Bivalvia | Unionida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Unioninae

tribe UNIONINI Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics

5 subtribes

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 93 (115 total)
number of subtaxa (rank: subtribe) = 5
analyzed in 269 cladograms in 151 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 67 (mean = 8.12, median = 5)
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) = 5 (mean = 1.93, median = 2)

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 229
maximum number of included terminals = 67, (mean = 9.36 median = 7)
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) = 5 (mean = 2.09, median = 2)
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.84

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 126
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (subtribe) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (family).
maximum number of included terminals = 67 (mean = 12.82, median = 10.5)
maximum number of subtaxa (subtribe) = 5 (mean = 2.87, median = 3)
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.78

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.

PCoA Ordination of Unionini cladogram distances
PCoA Ordination

NJ Tree of Unionini cladogram distances
NJ Tree

Cladograms

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 6-14

** Top Monophyly Cladogram ** ** Top Sister-Group Cladogram **

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
67 76 81 5 565 90 4 0 
  +----------------- Lepidodesmini               
  |                                              
  |     +----------- Lanceolariini               
  |  +--+                                        
--+  |  |  +-------- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__2 **
  |  |  +--+                                     
  |  |     |  +----- Acuticosta_chinensis__2     
  |  |     +--+                                  
  +--+        |  +-- Acuticosta_chinensis__1     
     |        +--+                               
     |           +-- Pseudoacuticosta_retiaria__1 **
     |                                           
     |  +----------- Globunio **                    
     +--+                                        
        |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **             
        +--+                                     
           |  +----- Middendorffinaiina **          
           +--+                                  
              |  +-- Unionina **                    
              +--+                               
                 +-- Oxynaiina **

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
49 49 47 4 27 23 3 68 
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                 
--+           +-- Lanceolariini     
  |  +--------+                     
  |  |        +-- Anodontini        
  +--+                              
     |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Unionina **          
        +--+                        
           |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
           +--+                     
              +-- Oxynaiina **

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
47 47 45 5 94 22 4 66 
  +----------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                    
  |           +----- Lanceolariini     
--+  +--------+                        
  |  |        |  +-- Acuticostini      
  |  |        +--+                     
  +--+           +-- Anodontini        
     |                                 
     |  +----------- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                              
        |  +-------- Globunionina **      
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Oxynaiina **         
           +--+                        
              |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
              +--+                     
                 +-- Unionina **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 31 3 20 18 1 73 
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 31 5 63 33 4 73 
  +----------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                    
  |           +----- Anodontini        
--+  +--------+                        
  |  |        |  +-- Acuticostini      
  |  |        +--+                     
  +--+           +-- Lanceolariini     
     |                                 
     |  +----------- Globunionina **      
     +--+                              
        |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
        +--+                           
           |  +----- Unionina **          
           +--+                        
              |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
              +--+                     
                 +-- Oxynaiina **

Wang et al., 2025 [Publ 4488], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
33 33 31 4 32 30 3 72 
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                                 
--+           +-- Acuticostini      
  |  +--------+                     
  |  |        +-- Anodontini        
  +--+                              
     |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                           
        |  +----- Unionina **          
        +--+                        
           |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
           +--+                     
              +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
30 30 28 3 24 22 3 72 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 24 4 94 43 4 74 
  +----------- Acuticostini      
  |                              
  +----------- Lepidodesmini     
  |                              
--+        +-- Lanceolariini     
  +--------+                     
  |        +-- Anodontini        
  |                              
  |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
  +--+                           
     |  +----- Middendorffinaiina **
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Unionina **          
        +--+                     
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 4 60 15 4 72 
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                              
  |        +----- Anodontini     
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                           
     |  +-------- Globunionina **   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Unionina **       
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
28 28 26 3 58 16 4 70 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Lanceolariini  
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 24 2 2 2 1 72 
  +----- Lepidodesmini     
--+                        
  |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
  +--+                     
     +-- Oxynaiina **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
26 26 24 2 2 2 1 74 
  +----- Lepidodesmini     
--+                        
  |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
  +--+                     
     +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2d

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
24 24 22 3 15 15 4 72 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Lanceolariini  
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 20 3 73 24 4 76 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 14 1 8 5 1 79 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 21 3 73 24 4 75 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 20 3 69 24 4 74 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 20 3 69 24 4 74 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Lyubas et al., 2022 [Publ 4255], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
23 23 20 1 8 5 1 85 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 19 5 23 14 4 81 
                                   +-- Anemina               
  +--------------------------------+                         
  |                                +-- Amuranodonta          
  |                                                          
  |                             +----- Pletholophus          
--+  +--------------------------+                            
  |  |                          |  +-- Sinanodonta           
  |  |                          +--+                         
  |  |                             +-- Beringiana            
  +--+                                                       
     |                             +-- Alasmidontina         
     |  +--------------------------+                         
     |  |                          +-- Anodontina            
     |  |                                                    
     +--+  +-------------------------- Lanceolaria_gladiola  
        |  |                                                 
        |  +-------------------------- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha
        |  |                                                 
        +--+-------------------------- Cristaria             
           |                                                 
           |  +----------------------- Acuticostini          
           |  |                                              
           |  +----------------------- Lepidodesmini         
           +--+                                              
              |  +-------------------- Globunionina **          
              |  |                                           
              +--+  +----------------- Aculamprotulina **       
                 |  |                                        
                 |  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina **    
                 +--+  +-----------+                         
                    |  |           +-- Nodularia **             
                    |  |                                     
                    +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis **             
                       |  |                                  
                       |  |        +-- Diaurora **              
                       +--+--------+                         
                          |        +-- Schistodesmus **         
                          |                                  
                          |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **       
                          +--+                               
                             |  +----- Inversiunio **           
                             +--+                            
                                |  +-- Tchangsinaia **          
                                +--+                         
                                   +-- Unionina **

Dai et al., 2025 [Publ 4440], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 17 5 23 14 4 76 
                                   +----- Pletholophus      
  +--------------------------------+                        
  |                                |  +-- Sinanodonta       
  |                                +--+                     
  |                                   +-- Beringiana        
--+                                                         
  |  +----------------------------------- Cristaria         
  |  |                                                      
  |  |                                +-- Alasmidontina     
  |  +--------------------------------+                     
  +--+                                +-- Anodontina        
     |                                                      
     |  +-------------------------------- Lanceolariini     
     |  |                                                   
     +--+  +----------------------------- Lepidodesmini     
        |  |                                                
        +--+  +-------------------------- Acuticostini      
           |  |                                             
           +--+  +----------------------- Globunionina **      
              |  |                                          
              +--+  +-------------------- Aculamprotulina **   
                 |  |                                       
                 +--+  +----------------- Middendorffinaiina **
                    |  |                                    
                    +--+  +-------------- Nodularia **         
                       |  |                                 
                       +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis **         
                          |  |                              
                          |  |        +-- Diaurora **          
                          +--+--------+                     
                             |        +-- Schistodesmus **     
                             |                              
                             |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **   
                             +--+                           
                                |  +----- Unionina **          
                                +--+                        
                                   |  +-- Tchangsinaia **      
                                   +--+                     
                                      +-- Inversiunio **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
22 22 20 3 20 6 4 78 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Lanceolariini  
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 19 3 53 15 4 73 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 47 24 3 179 26 4 94 
  +-------- Acuticostini         
  |                              
  +-------- Alasmidonta          
  |                              
  +-------- Anodonta_anatina     
  |                              
  +-------- Anemina              
  |                              
  +-------- Anodonta_cygnea      
  |                              
  +-------- Cristaria            
  |                              
  +-------- Brachyanodon         
  |                              
  +-------- Lasmigona            
  |                              
  +-------- Lepidodesmini        
  |                              
  +-------- Pseudanodonta        
  |                              
  +-------- Pyganodon            
  |                              
--+-------- Simpsonaias          
  |                              
  +-------- Strophitus           
  |                              
  +-------- Utterbackia          
  |                              
  +-------- Lanceolariini        
  |                              
  +-------- Schistodesmus **        
  |                              
  +-------- Unionina **             
  |                              
  +-------- Aculamprotulina **      
  |                              
  |     +-- Pletholophus         
  +-----+                        
  |     +-- Sinanodonta          
  |                              
  |  +----- Cuneopsis_celtiformis **
  |  |                           
  |  +----- Tchangsinaia **         
  |  |                           
  +--+----- Cuneopsis_rufescens **  
     |                           
     +----- Nodularia **            
     |                           
     |  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii ** 
     +--+                        
        +-- Cuneopsis_heudei **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
21 21 17 3 179 26 4 74 
  +----------- Acuticostini   
  |                           
--+  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
  |  |                        
  |  |     +-- Lanceolariini  
  +--+-----+                  
     |     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
20 20 18 3 178 26 4 74 
  +----------- Acuticostini   
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lanceolariini  
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_MtG

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 3 3 2 76 
     +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini   
--+                   
  |  +-- Oxynaiina **    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 4-5_AHE

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
19 19 17 2 3 3 2 86 
     +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
  |  +-- Anodontini   
--+                   
  |  +-- Oxynaiina **    
  +--+                
     +-- Unionina **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 4 23 14 4 80 
              +-------- Globunionina **   
  +-----------+                        
  |           |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  |           +--+                     
  |              |  +-- Unionina **       
  |              +--+                  
--+                 +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |                                    
  |  +----------------- Acuticostini   
  |  |                                 
  |  |              +-- Alasmidontina  
  +--+  +-----------+                  
     |  |           +-- Anodontina     
     |  |                              
     |  |        +----- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+  +-----+                     
        |  |     |  +-- Cristaria      
        |  |     +--+                  
        |  |        +-- Lanceolariini  
        +--+                           
           |        +-- Anemina        
           |  +-----+                  
           |  |     +-- Amuranodonta   
           +--+                        
              |  +----- Pletholophus   
              +--+                     
                 |  +-- Sinanodonta    
                 +--+                  
                    +-- Beringiana

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 16 3 35 10 4 74 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Lanceolariini  
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Anodontini     
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 15 4 23 14 4 83 
                          +-- Anemina               
  +-----------------------+                         
  |                       +-- Amuranodonta          
  |                                                 
  |                    +----- Pletholophus          
  |  +-----------------+                            
--+  |                 |  +-- Sinanodonta           
  |  |                 +--+                         
  |  |                    +-- Beringiana            
  |  |                                              
  |  |  +-------------------- Lanceolaria_gladiola  
  +--+  |                                           
     |  +-------------------- Acuticostini          
     |  |                                           
     |  +-------------------- Lepidodesmini         
     |  |                                           
     |  +-------------------- Lanceolaria_oxyrhyncha
     |  |                                           
     +--+-------------------- Cristaria             
        |                                           
        |                 +-- Alasmidontina         
        +-----------------+                         
        |                 +-- Anodontina            
        |                                           
        |  +----------------- Aculamprotulina **       
        |  |                                        
        |  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina **    
        +--+  +-----------+                         
           |  |           +-- Nodularia **             
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis **             
              |  |                                  
              |  |        +-- Diaurora **              
              +--+--------+                         
                 |        +-- Schistodesmus **         
                 |                                  
                 |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **       
                 +--+                               
                    |  +----- Inversiunio **           
                    +--+                            
                       |  +-- Tchangsinaia **          
                       +--+                         
                          +-- Unionina **

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 32 30 4 23 14 4 90 
  +-------------- Globunionina **   
  |                              
  |        +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +-----+                     
  |  |     |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |     +--+                  
  +--+        +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                           
     |  +-------- Acuticostini   
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Lepidodesmini  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                  
              +-- Anodontini

Chen et al., 2023 [Publ 4302], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
18 18 15 4 23 14 4 83 
  +----------------------- Acuticostini      
  |                                          
  |  +-------------------- Lepidodesmini     
--+  |                                       
  |  |                 +-- Lanceolariini     
  |  +-----------------+                     
  +--+                 +-- Anodontini        
     |                                       
     |  +----------------- Aculamprotulina **   
     |  |                                    
     |  |              +-- Middendorffinaiina **
     +--+  +-----------+                     
        |  |           +-- Nodularia **         
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +----------- Cuneopsis **         
           |  |                              
           |  |        +-- Diaurora **          
           +--+--------+                     
              |        +-- Schistodesmus **     
              |                              
              |  +-------- Pseudocuneopsis **   
              +--+                           
                 |  +----- Inversiunio **       
                 +--+                        
                    |  +-- Tchangsinaia **      
                    +--+                     
                       +-- Unionina **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 23 21 2 28 14 4 81 
  +----------------- Anemina        
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Acuticostini   
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Sinanodonta    
     |  |                           
     +--+  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
        |  |                        
        +--+     +-- Cristaria      
           |  +--+                  
           |  |  +-- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Lepidodesmini  
              +--+                  
                 +-- Oxynaiina **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
17 17 15 2 30 16 4 77 
  +----------------- Anemina        
  |                                 
--+  +-------------- Sinanodonta    
  |  |                              
  +--+  +----------- Acuticostini   
     |  |                           
     +--+        +-- Lepidodesmini  
        |  +-----+                  
        |  |     +-- Cristaria      
        +--+                        
           |  +----- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                     
              |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
              +--+                  
                 +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 53 17 4 78 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 1 9 3 1 82 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 58 18 4 78 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
16 16 14 3 58 18 4 78 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 4_6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
15 18 16 2 8 3 1 80 
  +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+                     
  |  +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina **

Araujo et al., 2018 [Publ 3779], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 10 2 4 3 1 76 
  +----- Anodontini
--+                
  |  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
  +--+             
     +-- Unionina **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 3 35 13 4 79 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Froufe et al., 2016 [Publ 3738], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 2 0 0 0 76 
  +-- Oxynaiina **
--+            
  +-- Unionina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2024 [Publ 4376], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 1 0 0 0 72 
1

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 3 39 19 4 76 
  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
--+  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  +--+                  
  |     +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |                        
  |  +----- Anodontini     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Acuticostini   
     +--+                  
        +-- Lanceolariini

Campbell & Lydeard, 2026 [Publ 4810], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 3 33 5 2 78 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 9 3 10 8 3 77 
  +----------- Acuticostini          
  |                                  
  |  +-------- Lanceolaria_grayii    
--+  |                               
  |  +-------- Lanceolaria_gladiola  
  |  |                               
  +--+-------- Lanceolaria_lanceolata
     |                               
     |  +----- Anodontini            
     |  |                            
     +--+  +-- Unionina **              
        |  |                         
        +--+-- Aculamprotulina **       
           |                         
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Liu et al., 2023 [Publ 4310], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
14 14 12 3 10 8 3 80 
  +----------------- Acuticostini          
  |                                        
--+              +-- Lanceolaria_lanceolata
  |  +-----------+                         
  |  |           +-- Lanceolaria_grayii    
  +--+                                     
     |  +----------- Lanceolaria_gladiola  
     +--+                                  
        |  +-------- Anodontini            
        +--+                               
           |  +----- Unionina **              
           +--+                            
              |  +-- Aculamprotulina **       
              +--+                         
                 +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4379], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 10 1 0 0 0 76 
1

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 14 3 55 22 3 78 
                       +-- Anemina        
  +--------------------+                  
  |                    +-- Buldowskia     
  |                                       
--+                 +----- Sinanodonta    
  |  +--------------+                     
  |  |              |  +-- Pletholophus   
  |  |              +--+                  
  +--+                 +-- Beringiana     
     |                                    
     |  +----------------- Cristaria      
     |  |                                 
     +--+              +-- Anodontina     
        |  +-----------+                  
        |  |           +-- Alasmidontina  
        +--+                              
           |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                           
              |  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Unionina **       
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2019 [Publ 3864], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 33 13 4 80 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Anodontini     
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Lanceolariini  
     |                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4296], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 10 8 3 81 
  +-------------- Acuticostini   
--+                              
  |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Anodontini     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Unionina **       
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **

Sayenko et al., 2021 [Publ 4189], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 0 0 0 81 
  +-------- Unionina **          
--+                           
  |  +----- Inversiunio **       
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
     +--+                     
        +-- Nodularia **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2e

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 5 5 2 79 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Fukata & Iigo, 2020 [Publ 4106], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 3 41 15 4 79 
  +-------------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                              
--+  +----------- Lanceolariini  
  |  |                           
  +--+        +-- Acuticostini   
     |  +-----+                  
     |  |     +-- Anodontini     
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Unionina **       
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 13 3 55 22 3 78 
                       +-- Anemina        
  +--------------------+                  
  |                    +-- Buldowskia     
  |                                       
--+                 +----- Pletholophus   
  |  +--------------+                     
  |  |              |  +-- Beringiana     
  |  |              +--+                  
  +--+                 +-- Sinanodonta    
     |                                    
     |  +----------------- Cristaria      
     |  |                                 
     +--+              +-- Anodontina     
        |  +-----------+                  
        |  |           +-- Alasmidontina  
        +--+                              
           |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
           +--+                           
              |  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Unionina **       
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Oxynaiina **

Fukata & Iigo, 2019 [Publ 4108], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 17 15 3 4 4 2 77 
        +-- Unionina **       
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Oxynaiina **      
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Acuticostini   
     +--+                  
        +-- Lanceolariini

Hou et al., 2024 [Publ 4400], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 11 2 2 0 0 77 
           +----- Cuneopsis_rufescens **   
  +--------+                            
  |        |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **    
  |        +--+                         
--+           +-- Pseudocuneopsis **       
  |                                     
  |  +----------- Tchangsinaia **          
  |  |                                  
  +--+        +-- Cuneopsis_kiangsiensis **
     |  +-----+                         
     |  |     +-- Cuneopsis_celtiformis ** 
     +--+                               
        |  +----- Cuneopsis_szechenyii **  
        +--+                            
           |  +-- Cuneopsis_heudei **      
           +--+                         
              +-- Cuneopsis_demangei **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
13 13 14 3 55 22 3 78 
                       +-- Anemina        
  +--------------------+                  
  |                    +-- Buldowskia     
  |                                       
--+                 +----- Sinanodonta    
  |  +--------------+                     
  |  |              |  +-- Pletholophus   
  |  |              +--+                  
  +--+                 +-- Beringiana     
     |                                    
     |  +----------------- Cristaria      
     |  |                                 
     +--+              +-- Anodontina     
        |  +-----------+                  
        |  |           +-- Alasmidontina  
        +--+                              
           |  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
           +--+                           
              |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
              +--+                        
                 |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
                 +--+                     
                    |  +-- Unionina **       
                    +--+                  
                       +-- Oxynaiina **

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 4 44 21 4 76 
     +-------- Middendorffinaiina **
  +--+                           
  |  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **   
  |  +--+                        
  |     |  +-- Unionina **          
  |     +--+                     
--+        +-- Oxynaiina **         
  |                              
  |        +-- Lepidodesmini     
  |     +--+                     
  |     |  +-- Lanceolariini     
  +-----+                        
        |  +-- Acuticostini      
        +--+                     
           +-- Anodontini

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 9 4 10 5 4 84 
  +-------------------- Anodontina        
  |                                       
--+                 +-- Acuticostini      
  |  +--------------+                     
  |  |              +-- Cristariina       
  +--+                                    
     |  +-------------- Lepidodesmini     
     +--+                                 
        |  +----------- Lanceolariini     
        +--+                              
           |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **   
           +--+                           
              |  +----- Unionina **          
              +--+                        
                 |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
                 +--+                     
                    +-- Oxynaiina **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 11 2 0 0 0 86 
  +----------- Nodularia **    
--+                         
  |  +-------- Schistodesmus **
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Cuneopsis **    
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Unionina **     
        +--+                
           +-- Tchangsinaia **

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 2a_S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 12 10 2 0 0 0 79.5 
  +-- Aculamprotulina **
--+                  
  +-- Oxynaiina **

Kim et al., 2021 [Publ 4197], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 16 14 3 6 5 3 74 
  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
  |                        
--+     +-- Acuticostini   
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 5-BI

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
12 14 10 4 10 5 4 85 
  +----------- Acuticostini      
  |                              
  +----------- Cristariina       
  |                              
--+----------- Anodontina        
  |                              
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini     
  |  |                           
  |  |     +-- Aculamprotulina **   
  +--+-----+                     
     |     +-- Lepidodesmini     
     |                           
     |  +----- Unionina **          
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
        +--+                     
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Liu et al., 2017 [Publ 3939], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 2 4 3 3 78 
  +----- Lanceolariini
--+                   
  |  +-- Unionina **     
  +--+                
     +-- Oxynaiina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 8 3 69 17 2 79 
        +-- Lanceolariini  
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 45 15 4 77 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Unionina **       
     |                        
     |  +----- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 80 15 4 79 
  +----------- Acuticostini   
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Lepidodesmini  
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini

Aunins et al., 2018 [Publ 3863], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 29 15 4 77 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Unionina **       
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 19 7 1 83 
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 6 3 1 81 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4386], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 13 11 4 3 2 2 83 
  +----------- Unionina **          
  |                              
--+        +-- Middendorffinaiina **
  |  +-----+                     
  |  |     +-- Oxynaiina **         
  +--+                           
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **   
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Anodontini        
        +--+                     
           +-- Lepidodesmini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 2_I

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 3 80 15 4 79 
  +-------------- Acuticostini   
  |                              
--+           +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +--------+                  
  |  |        +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Unionina **       
           +--+                  
              +-- Oxynaiina **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4401], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
11 11 9 1 0 0 0 83 
1

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 34 12 3 76 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 128 17 2 81 
        +-- Lanceolariini  
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 34 12 3 76 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4432], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 2 1 1 1 78 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini     
--+                              
  |  +-------- Tchangsinaia **      
  +--+                           
     |  +----- Pseudocuneopsis **   
     +--+                        
        |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
        +--+                     
           +-- Cuneopsis **

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 6 3 128 17 2 81 
     +----------- Unionina **            
     |                                
  +--+  +-------- Aculamprotulina **     
  |  |  |                             
  |  |  +-------- Schistodesmus **       
  |  +--+                             
  |     +-------- Nodularia **           
  |     |                             
  |     |  +----- Cuneopsis_szechenyii **
--+     +--+                          
  |        |  +-- Tchangsinaia **        
  |        +--+                       
  |           +-- Cuneopsis_rufescens ** 
  |                                   
  |     +-------- Lanceolariini       
  |     |                             
  |     +-------- Cristariina         
  +-----+                             
        |  +----- Anodonta_anatina    
        |  |                          
        |  +----- Pseudanodonta       
        +--+                          
           +----- Alasmidontina       
           |                          
           |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea     
           +--+                       
              +-- Brachyanodon

Soroka & Burzynski, 2017 [Publ 3837], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 13 13 3 76 
  +-------------- Anodontini     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Unionina **

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 11 9 3 26 5 2 83 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Oxynaiina **      
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Unionina **       
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 0 3 114 17 2 83 
     +-- Unio_crassus **         
     |                        
     +-- Unio_pictorum **        
     |                        
     +-- Unio_tumidus **         
     |                        
     +-- Aculamprotulina **      
     |                        
     +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii ** 
  +--+                        
  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **         
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Cuneopsis_rufescens **  
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Nodularia_douglasiae ** 
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Nodularia_nuxpersicae **
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Schistodesmus **        
  |                           
  |  +-- Alasmidonta          
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Anodonta_anatina     
--+  |                        
  |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea      
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Brachyanodon         
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Lasmigona            
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Pseudanodonta        
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Pyganodon            
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Simpsonaias          
  |  |                        
  |  +-- Strophitus           
  +--+                        
     +-- Sinanodonta_lauta    
     |                        
     +-- Cristaria_plicata    
     |                        
     +-- Cristaria_radiata    
     |                        
     +-- Pletholophus         
     |                        
     +-- Sinanodonta_lucida   
     |                        
     +-- Sinanodonta_jourdyi  
     |                        
     +-- Lanceolaria_gladiola 
     |                        
     +-- Lanceolaria_grayii__1
     |                        
     +-- Lanceolaria_grayii__2

Cha et al., 2018 [Publ 3916], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 28 11 3 76.5 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 66 16 2 81 
        +-- Lanceolariini  
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-F_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 38 12 3 76 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 66 16 2 81 
        +-- Lanceolariini  
  +-----+                  
  |     +-- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 1 0 0 0 82 
1

Klymus et al., 2025 [Publ 4814], fig. 3A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
10 10 8 3 26 5 2 80 
  +----------- Lanceolariini  
--+                           
  |  +-------- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 6 1 2 0 0 81 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3734], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 5 1 8 3 1 83 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 33 9 1 75 
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
     +--+                  
        +-- Unionina **

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
9 9 7 3 44 9 3 82 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
--+        +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Klishko et al., 2019 [Publ 3886], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 3 3 2 1 79 
  +-------- Anodontini        
--+                           
  |  +----- Unionina **          
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
     +--+                     
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Marrone et al., 2019 [Publ 3907], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 4 1 0 0 0 80 
1

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 12 13 1 25 13 4 87 
  +-------------- Anodontini   
  |                            
  |           +-- Tchangsinaia ** 
--+  +--------+                
  |  |        +-- Nodularia **    
  |  |                         
  +--+        +-- Schistodesmus **
     |  +-----+                
     |  |     +-- Acuticostini 
     +--+                      
        |  +----- Inversiunio **  
        +--+                   
           |  +-- Lepidodesmini
           +--+                
              +-- Lanceolariini

Chen et al., 2025 [Publ 4448], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 1 1 0 0 78 
1

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 13

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 2 0 0 80 
  +-- Middendorffinaiina **
--+                     
  +-- Oxynaiina **

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 14 19 2 23 8 3 94 
  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  |                        
--+     +-- Aculamprotulina **
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Anodontini     
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3846], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 3 23 9 2 76 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Ouyang et al., 2015 [Publ 4493], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 6 2 23 8 3 85 
           +----- Lanceolariini        
  +--------+                           
  |        |  +-- Acuticostini         
  |        +--+                        
  |           +-- Anodontini           
--+                                    
  |           +-- Schistodesmus **        
  |  +--------+                        
  |  |        +-- Aculamprotulina **      
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Tchangsinaia **         
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Cuneopsis_rufescens **  
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Nodularia **            
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Cuneopsis_szechenyii ** 
           +--+                        
              +-- Cuneopsis_celtiformis **

Klishko et al., 2018 [Publ 3945], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
8 8 5 2 0 0 0 77 
  +-- Oxynaiina **
--+            
  +-- Unionina **

Hou et al., 2025 [Publ 4445], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 83 
1

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 24 11 2 79 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Wang et al., 2018 [Publ 3865], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 24 10 3 77 
     +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |  +--+                  
--+     +-- Unionina **       
  |                        
  |  +----- Anodontini     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Acuticostini   
     +--+                  
        +-- Lanceolariini

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 46 10 4 84 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Lanceolariini

Zhang et al., 2004 [Publ 2735], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 7 5 3 87 
  +-------- Anodontini   
--+                      
  |  +----- Oxynaiina **    
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Acuticostini 
     +--+                
        +-- Lanceolariini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 25 11 2 79 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 6 1 4 1 1 82 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 3 0 0 81 
1

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. S5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 8 6 3 32 10 4 82 
  +----------- Anodontini     
  |                           
  |        +-- Acuticostini   
--+  +-----+                  
  |  |     +-- Lanceolariini  
  |  |                        
  +--+     +-- Lepidodesmini  
     |  +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2021 [Publ 4217], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 6 1 8 3 1 81 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 2 2 0 0 77 
  +-- Oxynaiina **      
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Pavan-Kumar et al., 2022 [Publ 4263], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 7 5 3 30 9 4 81 
  +----------- Lepidodesmini  
  |                           
  |     +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+  +--+                     
  |  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  |  |  +--+                  
  +--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
     |                        
     |  +----- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Acuticostini   
        +--+                  
           +-- Anodontini

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 8 4 2 4 1 1 82 
  +----------- Oxynaiina **        
  |                             
  |        +-- Unio_gibbus **      
--+        |                    
  |  +-----+-- Unio_tumidus **     
  |  |     |                    
  |  |     +-- Anodontini       
  +--+                          
     |  +----- Unio_pictorum__1 ** 
     |  |                       
     |  +----- Unio_pictorum__2 ** 
     +--+                       
        +----- Unio_mancus **      
        |                       
        |  +-- Unio_tumidiformis **
        +--+                    
           +-- Unio_crassus **

Sano et al., 2020 [Publ 4138], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 22 5 2 27 15 4 96 
  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii__1  
  |                             
  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii__2  
  |                             
  +----- Cristaria_plicata__1   
  |                             
  +----- Cristaria_plicata__2   
  |                             
  +----- Sinanodonta_lauta      
  |                             
  +----- Beringiana_japonica    
  |                             
  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__1
  |                             
  +----- Beringiana_beringiana  
  |                             
  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__2
  |                             
  +----- Beringiana_fukuharai__3
  |                             
  +----- Buldowskia_iwakawai__1 
  |                             
  +----- Buldowskia_iwakawai__2 
  |                             
  +----- Sinanodonta_tumens__1  
--+                             
  +----- Sinanodonta_tumens__2  
  |                             
  +----- Pletholophus           
  |                             
  +----- Anemina                
  |                             
  +----- Lanceolaria_lanceolata 
  |                             
  +----- Cristaria_plicata__3   
  |                             
  +----- Lanceolaria_gladiola   
  |                             
  +----- Sinanodonta_angula     
  |                             
  +----- Lepidodesmini          
  |                             
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **        
  +--+                          
  |  +-- Acuticostini           
  |                             
  |  +-- Cuneopsis **              
  +--+                          
  |  +-- Nodularia **              
  |                             
  |  +-- Schistodesmus **          
  +--+                          
     +-- Inversiunio **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
7 11 9 2 14 6 3 83 
     +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
  |  |  +-- Tchangsinaia **   
  |  +--+                  
--+     +-- Nodularia **      
  |                        
  |  +----- Schistodesmus **  
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                  
        +-- Acuticostini

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 4143], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 3 16 7 1 80 
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 0 0 0 79 
1

Klishko et al., 2017 [Publ 3946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 2 0 0 0 78 
  +-- Oxynaiina **
--+            
  +-- Unionina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 12

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 2 0 0 83 
1

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 8 3 1 78 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 4 1 4 1 1 81 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Choi et al., 2020 [Publ 4169], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
6 6 5 2 0 0 0 83 
  +----- Nodularia **
--+               
  |  +-- Cuneopsis **
  +--+            
     +-- Unionina **

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 18 5 2 81 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Oxynaiina **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Zhou et al., 2007 [Publ 2658], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 6 4 2 13 3 2 80 
  +----- Aculamprotulina **
--+                     
  |  +-- Acuticostini   
  +--+                  
     +-- Oxynaiina **

Bashê, 2022 [Publ 4265], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 1 1 0 0 84 
1

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4147], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 9 0 0 81 
  +-- Unionina **       
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 17 5 2 79 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 15 5 2 79 
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Unionina **

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 26 6 2 79 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Acuticostini   
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unionina **       
        +--+                  
           +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. S1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 29 0 0 81 
  +-- Unionina **       
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 17 5 2 81 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Oxynaiina **      
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 31 14 2 79 
        +-- Lanceolariini     
  +-----+                     
  |     +-- Anodontini        
--+                           
  |  +----- Middendorffinaiina **
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Oxynaiina **         
     +--+                     
        +-- Unionina **

Burzynski & Soroka, 2018 [Publ 3862], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 5 5 2 79 
  +-------- Lanceolariini  
--+                        
  |  +----- Anodontini     
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                  
        +-- Unionina **

Mabuchi et al., 2021 [Publ 4233], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 0 0 0 83 
1

Pfarrer et al., 2022 [Publ 4305], fig. 2-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 7 5 1 81 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4388], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 4 0 0 81 
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 13 11 3 36 8 2 87 
  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
  |                        
--+     +-- Oxynaiina **      
  |  +--+                  
  |  |  +-- Unionina **       
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lanceolariini  
     +--+                  
        +-- Anodontini

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 4 2 77 12 2 80 
     +-- Unionina **     
  +--+                
  |  +-- Oxynaiina **    
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini

Wu et al., 2016 [Publ 3711], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 16 7 1 79 
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Unionina **       
     +--+                  
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Wu et al., 2020 [Publ 4121], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 2 29 0 0 81 
  +-- Unionina **       
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Prie et al., 2012 [Publ 3487], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 1 1 0 0 81 
1

Guerra et al., 2019 [Publ 4168], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
5 5 3 3 36 8 2 79 
  +----------- Anodontini     
--+                           
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
        +--+                  
           +-- Unionina **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 8

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 1 1 0 0 0 81 
1

Xue et al., 2016 [Publ 3659], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 3 11 7 2 82 
  +-------------- Anodontini     
--+                              
  |  +----------- Lanceolariini  
  +--+                           
     |  +-------- Aculamprotulina **
     +--+                        
        |  +----- Schistodesmus **  
        +--+                     
           |  +-- Nodularia **      
           +--+                  
              +-- Unionina **

Soroka, 2005 [Publ 2726], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 1 0 0 80 
1

Sano et al., 2017 [Publ 3799], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 5 1 17 9 2 82 
  +----- Anodontini   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
     +-- Oxynaiina **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 5 3 1 82 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 5 5 1 82 
  +----- Cristariina
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **

Zhou et al., 2017 [Publ 3788], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 12 2 2 80 
  +----- Lanceolariini  
--+                     
  |  +-- Oxynaiina **      
  +--+                  
     +-- Aculamprotulina **

Wu et al., 2026 [Publ 4811], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 10 8 2 13 6 3 88 
  +----------- Unionina **     
--+                         
  |  +-------- Lanceolariini
  +--+                      
     |  +----- Globunionina ** 
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Acuticostini 
        +--+                
           +-- Anodontini

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 6-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 2 13 4 1 80 
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
4 4 2 1 5 5 1 82 
  +----- Anodonta_anatina
  |                      
  +----- Anodonta_cygnea 
--+                      
  +----- Pseudanodonta   
  |                      
  |  +-- Cristariina     
  +--+                   
     +-- Unionina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 3 3 1 83 
  +----- Anodontina 
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristariina
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 5 3 2 13 1 1 83 
  +----------- Aculamprotulina **
--+                           
  |  +-------- Unio_pictorum **  
  +--+                        
     |  +----- Anodontini     
     +--+                     
        |  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
        +--+                  
           +-- Lamellidentini

Wen et al., 2017 [Publ 3795], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 2 2 13 4 2 82 
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                  
        +-- Unionina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 4 4 1 81 
        +-- Anodonta_anatina
  +-----+                   
  |     +-- Unionina **        
--+                         
  |  +----- Cristariina     
  +--+                      
     |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea 
     +--+                   
        +-- Pseudanodonta

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4215], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 21 1 1 81 
  +-- Acuticostini
--+               
  +-- Oxynaiina **

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 9 7 2 22 6 1 88 
  +-------------- Oxynaiina **       
  |                               
--+  +----------- Anodonta_cygnea 
  |  |                            
  +--+  +-------- Unio_pictorum__2 **
     |  |                         
     +--+     +-- Unio_pictorum__1 **
        |  +--+                   
        |  |  +-- Unio_caffer **     
        +--+                      
           |  +-- Anodonta        
           +--+                   
              +-- Alasmidontina

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-top

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 10 3 1 81 
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 54 5 2 81 
  +-------- Lanceolariini
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unionina **     
     +--+                
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Burzynski et al., 2017 [Publ 3774], fig. 1-bottom

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 10 3 1 81 
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 2 3 11 1 1 84 
     +-- Oxynaiina **      
  +--+                  
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
--+                     
  |  +-- Anodontini     
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 10 5 1 83 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 5 5 1 81 
  +-------- Anodonta_anatina
  |                         
--+  +----- Cristariina     
  |  |                      
  +--+----- Unionina **        
     |                      
     |  +-- Anodonta_cygnea 
     +--+                   
        +-- Pseudanodonta

Zieritz et al., 2012 [Publ 3673], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 5 4 1 83 
1

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 7 5 1 31 11 4 87 
  +----------- Anodontini   
  |                         
  |     +----- Acuticostini 
--+  +--+                   
  |  |  |  +-- Nodularia **    
  |  |  +--+                
  +--+     +-- Tchangsinaia ** 
     |                      
     |  +----- Lanceolariini
     +--+                   
        |  +-- Schistodesmus **
        +--+                
           +-- Lepidodesmini

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 0 2 12 1 1 83 
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
--+                  
  +-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 5a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 5 5 1 83 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 2 2 1 83 
  +----- Cristariina
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 1 4 3 1 82 
1

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 14 5 1 31 11 4 92 
  +-------- Strophitus   
  |                      
  +-------- Schistodesmus **
  |                      
  +-------- Lepidodesmini
  |                      
  +-------- Acuticostini 
  |                      
  +-------- Cristariina  
--+                      
  +-------- Lanceolariini
  |                      
  |     +-- Nodularia **    
  +-----+                
  |     +-- Tchangsinaia ** 
  |                      
  |  +----- Utterbackia  
  |  |                   
  +--+----- Utterbackiana
     |                   
     |  +-- Alasmidonta  
     +--+                
        +-- Lasmigona

Källersjö et al., 2005 [Publ 2684], fig. 1B-F

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 4 3 1 81 
1

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4231], fig. 3-M_4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 20 4 1 81 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 3 3 1 81 
  +----- Cristariina
--+                 
  |  +-- Anodontina 
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **

Dyduch-Falniowska & Koziol, 1989 [Publ 3814], fig. 5_7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 2 2 1 83 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 3 3 1 81 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Plazzi et al., 2011 [Publ 3676], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 15 6 2 81 
1

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 5 3 1 3 2 1 85 
  +-------- Unio_crassus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Unio_pictorum **
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 3b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 3 3 1 81 
  +----- Anodontina 
--+                 
  |  +-- Cristariina
  +--+              
     +-- Unionina **

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 16 4 1 81 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Chen et al., 2020 [Publ 4170], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 4 2 2 31 12 2 82 
  +-------- Anodontini     
--+                        
  |  +----- Oxynaiina **      
  +--+                     
     |  +-- Lepidodesmini  
     +--+                  
        +-- Aculamprotulina **

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 2 54 5 2 81 
  +-------- Anodontini   
--+                      
  |  +----- Lanceolariini
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unionina **     
     +--+                
        +-- Oxynaiina **

Kilikowska et al., 2020 [Publ 4335], fig. 4a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 0 0 0 81 
1

Ouyang et al., 2011 [Publ 3408], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 6 3 2 10 6 3 83 
  +----------- Anodontini          
  |                                
--+  +-------- Oxynaiina **           
  |  |                             
  +--+  +----- Lanceolaria_grayii  
     |  |                          
     +--+----- Acuticostini        
        |                          
        |  +-- Lanceolaria_gladiola
        +--+                       
           +-- Aculamprotulina **

Bogatov et al., 2018 [Publ 3859], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 5 3 1 3 2 1 83 
  +-------- Unio_tumidus ** 
--+                      
  |  +----- Anodontini   
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Unio_crassus ** 
     +--+                
        +-- Unio_pictorum **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 0 1 4 4 1 82 
  +----- Cristariina
--+                 
  |  +-- Unionina **   
  +--+              
     +-- Anodontina

Sonowal et al., 2021 [Publ 4221], fig. 3b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 9 0 2 12 1 1 88 
  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  |                  
  +-- Lamprotula     
  |                  
  +-- Lampsilini     
  |                  
  +-- Potomida       
  |                  
--+-- Unio_pictorum **  
  |                  
  +-- Anodontini     
  |                  
  +-- Unio_ravoisieri **
  |                  
  +-- Lamellidentini 
  |                  
  +-- Pleurobemini

Froufe et al., 2019 [Publ 3936], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 16 4 1 81 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Froufe et al., 2017 [Publ 3802], fig. 7

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
3 3 1 1 7 4 1 81 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 28 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Tomilova et al., 2020 [Publ 4097], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 6 6 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **   
  |              
--+-- Cristariina
  |              
  +-- Anodontina

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 9 3 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
1

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 15 15 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 32 3 1 -- 
1

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 44 4 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 5 0 1 29 3 1 85 
  +-- Unio_pictorum **
  |                
--+-- Unio_tumidus ** 
  |                
  +-- Anodontini

Huang et al., 2018 [Publ 3828], fig. 3_5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 27 0 0 -- 
  +-- Unionina **       
--+                  
  +-- Aculamprotulina **

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 44 4 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Kano et al., 2019 [Publ 4194], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 8 4 2 -- 
  +-- Lanceolariini
--+                
  +-- Oxynaiina **

Bolotov et al., 2016 [Publ 3743], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 28 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8b-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 5 0 1 29 3 1 85 
  +----- Unio_pictorum **
--+                   
  |  +-- Unio_tumidus ** 
  +--+                
     +-- Anodontini

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 45 4 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Mabuchi & Nishida, 2020 [Publ 4120], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 3 0 1 10 6 2 83 
  +-------- Anodontini   
--+                      
  |  +----- Nodularia **    
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Lanceolariini
     +--+                
        +-- Inversiunio **

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 45 4 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 11

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 10 8 1 -- 
  +-- Oxynaiina **    
--+                
  +-- Lanceolariini

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 17 0 2 20 4 1 96 
  +----- Anodontina         
  |                         
  |  +-- Gonideini          
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Utterbackia        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
--+  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Megalonaias        
  |  |                      
  |  +-- Obliquaria         
  |  |                      
  +--+-- Theliderma         
     |                      
     +-- Quadrula           
     |                      
     +-- Uniomerus          
     |                      
     +-- Amblema            
     |                      
     +-- Elliptio           
     |                      
     +-- Fusconaia          
     |                      
     +-- Plectomerus        
     |                      
     +-- Aculamprotulina **    
     |                      
     +-- Unionina **

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Zhou et al., 2016 [Publ 3710], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 18 7 2 -- 
  +-------- Anodontini   
--+                      
  |  +----- Lepidodesmini
  +--+                   
     |  +-- Oxynaiina **    
     +--+                
        +-- Unionina **

Riccardi et al., 2020 [Publ 4089], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 17 15 2 -- 
  +----- Anodontini   
--+                   
  |  +-- Lanceolariini
  +--+                
     +-- Unionina **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 28 6 1 -- 
1

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 29 3 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3861], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 9 3 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 5 3 1 -- 
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Unionina **       
  +--+                  
     +-- Aculamprotulina **

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 34 2 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Wu et al., 2025 [Publ 4442], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 33 33 1 -- 
  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 28 6 1 -- 
1

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2b

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 10 0 2 23 8 1 90 
  +----- Unionina **       
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Anodontini

Soroka, 2010 [Publ 3404], fig. 8a-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Guerra et al., 2017 [Publ 3772], fig. 2a

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 23 8 1 -- 
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Aculamprotulina **
  +--+                  
     +-- Unionina **

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 16 2 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 34 2 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 8 2 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Soroka & Burzynski, 2018 [Publ 3762], fig. 3-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 2 5 3 1 -- 
  +----- Anodontini     
--+                     
  |  +-- Unionina **       
  +--+                  
     +-- Aculamprotulina **

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
2 2 0 1 37 14 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 28

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Bogan et al., 2023 [Publ 4295], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 30 28 1 -- 
  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 21 4 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Taylor et al., 2007 [Publ 2696], fig. 1-3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 3 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Feng et al., 2016 [Publ 3800], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 6 1 -- 
  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 44 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Vikhrev et al., 2018 [Publ 3812], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 12 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Giribet & Distel, 2003 [Publ 3670], fig. 3f5

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Nagel et al., 1998 [Publ 1946], fig. 9

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 2 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 39 2 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Gomes-dos-Santos et al., 2019 [Publ 3943], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Fonseca et al., 2016 [Publ 3775], fig. 1-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 3 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 5-6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 1 1 -- 
-- Unio_ravoisieri **

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 18 3 1 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Klunzinger et al., 2021 [Publ 4086], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Chong et al., 2008 [Publ 2668], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +----------------- Anodonta_cygnea            
  |                                             
  +----------------- Pyganodon                  
  |                                             
  +----------------- Alasminota                 
  |                                             
  +----------------- Anodonta_anatina           
  |                                             
  +----------------- Unionina **                   
  |                                             
  +----------------- Cristariina                
  |                                             
  |              +-- Brachyanodon_nuttalliana   
--+--------------+                              
  |              +-- Brachyanodon_californiensis
  |                                             
  |              +-- Pseudodontoideus           
  |              |                              
  +--------------+-- Alasmidonta                
  |              |                              
  |              +-- Pterosyna                  
  |                                             
  |  +-------------- Pseudanodonta              
  |  |                                          
  |  |        +----- Strophitus                 
  |  +--------+                                 
  +--+        |  +-- Prolasmidonta              
     |        +--+                              
     |           +-- Platynaias                 
     |                                          
     |  +----------- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__4
     +--+                                       
        |  +-------- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__3
        +--+                                    
           |  +----- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__2
           +--+                                 
              |  +-- Brachyanodon_oregonensis__1
              +--+                              
                 +-- Brachyanodon_kennerlyi

Wang et al., 2016 [Publ 3714], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 2 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_tumidus **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 6

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 11 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Chen et al., 2026 [Publ 4805], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 33 33 1 -- 
  +-- Oxynaiina ** 
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 13 1 1 -- 
  +-- Anodontini
--+             
  +-- Unionina **

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3792], fig. 2-M

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 9 3 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2395], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 -- 
-- Unio **

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2A

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Combosch et al., 2017 [Publ 3806], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 14 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Huff et al., 2004 [Publ 2697], fig. 4

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 1 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Graf, 2000 [Publ 2647], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 16 1 1 -- 
-- Unio **

Bolotov et al., 2015 [Publ 3646], fig. 2B

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 8 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Graf et al., 2015 [Publ 3619], fig. 1

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 19 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

González & Giribet, 2015 [Publ 3632], fig. 2

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 5 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Huang et al., 2013 [Publ 3629], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 15 6 1 -- 
  +-- Unionina **  
--+             
  +-- Anodontini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2018 [Publ 3829], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 27 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Graf et al., 2014 [Publ 3591], fig. 3

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 10 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **

Bieler et al., 2014 [Publ 3622], fig. 26_27_29_30

iTtTbiriSoTroTroSiD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Unio_pictorum **