonideinae **
  +--+             
     +-- Ambleminae **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 3 3 2 1 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Gonideinae **      
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Unioninae **       
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 47 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Zanatta & Harris, 2013 [Publ 3530], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 47 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Mabuchi et al., 2021 [Publ 4233], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 2 2 1 49 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Dyduch-Falniowska & Koziol, 1989 [Publ 3814], fig. 5_7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 49 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Saxon et al., 2023 [Publ 4338], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Lane et al., 2016 [Publ 3735], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 1 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Bolotov et al., 2022 [Publ 4250], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Konopleva et al., 2017 [Publ 3807], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Nagel et al., 1996 [Publ 3400], fig. 351

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Buhay et al., 2002 [Publ 2661], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 45 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 47 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 49 
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 1 1 47 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Jones et al., 2006 [Publ 2681], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 0 0 0 43 
  +-------- Quadrulini **  
--+                     
  |  +----- Unioninae **   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Lampsilini **  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 1 1 1 46.5 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Lamprotulini **    
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Gonideini **       
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 1 1 1 49 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Krebs et al., 2013 [Publ 3515], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Johnson et al., 2023 [Publ 4323], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 17

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 1 2 2 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 26 10 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 2 2 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Zieritz et al., 2026 [Publ 4812], fig. 7a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Jiang et al., 2010 [Publ 3438], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 3 0 0 0 47 
  +-- Ambleminae **
  |             
--+-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 26 10 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Klishko et al., 2014 [Publ 3666], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 45 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 7 1 1 42 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Bulakhova et al., 2023 [Publ 4325], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Krebs, 2004 [Publ 2692], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 42 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Mezhzherin et al., 2014 [Publ 3705], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 14

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 2 2 1 48 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Gonideinae **

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 47 
  +----- Lampsilini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Quadrulini **

Sayenko et al., 2017 [Publ 3760], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 3 0 0 0 47 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
  |             
--+-- Ambleminae **
  |             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 47 
  +----- Quadrulini **
--+                
  |  +-- Unioninae ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini **

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Gangloff et al., 2013 [Publ 3551], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Gustafson & Iwamoto, 2005 [Publ 2741], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 1 1 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 9c

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 3 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Cyr et al., 2007 [Publ 2745], fig. 2D

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Patterson et al., 2021 [Publ 4222], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 46 
1

Pfeiffer et al., 2018 [Publ 3835], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Klishko et al., 2016 [Publ 3733], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 0 0 0 48 
1

Soroka, 2008 [Publ 3695], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 0 0 0 45 
  +-- Ambleminae **
--+             
  +-- Unioninae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 25 14 1 46 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Hinzmann et al., 2013 [Publ 3541], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Imsong & Murali, 2023 [Publ 4370], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 3 3 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Krebs et al., 2019 [Publ 4092], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 46 
1

Kilikowska et al., 2020 [Publ 4335], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 6A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 25 14 1 46 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Ambleminae **      
     +--+                   
        +-- Unioninae **

Metzger et al., 2018 [Publ 3952], fig. 1C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 44 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 2 9 7 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Unionini **        
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Anodontini **      
     |                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 12 1 1 46 
  +-------- Margaritiferidae
--+                         
  |  +----- Unioninae **       
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Parreysiinae **    
     +--+                   
        +-- Ambleminae **

Shirai et al., 2010 [Publ 3353], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 14 12 2 11 1 1 45.5 
     +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Hyriidae

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Smith & Johnson, 2020 [Publ 4229], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 45 
1

Hoeh et al., 1996 [Publ 2694], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 1 0 0 44 
     +-- None__1   
  +--+             
  |  +-- None__2   
--+                
  |  +-- Ambleminae **
  +--+             
     +-- Unioninae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 9 7 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 8 7 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Ambleminae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 3 12 1 1 46 
  +----- Unioninae **   
--+                  
  |  +-- Ambleminae **  
  +--+               
     +-- Parreysiinae **

Peng et al., 2012 [Publ 3689], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46 
  +-- Unioninae ** 
--+             
  +-- Gonideinae **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2016 [Publ 3757], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 7 7 1 45 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Gonideinae **      
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 45 
1

Froufe et al., 2014 [Publ 3592], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 47 
1

Curole & Kocher, 2002 [Publ 2712], fig. 1-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 45 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Zhang et al., 2013 [Publ 4214], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 2 2 1 1 1 47 
  +-------- Cristaria **       
--+                         
  |  +----- Sinanodonta **     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Margaritiferidae
     +--+                   
        +-- Gonideinae **

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 2 3 1 1 46 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
  |                      
--+  +-- Pleurobemini **    
  |  |                   
  +--+-- Lampsilini **      
     |                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Xia et al., 2016 [Publ 3712], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 0 0 0 46 
  +----- Sinanodonta **
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristaria **  
  +--+              
     +-- Gonideinae **

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 3 1 1 45 
  +----- Unioninae **       
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 2 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Mock et al., 2004 [Publ 2686], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 11 11 1 -- 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 0 0 0 -- 
1

Plazzi & Passamonti, 2010 [Publ 3354], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 0 0 0 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **
--+             
  +-- Ambleminae **

Campbell, 2000 [Publ 2724], fig. 1-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 1 1 1 -- 
  +----- Margaritiferidae
--+                      
  |  +-- Unioninae **       
  +--+                   
     +-- Ambleminae **

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 2 3 1 1 45 
  +----- Ambleminae **      
--+                      
  |  +-- Margaritiferidae
  +--+                   
     +-- Unioninae **

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Baker et al., 2003 [Publ 2690], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 -- 
-- Epioblasma_triquetra **

Lemer et al., 2019 [Publ 4093], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Ambleminae **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Baker et al., 2004 [Publ 2685], fig. 2-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 -- 
-- Epioblasma_triquetra **

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 -- 
  +-- Ambleminae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 7 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Takeuchi et al., 2015 [Publ 3661], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 8 1 -- 
  +-- Ambleminae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3579], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Välilä et al., 2017 [Publ 3793], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 2 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Machordom et al., 2003 [Publ 2688], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 8 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Araujo et al., 2016 [Publ 3746], fig. 1_2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 11 1 -- 
  +-- Gonideinae **      
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Margaritiferidae
--+                   
  +-- Unioninae **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 6 1 -- 
  +-- Unioninae **       
--+                   
  +-- Margaritiferidae